The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It can be summarized as follows: 1) The atmosphere extends up to 32,000 km from Earth's surface and is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. 2) Temperature and pressure vary with altitude, with the troposphere being the lowest layer where weather occurs and temperatures generally decrease with height. 3) The atmosphere contains variable components like pollutants, aerosols from both natural and human-made sources, and water vapor that influence climate and air quality.

1. Physical GeographyPhysical Geography
Class 9 –Class 9 –
Earth’s AtmosphereEarth’s Atmosphere
Structure and CompositionStructure and Composition

2. Outline: AtmosphereOutline: Atmosphere
Definition, sizeDefinition, size
Changes in pressure, what is pressureChanges in pressure, what is pressure
Temperature layersTemperature layers
Components of clean, dry airComponents of clean, dry air
Variable ComponentsVariable Components

3. QuestionsQuestions
What is “air”?What is “air”?
Why does air stay where it is?Why does air stay where it is?
Is air always the same stuff no matterIs air always the same stuff no matter
where you go on Earth? Up inwhere you go on Earth? Up in
atmosphere?atmosphere?
What aspects/characteristics of air changeWhat aspects/characteristics of air change
on a daily basis? From place to place?on a daily basis? From place to place?

4. AtmosphereAtmosphere
Layer of gases that envelope the EarthLayer of gases that envelope the Earth

5. How big is the atmosphere?How big is the atmosphere?
Extends to 32,000 km (20,000 mi) fromExtends to 32,000 km (20,000 mi) from
surfacesurface
Thermopause is at 480 km (300 mi)—topThermopause is at 480 km (300 mi)—top
of the principal atmosphereof the principal atmosphere
100 km??100 km??

6. AtmosphericAtmospheric
PressurePressure
Figure 3.3

7. LayersLayers
of theof the
AtmosAtmos
pherephere

8. Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
TroposphereTroposphere
– Surface to 18 km (11 mi)Surface to 18 km (11 mi)
– 90% mass of atmosphere90% mass of atmosphere
– Weather, most cloudsWeather, most clouds

9. Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
TroposphereTroposphere
– Normal environmental lapse rate – averageNormal environmental lapse rate – average
cooling at rate of 6.4 C°/km (3.5 F°/1000 ft)cooling at rate of 6.4 C°/km (3.5 F°/1000 ft)
– Environmental lapse rate – actual local lapseEnvironmental lapse rate – actual local lapse
raterate
– Weather, most cloudsWeather, most clouds

10. Normal Environmental Lapse Rate inNormal Environmental Lapse Rate in
TroposphereTroposphere

11. Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
StratosphereStratosphere
– 18 to 50 km (11 to 31 mi)18 to 50 km (11 to 31 mi)
– Temperature risesTemperature rises
– High, thin, ice crystal cloudsHigh, thin, ice crystal clouds
– Ozone layerOzone layer

12. Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
MesosphereMesosphere
– 50 to 80 km (30 to 50 mi)50 to 80 km (30 to 50 mi)
– Temperature fallsTemperature falls
– Shooting “stars”Shooting “stars”

13. Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
ThermosphereThermosphere
– 80 km (50 mi) outward80 km (50 mi) outward
– Temperature risesTemperature rises

14. Composition of AirComposition of Air

16. Variable Atmospheric ComponentsVariable Atmospheric Components
Impurities and Pollutants in TroposphereImpurities and Pollutants in Troposphere
Harmful Gases and Other ChemicalsHarmful Gases and Other Chemicals
VirusesViruses
Water VaporWater Vapor
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
Aerosols/ParticulatesAerosols/Particulates

17. Aerosols and ParticulatesAerosols and Particulates

18. Where do small particles ofWhere do small particles of
liquid and solids come from?liquid and solids come from?

19. Sources of AerosolsSources of Aerosols

21. Southern California WildfiresSouthern California Wildfires
Figure 3.8

22. USGSUSGS

24. Water VaporWater Vapor
Can you see this invisible gas?Can you see this invisible gas?

26. Variations in AtmosphericVariations in Atmospheric
CompositionComposition
IonosphereIonosphere
– Absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays,Absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays,
some UV rayssome UV rays
Ozonosphere (ozone layer)Ozonosphere (ozone layer)
– Part of stratospherePart of stratosphere
– Ozone (OOzone (O33) absorbs UV energy and converts it) absorbs UV energy and converts it
to heat energyto heat energy

27. AtmosphericAtmospheric
PressurePressure
Figure 3.3

28. The endThe end