The document discusses the definition, composition, and structure of the atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The structure of the atmosphere is divided into six concentric layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, and magnetosphere - based on variations in temperature with increasing altitude.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Meteorology - 2nd unit in Open Elective - Air Pollution and Control Engineering, for affiliated institutions of Anna University.
OCE551 - Air Pollution and Control Engineering
This presentation talks about our atmosphere, its composition, the layers of the atmosphere, effects of EM radiation, EM spectrum, Visible spectrum, factors affecting our atmosphere, terrestrial long wave flux and how earth's radiation release and income gets balanced in brief, the sources from which the information has been taken is mentioned in the end of the presentation.
National ambient air quality standards 2009.pdfShrenikMehar
National ambient air quality standards 2009 was a act taken by indian government to have control on amount of harmful substances released in environment. This act was made way before in 90s but refurbished in 2009 once again with some modifications in values of those toxic substances
The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTORS ::
>> Cuevas, Jennifer
>> Doble, Rogin
>> Gutierrez, Arlene
>> Marasigan, Debie Joy
>> Sibuan, Andrew
The Atmosphere Environment
This chapter discusses:
The significance of the Atmosphere
The composition of the Atmosphere
The layers of the atmosphere
The Atmospheric Circulation
Importance
Atmosphere – a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around Earth.
It keeps Earth’s temperature in a range that can support life.
It also care for life-forms from some of the Sun’s harmful rays.
The Composition of Atmosphere
The Atmosphere ** layer of gas that surrounds Earth more commonly known as “air”.
Atmosphere. How do you know its there
Is this “air” that surrounds us considered matter? Does it weigh anything? How do you know?
Think about it and decide on an answer.
Talk in groups with the person who sits by you
Be ready to tell the class what you decided and why.
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
This presentation talks about our atmosphere, its composition, the layers of the atmosphere, effects of EM radiation, EM spectrum, Visible spectrum, factors affecting our atmosphere, terrestrial long wave flux and how earth's radiation release and income gets balanced in brief, the sources from which the information has been taken is mentioned in the end of the presentation.
National ambient air quality standards 2009.pdfShrenikMehar
National ambient air quality standards 2009 was a act taken by indian government to have control on amount of harmful substances released in environment. This act was made way before in 90s but refurbished in 2009 once again with some modifications in values of those toxic substances
The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTORS ::
>> Cuevas, Jennifer
>> Doble, Rogin
>> Gutierrez, Arlene
>> Marasigan, Debie Joy
>> Sibuan, Andrew
The Atmosphere Environment
This chapter discusses:
The significance of the Atmosphere
The composition of the Atmosphere
The layers of the atmosphere
The Atmospheric Circulation
Importance
Atmosphere – a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around Earth.
It keeps Earth’s temperature in a range that can support life.
It also care for life-forms from some of the Sun’s harmful rays.
The Composition of Atmosphere
The Atmosphere ** layer of gas that surrounds Earth more commonly known as “air”.
Atmosphere. How do you know its there
Is this “air” that surrounds us considered matter? Does it weigh anything? How do you know?
Think about it and decide on an answer.
Talk in groups with the person who sits by you
Be ready to tell the class what you decided and why.
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Atmosphere is the blanket of air that surrounds the earth and the composition of the Atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen 0.9% argon and 0.1% other gases. Earth has 6 layers of Atmosphere around it to protect us from harmful gases & maintain the suitable temperature for the life on the earth .The layers are Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere , Thermosphere , Exosphere and Ionosphere.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. CONTENTS
• Definition of Atmosphere
• Composition of
Atmosphere
• Structure of Atmosphere
Source : google images
3. Definition
• Atmosphere is a thick gaseous envelope which
surrounds the earth and is attached to the
earth’s surface by gravitational force.
• According to a study of NASA, it extends till a
height of 80,000 km above the earth’s surface
• It is estimated that 97% of the effective
atmosphere is confined upto a height of 29
km above the earth’s surface.
4. COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is composed of gases, water vapour & gas
particles.
Gases :
• 95% of the total weight of the atmosphere is made by
gases
• By volume dry air contains 78.08% Nitrogen, 20.95%
Oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.035% of Carbon Dioxide & a small
amount of other gases such as Methane, Hydrogen,
Helium, Krypton, Xenon, Neon, Sulphur Dioxide, etc.
• Thus, Nitrogen & Oxygen are major gases which
constitute almost 99% of the total gaseous composition of
the atmosphere till a height of 25km from the earth’s
surface.
6. • This proportion of gases exists till a height of 80 km
beyond which the proportion changes & the amount
of Hydrogen & Helium starts increasing.
• Infact above the height of 80 km separate layers of
different gases are found among which 4 layers are
important :
GASEOUS LAYE HEIGHT
1 Molecular Nitrogen Layer 90-120 km
2 Atomic Oxygen Layer 200-400 km
3 Helium Layer 1100-3500 km
4 Atomic Hydrogen Layer 3500-10,000 km
7. Importance of Different Gases :
• Nitrogen is generally chemically inactive but it
dilutes the oxygen & makes it breathable. It is
also absorbed by the plant in the form of nitrate
& helps in their growth.
• Oxygen makes breathing possible & is also
essential for combustion.
• Carbon dioxide is used by green plants for
photosynthesis & it also regulates the
temperature of the earth through green house
effect.
• At ground level ozone is a pollutant but the ozone
layer of stratosphere protects the earth from the
Ultra Violet radiation of the Sun.
8. Dust Particles :
• The dust particles present in the atmosphere are
divided into two types – terrestrial dust particles
& cosmic dust particles
• Terrestrial dust particles are mainly found upto a
height of 5 km from the earth’s surface.
• They act as hygroscopic nuclei & help in the
formation of clouds
• Cosmic dust particles are found mainly above the
height of 50 km & they originate due to the
disintegration of celestial bodies that enter the
earth’s atmosphere. They help in the formation
of noctilucent clouds.
9. • Dust particles help in the scattering of solar radiation
which adds varied charming colours of red & orange
to sunrise & sunset
ROLE OF DUST PARTICLES
Formation of Clouds Scattering of Solar Radiation
Source : all google images
10. Water Vapour :
• The availability of water vapour is generally
upto a height of 12 km. However, some
amount of water vapour is also found above
the height of 50 km in the middle part of the
atmosphere. The vertical currents of the
atmosphere first carries it to the stratosphere
& then due to an increase in the temperature
of stratosphere it reaches above the height of
50 km. After crossing the ozone layer this
vapour starts condensing & forms noctilucent
clouds.
11. • Three processes are responsible for the
presence of water vapour in the atmosphere.
They are –
(a)Evapoation, (b)Evapo- tranpiration and
(c)Sublimation
• The water vapour is responsible for various
types of weather phenomena that occur in the
atmosphere, such as- formation of clouds,
different forms of precipitation, storms, etc.
• Water vapour also helps in heating the
atmosphere as it absorbs terrestrial radiation
12. STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
As we go up higher in the atmosphere variations
occur in temperature. Based on the
characteristics of temperature the vertical
structure of the atmosphere can be divided into
following 6 concentric layers :
(i)Troposphere
(ii)Stratosphere
(iii)Mesosphere
(iv)Ionosphere or Thermosphere
(v)Exosphere
(vi)Magnetosphere
13. Troposphere :
• Lower most layer of the atmosphere
• Its average height is 8-18 km, i.e. 8 km at the
poles & 18 km at the equator. The reason of
greater height at the equator is the presence of
convectional currents due to which the air rises
up vertically to a greater height.
• All kinds of weather phenomena (e.g. fog, cloud,
dew, frost, rainfall, snowfall, thunder- storms,
lightning, etc.) occur in this layer.
• It is the zone of radiation, conduction &
convection
14. • Temperature decreases
with increasing height
in the troposphere at
the rate of 6.50C per
1000 m. This is called
the normal lapse rate.
• The temperature at the
upper limit of the
troposphere is -600C
• Jet streams are found at
the upper boundary of
this layer
Source : google images
15. Stratosphere:
• It is located just above the troposphere & is
separated from it by a transition belt having a
thickness of 1.5 km which is known as the
tropopause.
• It extends upto a height of 50 km.
• In the lower part of the stratosphere between a
height of 15-35 km, heavy concentration of ozone
gas is found. This is known as the ‘ozone layer’.
• Temperature gradually increases with height in
this layer due to the presence of ozone layer as
ozone absorbs the UV rays coming from the sun.
16. • Temperature at the upper limit of the stratosphere
reaches 00C
• The layer is usually devoid of atmospheric
disturbances
• The Jet streams occur in the lower parts of this layer
as well.
Source: google images
17. Mesosphere:
• Mesosphere extends between a height of 50-80
km
• It is separated from stratosphere by a transitional
belt known as stratopause.
• Temperature decreases with increasing height in
the layer
• At the upper limit of mesosphere the
temperature becomes -850C to -1000C
• This is the coldest layer of the atmosphere
• Noctilucent clouds & cosmic or meteoric dust are
found here
18. Thermosphere or Ionosphere:
• This layer extends upto a height of 500 km
• It is separated from mesosphere by a transition
belt known as ‘mesopause’
• Temperature increases with increasing height in
this belt & at the upper limit of this belt it
becomes +250C
• Ionised particles are present in this layer which
are capable of reflecting back radio waves
• This layer has made radio communication &
telecommunication possible on earth
19. • When the charged
particles coming from the
sun strike against the
ionised particles of this
layer, it creates colourful
lights in the sky which can
been seen from within
the Arctic circle &
Antarctic circle. These
lights are called ‘Auroras’.
When seen from within
Arctic circle they are
called ‘Aurora Borealis’
(Northern Lights) & when
seen from within the
Antarctic circle they are
called ‘aurora Australis’
(Southern Lights)
AURORAS
Source : google images
20. Exosphere :
• Exosphere extends till a height of 2000 km
• In this layer temperature increases rapidly with
increasing height
• At the upper limit of this layer the temperature is
recorded as 10000C
• This layer is dominated by ionised particles
• Molecules & atoms of Oxygen, Hydrogen & Helium
are found in this layer.
21. Magnetosphere:
• This sphere extends beyond the height of 2000 km till a
height of 80,000 km
• Magnetosphere is the region where the temperature
continuously increases with increasing height & where
the effect of earth’s gravitation decreases.
• At the upper limit of this layer temperature becomes
17000C
• This layer is dominated by charged particles, i.e.
electrons & protons. A dense layer of these particles is
found between the height of 3000-16,000 km.
• This layer is affected by cosmic rays, solar flares & solar
storms.
• Studies have shown that solar flares & solar storms
affect the temperature of magnetosphere which inturn
influence the weather changes of troposphere
22. Conclusion
• Thus, it is clear that a lot of variations are
there in the structure of the atmosphere
• Not only that, further researches are required
for the upper layers of the atmosphere
Source : google images
23. References
• Singh, S : Physical Geography, Prayag Pustak
Bhawan, Allahabad, 2012
• Critchfield, Howard J : General Climatology,
McGraw Hill Book Co, New York,1965
