DISEASE MANAGEMENT JAF RK DE 2019.ppt

1. DISEASES OF JUTE
AND ALLEID FIBRES AND
THEIR MANAGEMENT
Dr. Rajib Kumar De
Principal Scientist
Crop Protection Division
ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres
Nilganj, Barrackpore,
Kolkata 700 120 (WB)
Website: www.crijaf.org.in
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2. Every year India loses about 18 % of its
agricultural production.
• Losses caused by different harmful agents
================================
Pests % Loss Monetary loss
in crores (Rs.)
================================
Weeds 33 1980
Diseases 26 1560
Insect pests 20 1200
Rodents 6 360
Storage loss 7 420
Miscellaneous 8 480
================================
Total 100 6000
================================
India incurs loss of Rs. 6000 crores per annum.
(Reference: ikisan.com; Pesticide Information, 1995)
Storage
loss14%
Rodents
8%
Insect
pests
20%
Diseases
26%
Weeds
32%
(Reference: Barooah, 1975)

3. USE OF PESTICIDES
COUNTRY PESTICIDES
USED (g/Ha)
Japan 10000
Europe 2000
America 1600
India 400
 50 % in cotton,
 8 districts,
 8 states
States/UTs 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Andhra Pradesh 1541 1381 1015
Bihar 870 915 828
Goa 2660 2650 2750
Haryana 4391 42.88 4070 4th
Jammu and Kashmir 1248 2679.27 1640
Karnataka 1588 1675 1647
Maharashtra 3050 2400 4639 3rd
Orissa NA 1155.75 1588
Punjab 6080 5760 5810 2nd
Rajasthan 3804 3333 3527
Tamil Nadu 3940 2317 2335
Uttar Pradesh 7332 8968 9563 1st
West Bengal 3945 41 NA
India 43630.3 43860 41822
State-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical
Grade) in India- (2007-2008 to 2009-2010) (In MT)

4. RESIDUE OF PESTICIDES
 60 % OF OUR FOOD
MATERIAL HAVE BEEN
CONTAMINATED WITH
PESTICIDES
 OUT OF THESE, 14 %
CONTAINS PESTICIDES
ABOVE WHO APPROVED
LIMITS
 ALMOST ALL FOOD
MATERIALS ARE
CONTAMINATED,
NAMELY, RICE, WHEAT,
VEGETABLES, TEA,
COFFEE, OIL, PULSES,
FISH, EGG, COWS MILK,
MOTHERS’ MILK, ETC.
 DRINKING WATER
 (Reference: Reports of AICRP on Pesticides
Residues and CSE)
PESTICIDE POISONING : 3 types
Acute poisoning: Single and short-term very high
level of exposure to commit suicide.
Chronic poisoning: Long-term high-level
exposure; users, formulators and manufacturers.
Chronic poisoning: Long-term low-level
exposure; pesticide residues in air, water, soil,
sediment, food materials, plants and animals.
Pesticide pollution: Chinese
tea may not be safe to drink.
Blogpost by Monica Tan -
2012-04-13 at 11:56. Is
China's tea actually safe to
drink?
12 of the 18 samples from 9
tea companies in China
contained pesticide like
methomyl and
endosulfan, banned globally
under the Stockholm
Convention.

5. BAD EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
• Insects, pathogens, weeds become
tolerant
• Resurgence of pests, diseases, weeds
• Harmful to beneficial organisms, e.g.,
pollinating insects, parasites predators
• Loss of biodiversity esp. vulnerable spp.
• Health hazards: carcinogenic, mutagen,
damage to embryo, ozone layer (10%)

6. ECOFRIENDLY APPROACHES
• Biological control , e.g., Trichoderma,
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Beauvaria,
Paciolomyces
• Crop rotation : success in Hooghly wilt,
reduced from 42 % to 1 %, Rice – jute –
potato
• Transgenic plants: successful Bt cotton, still
a dream in jute crop, be an optimist. Debate
on Bt Brinjal, Bt jute or hybrid jute or
resistant jute

7. BIOCONTROL THROUGH NEEM
Botanical insecticides, e.g., neem: from leaf and seed, avoid,
antifedant, moulting hampered, compatible with biocides
 The components are (1) nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product, (2)
nimbinin (similar), (3) nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur and
(4) Azadirachtin, belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present
in neem seeds. (5) Nimerin.
 Nimbidin is main active antibacterial ingredient, and highest yielding bitter component
in neem oil. They stable and found in substantial quantities in Neem. They also serve as
natural insecticides.
 Neem-coated urea is an alternative to urea. It reduces pollution, improves fertilizer's
efficacy and soil health.

8. WAKE UP TO ORGANIC FARMING
SN Features Organic farming Modern farming
1 Practices followed Ancient techniques Scientific techniques
2 Use of pesticides, fertilizers,
chemicals, etc.
No Yes
3 Use of Neem, bio control, cow
dung, cow urine, FYM, Compost,
other natural inputs, etc.
Yes May be
4 Residues of pesticides, chemicals,
lead, arsenic, etc.
No Yes, often more than
MPL
5 Food values including vitamins,
minerals, antioxidants, for better
health and nutrition, etc.
More, delicious, healthy No
6 Artificial additives, toxic inputs,
etc.
Free present
7 Yield versus cost of production Less - higher More – less
8 Price difference versus demand 50% higher, Rs. 20 to 30,
increasing day by day
Normal
9 Place to enquire (1) Little India Haat, Vedic Village, (2)
Behala Sen Haati, (3) Naktala Udayan
sangha, (4) Garia Chalpatti in Kolkata
and (5) NGOs all over India are
promoting it.
-
Ref: TOI CT
20.06.2017.

9. WHAT IS DISEASE ?
• Disease is not a symptom.
• Disease is not a cause.
• Disease is not an injury.
• Disease is not a condition.
• Disease can not be catching or
infectious.
• Disease is not deviation from normalcy.
“continuous malfunctioning process
involving continuous interaction between
host and pathogen occurring through
……. healthy and diseased conditions”.

10. DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
Pathogen Weapons
(1) MECHANICAL : Germ tube,
Appressorium, penetration peg,
(2) ENZYMES: Pectinases,
Cellulases, Hemicullulase,
Lignases, Proteinases,
Amylases, Lipases
(3) TOXINS: Phytotoxins,
Vivotoxins, Pathotoxins
Tabtoxin, Phaseolotoxin,
Tentoxin, Fusaric acid,
Piricularin, Victorin, T, AK,
AM, HC, AL toxins, etc.
(4) GROWTH REGULATORS:
Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins,
Ethylene, Abscisic acid
Host plant
STRUCTURAL DEFENCE
Pre-existing structures: Cuticle, Wax
Post infectional or induced: cork
layer, tylosses, gums
BIOCHEMICAL DEFENCE
Pre-existing biochemical: inhibitors,
phenols, sugars
Post infectional or metabolic:
Hypersensitivity – local lesion,
Phytoalexins – Pisatin, Phaseolin,
Rishitin, Glyceollin, Gossypol
Polyphenol oxidases, PAL, Cyanide
(HCN),
Induced resistance – ellicitors -
b-proteins, PR proteins, glucanase,
chitinase
D
I
S
E
A
S
E
DEFENCE
OFFENCE

11. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLANT DISEASES

12. CAUSES OF
PLANT DISEASES
FUNGI BACTERIA VIRUSES,
VIROIDS,
VIRUSOID,
SATELLITE
VIRUS,
PRIONS
NEMATODES,
PHYTOPLAS
MA,
RLO, ALGAE,
PROTOZOA
PHANEROGA
MS
PLANT
DISEASES
Severity and spread
Endemic
disease
Constantly
present in
an area
Potato
wart in
Darjeel
ing
Epidemic
or
epiphytot
ic disease
Widely,
periodica
lly in
destructi
ve form
Rust
of
wheat
Sporadic
disease
Occur
irregular
interval
and
location,
in mild
form
Angular
leaf spot
of cotton
Pandemic
disease
Occur all
over the
world and
cause
mass
mortality
Late
blight
of
potato
PARASITIC DISEASES
NON-PARASITIC
DISEASES
DEFICIENCY
/ TOXOCITY

13. FUNGI AS PLANT PATHOGENS
• CHYTRIDIOMYCETES – Synchytrium endobioticum (potato
wart), Physoderma maydis (brown spot of maize).
• PLASMODIOPHOROMYCETES – Plasmodiophora brassicae
(club root),
• OOMYCETES – Pythium (damping-off), Phytophthora (blights,
rots), P. Parasitica var. sabdariffae, downy mildews - Perenospora,
Plasmopara, Scleropspora, White rusts - Albugo candida.
• ZYGOMYCETES - Choanephora cucurbitarum, Rhizopus (soft
rot), R. stolonifer (bread mould), VAM - Gigaspora, Acaulospora,
Glomus, Sclerocystis
• ASCOMYCETES – Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast: brewery,
bakery, food industry), Protomyces macrosporus (stem gall of
coriander), Taphrina maculans, T. deformans (leaf curl),
Aspergillus, Penicillium italicum (blue mould), P. digitatum (green
mould), P. expansum (apple), powdery mildews – Erysiphe pisi,
Podosphaera (apple), Sphaerotheca (rose), ergot - Claviceps
purpurea (jowar), C. microcephala (bajra),
• BASIDIOMYCETES – Rusts, Smuts, False smuts, etc.
• DEUTEROMYCETES – Leaf spots – Alternaria, Cercospora,
Mycosphaerella, Septoria, Helminthosporium, Pyricularia, Rots –
Sclerotinia, Sclerotium rolfsii,

14. BACTERIA AS
PLANT PATHOGENS
• Filamentous- (1) Streptomyces
• Gram positive – (2) Ear rot of
wheat - Corynebactarium
• Gram negative –
• peritrichous flagellate –
• (3) Erwinia – Soft rot
• Flagellate –(4) Xanthomonas,
(5) Pseudomonas (Ralstonia),
(6) Agrobectrium
VIRUSES AS PLANT
PATHOGENS

15. TYPES OF DISEASES
Terminology Definition Group/ Example
Endemic Confined to particular area/ locality in moderate to severe form Potato scab in
Darjeeling
Epiphytotic (= Epidemic): Occur widely in destructive form Wheat rust
Sporadic Occur irregularly in different locations Loose smut
Pandemic All over the world causing mass mortality Late blight of potato
Simple interest Start with primary inoculum and multiplies once in a year Loose smut of wheat
Compound interest Inoculum multiplies several times in a year and cause devastation Rice blast
Vertical resistance Effective against one or few races of a pathogen Monogenic
Horizontal resistance Uniformly effective against all races of a pathogen Polygenic
Saprophyte Grow and live on dead organic matter Mushroom
Facultative parasite Ordinarily saprophyte but has ability to grow as parasite on living tissues Pythium
Facultative saprophyte Ordinarily parasite on living tissues but has ability to grow as saprophyte Smut
Obligate parasite (= Biotroph): Grow and live on living tissue only. Mildews, rusts
Hemi-biotroph Live as biotroph but continue to grow after tissue is dead. Alternaria, Phoma
Perthotroph Kill host tissue in advance and then live as saprophyte Sclerotium rolfsii
Parasitic disease (= Infectious): Caused by pathogenic organism BLB of rice
Non-parasitic disease (= non-infectious, abiotic): Caused by deficiency or excess of factors Khaira of rice
Iatrogenic disease Caused by wrong use of chemicals Herbicide injury

16. NEMATODE DISEASE
ROOT KNOT
VIRAL DISEASES
MOSAIC / YELLOW MOSAIC
CHLOROSIS
YELLOW VEIN
FUNGAL DISEASES
STEM ROT
ANTHRACNOSE
COLLAR ROT
BLACK BAND
DISEASES
OF JUTE
BACTERIAL DISEASE
HOOGHLY WILT

17. STEM ROT
C.O. MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA
• Most serious disease of jute
• Frequent epiphytotics occurs in almost all jute
growing areas
• It damages both Olitorius and Capsularis
varieties
• Extent of damage depends on rainfall pattern,
soil temperature and soil moisture
• More in acid soil with pH below 5.8 and K
deficiency

18. SYMPTOMS OF STEM ROT
MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA
• Damping off: New seedlings rot
above and below soil.
• Seedling blight: Cotyledons turn
brown to black and seedlings die.
• Stem rot: Dark brown lesion on
stem may extend up to 10 - 15 cm or
higher, extend vertically or
horizontally, plants wilt or break.

19. Seedling blight and damping off
symptoms of stem rot
Damping off and seedling blight

20. Leaf blight of jute caused by
Macrophomina phaseolina
Brown spots on leaves appear as a result of
stem rot during June – July.

21. STEM ROT OF JUTE
Stem infection comes from
blighted leaves through
petioles and nodes.

22. Stem rot affects both fibre and seed yield of jute.

23. Brown spot on the stem
The rotting of stem may
extend up to 10 - 15 cm
or higher
Advanced stage of
brown spot on the stem

24. The length of stem
rotting varies
Healthy

25. Drooping of leaves and
wilting as a result of
stem rot
Healthy
plant
Advanced stage of high
damage by stem rot in
jute

26. Breaking of stem as a
result of stem rot
STEM ROT OF JUTE

27. STEM ROT INFECTED JUTE FIELD
Continuous rain and high RH
and temperature around 34o C+
are congenial.

28. OTHER SYMPTOMS OF STEM ROT
Collar rot
• Brown discolouration on the stem
at soil level
• Necrotic wounds develop at the
ground level
• If plant survives, adventitious roots
develop above infected portion

29. Root rot
Plants wilt, defoliate
and stand as naked
stem and finally die
• Root are rotten and
brown in colour,
rootlets absent
• Stem turns dark
brown to black.
OTHER SYMPTOMS OF STEM ROT
Rotting of root of jute plant by
Macrophomina phaseolina

30. Different types of symptoms of jute stem rot

31. POD
INFEC
TION
IN
SEED
CROP
JUTE SEED CROP

32. •Infected seeds are
mostly produced from
infected crop.
SEED TRANSMISSION
•Pathogen is also transmitted
through infected seeds.
•Sporulation is often
observed on infected seeds.
Dark
brown
pycnidia
with apical
ostiole for
release of
conidia

33. DISEASE CYCLE OF JUTE STEM ROT

34. ANTHRACNOSE
* It came to Dhaka through Infected seeds
from south east Asia during 1930s
unknowingly
* Then from Dhaka to other parts of
Bangladesh
* It later entered India through Assam
• Continuous rain and high RH and
temperature around 35 oC+ are congenial
• Causes considerable damage to fibre yield
and quality.

35. ANTHRACNOSE OF CAPSULARIS JUTE
CO -Colletotrichum corchorum
Symptoms
* On seedlings it appears on leaf and
stem as brownish spot and streaks
following drying up of the entire
stem.
* On stem irregular spots, may
coalesce, cause deep necrosis, girdle
stem and cracks and expose the fibre.
*These turns to brownish depressed
spots.
* Depressed spots are seen on pods also.
* Infected seeds are lighter in colour,
shrunken and germination is poor.

36. ANTHRACNOSE OF OLITORIUS JUTE
CO - Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
• Appears at very later stage (Mid July –
Sept.).
• Consequently damage is lesser than
capsularis.
• Brown to black sodden spot appear on
stem.
• Depth of spot is less.
• Limited to only 1 – 2 cell layer deep
below epidermis.
• The fungus does not touch fibre layer.
• Slows the plant growth and less yield.

37. • First observed in 1950s in Tarakeswar of
Hooghly district
• Later in Howrah, Nadia, North 24 Parganas,
Burdwan, etc.
• Where jute crop if followed by potato
• Very serious disease of Olitorius jute during
1970 – 80
• Even up to 40 % plants were infected
Hooghly wilt

38. Hooghly wilt
Symptoms:
 Wilting of leaves starts from
 the base upwards
 Affected stems are soft
 Slimy fluid comes out on slight
pressing
 Ooze test positive
 Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum
 M. phaseomina and M. incognita facilitate entry
of the bacteria

40. Black Band
 It was a minor disease earlier, but
gradually fast spreading on new varieties.
 Now incidence is quiet high.
 Affects both species of jute.
 Causes serious damage in older crops
from July onwards.
 Often no fibre and seed may be obtained.

41. BLACK BAND
CO - Botryodiplodia theobromae
Symptoms
 Blackish brown lesion, darker than stem rot
 Spots enlarge and girdle the stem, withering
of apical and side branches
 Plants defoliate, turn brown to black and
stand as dry stick
 Stem breaks at the point of infection and the
plants die
 On rubbing with finger on the spots profuse
black sooty powdery mass of spores adhere to
the fingers which is not found in stem rot
 Crops raised from infected seeds show
seedling blight symptoms

42. Pathogen spores on
infected seeds

43. SOFT ROT
CO - Sclerotium rolfsii
 It first grows on fallen leaves of jute at later stage.
 From there it infects stem base first.
 Attack begins when the crop is 80 – 90 days old
crop.
High rainfall, low sun shine, high plant population
favours soft rot disease.
It was minor disease earlier but gradually fast
spreading.

44. SOFT ROT
Symptoms
 Soft, brown wet patch on the
stem base
 Skin peels off and exposed
fibre layers, turns rusty brown
and plants wilt
 White cottony mycelial growth
Brown mustard seed like
sclerotia are seen at the site of
infection.
It decreases if fallen leaves are
destroyed.

45. SOFT ROT OF JUTE
White
cottony
mycelial
growth

46. Breaking of stem as a result of soft rot
Brown mustard seed
like sclerotia are seen
at the site of infection.

47. MOSAIC : VIRUS
• Gradual mottling of leaves with various
patterns of yellow and green
• Crinkling of lamina
• Stunted growth of plant
• Plant may die
• The geminivirus is graft transmissible and
also carried through seed
• White fly Bemisia sp acts as the vector.

48. Yellowing of leaves with patterns of
yellow and green by jute mosaic virus

49. Nymph of white fly
Adult of white fly
White fly, Bemisia sp. acts as vector.

50. MANAGEMENT OF JUTE MOSAIC : VIRUS
• White fly Bemisia sp acts as the vector
• To check the vector spraying of
–methyl dematon (Metasystox) @ 1.5
ml per litre of water or
–phosphamidon (Dimecron) @ 1.0 ml
per litre of water or
–Thiomethoxam (Ektara) @ 2.5 – 3.0
gm per 10 litre of water
–Imidachlorprid (Confidor) @ 2.0 – 3.0
ml per 10 litre of water

51. DODDER = CUSCUTA
 Cuscuta is non-chlorophyllous, leafless, twining, total parasitic seed
plants with thread like yellow stem attaching host plant with
haustoria.
 It commonly appears as dense, tangled mat of thread like yellow
strands, coiling around plants.
 It spreads very fast attacking neighbouring plants soon and may destroy
even a tree in 2 -3 seasons.
 Seeds germinate in soil to produce slender, yellow, unbranched strands.
 The young growing tip moves in a circle to search suitable host plant.
 Dodder soon produces haustoria to establish itself and lower part
perishes or dies up and the stem becomes free from soil.
 The parasite draws its nourishment entirely from host.
 Cuscuta perpetuates through seeds which fall on ground and remain
dormant until favourable season comes.
ERADICATION OF DODDER
 Dodder seed free crop seeds, fodder, irrigation water,
straw, compost, manure, implements, cattle, birds or
winds, etc.
 Burn infested crop before seeding of dodder and keep
infested fields fallow .
 Follow crop rotation with non-host crop for 5 years .
 Apply pendimethalin 35 EC @ 2.5 ml/litre 7 days before
sowing or pretilachlor @ 2 ml/litre 48 hours after sowing.

52. MINOR DISEASES OF JUTE
Physoderma spot
(Physoderma fortiori)
Tip blight
(Curvularia subulata)
Powdery mildew
(Oidium sp)
Die back
(Diplodia corchori)
Stem gall
(Physoderma corchori)
 Climate change,
 Release of new variety,
 Evolution of new races,
 Change crop history

53. Tip blight
Earlier minor disease but now
increasing and establishing in
new varieties, e.g., JRO 8432
First report from Chakchaka
near Coochbehar (WB)
Epiphytotic in 1981 on a single
variety JRC 5854

54. Blighting of tender tissue at
the tip
C.O. Curvularia subulata
Varieties from South East
Asia, namely, Jap Red, Jap
G, Halmahera, etc. are
highly susceptible.
Top leaves turns brown to
black and water soaked.
Tip blight

55. ROOT KNOT NEMATODE
Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
C. capsularis C. olitorius
Extent of damage : 15 – 20 %
 The galls are white
globular swellings in
roots due to penetration
of larvae.
 Translocation of water
and nutrients blocked.
Plants shows yellowing
and stunted growth.
 Sometimes predispose the
plant to root rot and wilt
infection.

56. 1. Insecticides and nematicides: Thiometon, Nematox, Nemagon,
are important. Granular insecticides, e.g., Carbofuran,
Phorate, etc. reduced nematode population and increased fibre
yield compared to control.
2. Organic amendments, namely, cakes of karanj, mahua,
groundnut, sawdust, cow dung, castor, chicken manure, etc.,
3. Cultural practices, like, removal of stubbles, weeding, thinning,
crop rotation with paddy and wheat for two years reduced root
knot nematode population in jute field.
4. Screening for resistance against root knot nematode resulted in
few tolerant lines in both species of jute (Laha et al., 1995 a, b).
5. Studies on the seasonal variation of population revealed that
the population of Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus and
Hoplolaimus gradually increased with growth of jute plants,
but decreased during winter in absence of suitable host plant,
as they are endoparasitic in nature (Laha et al., 1988).
MANAGEMENT ROOT KNOT NEMATODE

57. Foot and stem rot of mesta
Phytophthora parasitica var. sabdariffae
Extent of damage : 10 – 20 %
The affected stem soon
turns brownish.
The lesion soon girdles
the stem and enlarges
both up and downwards
to 3 – 22 cm in length.
The entire stem up to
about 1 m above ground
becomes brown to black.
The plants wilt,
defoliate, stand leafless
for some time and finally
dry up prematurely.

58. COLLAR ROT
C.O. Sclerotium rolfsii.
Symptoms: The portion
of the plants
adjacent to the soil
shows
discolouration and
turns light brown
to dark brown in
colour.
The collar region of the
plants undergoes
rotting as a result
of which plants
may topple down.
The plant produces a
lot of secondary
and even tertiary
roots above the
point of infection
for its survival. The
infected plants
finally wilt and dry
up prematurely.
The pathogen produces
cottony whitish
mycelium at the site
of infection which is
visible form a
distance.
Later on, the mecelium
produces mustard
seed like sclerotia
on the host.

59. Leaf spot Phoma sp.
Extent of damage : 11 – 15 %
The tips of the
lobes of the
leaves show
discolouration.
They lack
chlorophyll
and become
light brown in
colour.

60. The leaves of the
affected plants
show yellowing of
veins, which leads
to complete
yellowing of leaves
at advanced stage.
The disease
imparts heavy
reduction in yield
due to reduced
chlorophyll
content in the
leaves and
retarded growth.
YELLOW VEIN MOSAIC
DISEASE ON KENAF

61. INTEGRATED DISEASE
MANAGEMENT IN JUTE

62. • Keep pests numbers below harmful (ET)
level instead of eradication
• Protect and conserve the environment
including biodiversity
• Make plant protection feasible, safe and
economical even for the smaller farmers
INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT

63. 3 Es and 3 Rs of IPM
3 Es
• HIGHLY
EFFECTIVE
• ECONOMICALLY
FEASIBLE
• ECOLOGICALLY
SOUND
3 Rs
 Resurgence
 Resistance
 Residues

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65. OBJECTIVES OF IDM IN JUTE
• NO TO COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF
PESTS AND PATHOGENS
• TO KEEP THE POPULATION BELOW
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
• SAFE TO ENVIRONMENT

66. CONCEPT OF IDM IN JUTE
• ITS NOT A SINGULAR METHOD
APPROACH
• FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING
JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF ALL
AVAILABLE MEASURES OF
MANAGEMENT
• COEXISTENCE OF CROP AND PESTS
AND PATHOGENS AT BELOW ETL
• NO CHEMICAL HARMFUL TO
ENVIRONMENT

67. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATED
PEST MANAGEMENT
• Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)
• Integrated Crop Management (ICM)
• For sustainable agriculture IPM must
be a component of GAP or ICM.
• It includes profitable management of
crop with respect to environment.
• It is a dynamic system suitated to local
soil, climate and economic conditions.

68. Farming system
Cropping system
IPM
IDM
Status of IPM and IDM in agriculture

69. SPREAD OF STEM ROT
DISEASE OF JUTE
SOIL – Deep
ploughing, Lime,
FYM, Solarization
AIR BORNE
SPORES
SEED TREATMENT
carbendazim,
mancozeb,
Trichoderma

70. STRATEGY IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF JUTE
AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION
Crop Rotation, Crop residues,
Date of sowing, Spacing,
Drainage, Weeding
FUNGICIDE SPRAY
carbendazim, mancozeb
copper oxy chloride
SEED TREATMENT
carbendazim, mancozeb,
Trichoderma
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
SOIL TREATMENT
Lime, FYM, Sun,
Bleaching powder

71. ETL = Economic threshold level
Economic threshold (Action threshold):
The pest density or level of damage at
which a control measure is needed to
prevent economic loss.
Economic thresholds are not static; they change with fluctuating market values or control costs.
In Jute : Insects pests 10 % or more
Disease 2 % or more Pest population
without
management
COST = BENEFIT

72. SEED IN IDM STRATEGY
• SEED: Use preferably certified
seed or pathogen free healthy seed
• Seed health testing: Seed lot with
more than 15 % infection of
anthracnose is unfit for sowing,
even after seed treatment.
• Sowing time: Mid March to mid
April, but late sown jute suffers
from less stem rot
SELECTION OF VARIETY: JRO
204, JRO 8432, JRO 128, JRO 524,
JRO 66. Less stem rot on JRO 32 in
Barrackpore, Coochbehar and
Katihar than JRO 524. JRO 524 is
less affected in Singur areas.
Breeder seed: Directly
controlled by the
originating or
sponsoring plant
breeder, genetically pure
Foundation Seed:
Progeny of Breeder seed
or foundation seed
Certified Seed: Progeny
of foundation seed,
maintain specific genetic
identity and purity and
seed health test

73. SOIL IN IDM STRATEGY
• SELECTION OF LAND: Medium to high land,
sandy loam soil
• Land preparation: Deep summer ploughing, good
tilth
• Soil solarization with ploythene sheet raises inside
temp. by 10 oC and kills pathogens
• ACIDITY OF SOIL: For soil with pH below 5.8
and K deficiency, apply 2 – 4 tonnes /ha of lime or
gypsum one month before sowing.

74. • Clean cultivation: Destruction of stubbles of previous
crop
• Spacing: Row 25 – 30 cm and plant 5 – 6 cm by
thinning (5- 6 lakh plants /ha)
• Drainage: Poorly drained soil attract more disease
• Weeding: Weeds are hosts of pathogens. Stem rot,
soft rot and Hooghly wilt have wide host range
• Fertilizer: Balanced, NPK: (30+15+15):30:30
• Organic manure: FYM or compost 7 – 8 tonnes /ha
before sowing.
• Adjustment of sowing time: Early sowing in March
invited more stem rot and it was proportionately
reduced in later sown crops.
AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION

75. DATE OF SOWING ON PROGRESS OF JUTE STEM
ROT WITH TIME
13.6
29.8
7.3
1.4
24.9
5.4
1.0 1.9
5.5
1.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS
TIME
%
STEM
ROT
15.3.2010 01.4.2010
15.4.2010 30.4.2010
15.5.2010 30.5.2010
15.6.2010
Early sowing in March invited more stem rot and
it was proportionately reduced in later sown crops.

76.  Highest stem rot (49.41 %)
was observed in N: P: K @
120:30:30 kg/ha, followed
by 120:40:40 (42.64 %),
100:30:30 (34.55 %) and
80:30:30 (32.47 %).
 With same nitrogen levels
in N: P: K @ 120:30:30
and 120:40:40, higher P
and K moderated the stem
rot.
 Lowest stem rot (12.29 %)
was noticed in check plot
where no fertilizer was
applied.

77. Jute – rice – rice / wheat/ mustard /
winter vegetables, except solanaceous,
like, potato, brinjal, tomato.
They are hosts of Hooghly wilt,
CROP ROTATION in
IDM STRATEGY

78. Rogueing is important.
Single
plant
diseased
Millions and
Millions
of spores
Inoculum for
new infections
Same
variety/
field
Different
variety/
field
Potential for creating epiphytotic
Destroy by burning
or burry under soil
Met. factors, e.g., temperature
relative humidity, soil moisture, etc.
Uprooting and throwing
are not useful.

79. • Killing of pathogens with other living
organism
• Kills by competition, mycoparasitism and
antibiosis (toxin or enzymes)
• PROCESS: Biocontrol agents are isolated
from nature, tested on pathogens in lab,
mass cultured on cheap media, tested
viability and then applied in field.
• Examples in jute: Fungi –Trichoderma
spp., Aspergillus niger,
• PGPR – Promotes plant growth,
suppresses disease, e.g., Fluorescent
Pseudomonas
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

80. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

82. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TOMATO DAMPING-OFF
WITH TRICHODERMA (GLIOCLDIUM) VIRENS

83. PATHOGEN ON
INSECT HOST
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL BY PGPR
(Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)
PGPR – Pseudomonus
fluorescens
Pathogen - Macrophomina
phaseolina
PGPR + Pathogen
PGPR – Promote plant growth, suppress disease, produce growth hormones, e.g., Fluorescent Pseudomonas

84. RESISTANCE SCREENING AT HOT SPOT
• During 3rd year evaluation,
only four accessions, namely,
OIN 125, OIN 154, OIN 651
and OIN 853 showed
moderately resistant reaction
based on mean PDI 5.0 or less.
• They were finally identified as
C. olitorius germplasm
accessions tolerant to M.
phaseolina.
• The two check varieties
showed higher PDI during
three consecutive years.

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86. Table. Chemical name of fungicide, trade
products and method of application jute crop
Chemical name of
fungicide
Trade products Effective against
diseases of jute
crop
Method of
application
Dosage
of seed
treatm
ent
Dosage
of spray
Carbendazim
(MBC)
Bavistin 50 WP
JK stein 50 WP
Derosal 50 WP
Stem rot,
Hooghly wilt,
Anthracnose,
Soft rot,
Black band
Seed
treatment
and / or
spray
2.0 g
/ Kg
seed
2.0 g /
litre of
water
Copper
oxychloride
(COC)
Blitox 50 WP
Fytolan 50 WP
Blue Copper 50
WP
Do Spray - 4.0 –
5.0 g
/ litre
of
water
Mancozeb Dithane M 45
Indofil M 45
Do Seed
treatment
and / or
Spray
5.0 g
/ Kg
seed
5.0 g /
litre of
water

87. FUNGICIDES
 SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES
Acts away from point of application,
Systemic movement upward through xylem,
Very specific inhibiting one or few enzymes,
Sensitive to resistance development,
Avoid repeated application in single crop season,
Combine with broad spectrum to check resistance,
Short life span,
NON-SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES
Acts on the point of application,
No systemic movement
Non-specific inhibiting many enzymes/
pathways,
Slow in resistance development,
Application may be repeated in single crop
season,
Long life span.

88. SEED TREATMENT
• Carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP; JK
Stein 50 WP; Derosal) @ 2.0 g /kg
seed
• Mancozeb (Indofil M 45, Dithane M
45) @ 5.0 g /kg seed
• Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride
@ 10.0 g/kg seed + Tebuconazole
(Raxil - 5) @ 2- 2.5 g/kg
• Captan @ 5 g/kg seed

89. SEED TREATMENT METHOD
BAVISTIN 2 g BAVISTIN 2 g
1 kg seed
1 kg seed

90. SEED TREATMENT METHOD
BEFORE MIXING
AFTER MIXING

91. COMPARISON BETWEEN TREATED AND
UNTREATED SEEDS OF JUTE
TREATED
UNTREATED

92. Seed treatment is cheap and best.
Removes deep seated
seed-borne inoculum
Reduces
soil inoculum
Protective barrier around
seed, root and rhizosphere
Systemic into seedlings,
e.g., carbendazim Healthy and
vigourous seedlings
Growth promotion
effect, e.g., carbendazim

93. How plant diseases come year after year ?
Survival or perennation
of pathogen
To
overcome
summer
heat/ winter
cold/ rain
Sclerotia, oospores,
zygospore, thick walled
spores
Primary
inoculum
Seed
Seed treatment
Soil
 Soil Solarization
 Deep ploughing
 Crop rotation
 Green manuring
 Lime/bleaching powder
 FYM/ Compost
Air borne spores
Previous crop
stubbles/ voluntary
plants/ weed hosts
Insect
vector
Secondary
inoculum
Air/ water borne spores
Foliar spray
Diseased plants
Roguing of
diseased plants
Mechanical by tools, etc.
Disinfecting the tools
and implements, etc.
Destroy by
burning or
burying

94. Useful fungicides and their dosage
Fungicides Common name
Trade name Dosage per litre of
water
Remarks
Aureofungin 46.15 % SP Aureofungin Sol 1 gm per 7.5 litre
Benomyl 50 % WP Benlet, Benofit, Kriben 50 1.5 gm per kg seed False smut of rice
Carbendazim 50 % WP Bavistin, Jkstein, Fungigard 2.0 gm
Carpropamid 27.8 % SC Protega 1.0 ml Rice blast
Chlorothalonil 75 % WP Kabach, Jatayu, Dolphin 1.5 gm False smut of rice
Copper hydroxide 77 % WP Hydice, Cocide 101, Isacide 101 2.0 gm
Copper oxy chloride 50 % WP Blitox, Blue copper 4 gm
Dibromo-dinitro-propane-diol 20 % SP Bacterianasak, Bacteriakill, Bionol 5 gm per 12 litre
Difenconazole 25 % EC Score, Defrus, Secure 0.5 ml Rice sheath blight
Hexaconazole 5 % SC Contaf plus, Hexa Dhan plus, Mas plus, Sitara 1.5 ml Rice brown spot
Iprodione 25 % WP Vinclozolin 1.5 ml Rice root rot
Isoprothiolen 40 % EC Fujione, Rhizo, Urza 1.5 ml Rice blast
Kasugamycin 3 % SL Kasu B, Biomycin, Kasumin 2.0 – 2.5 ml Rice blast
Kitazin 48 % EC Kitazin, Tagkit 1.5 ml Rice blast, brown spot, stem rot
Mancozeb 63 % WP + Carbendazim 12 % WP Saaf, Sixer, Companion 2.5 gm
Mancozeb 64 % WP+ metalaxyl 8 % WP Dhanaxyl, Tatamaster, Ridomil 2.5 gm
Mancozeb 75 % WP Indofil M 45, Dithane M 45 4.0 gm
Methoxy ethyl mercury chloride 6 % DS Emison 6, Bagalol 6, Dhanusan 6 1.0 gm False smut of rice
Pencycuron 22.9 % SC Monserin, 1.5 ml Rice sheath blight
Propiconazole 25 % EC Tilt, Result, Remote 1.0 ml Rice brown spot, sheath blight
Streptomycin sulphate + Tetracycline hydrochloride 90 : 10 % SP Antibac, Streptocycline, Supermycin 0.1 gm (=1 gm per
10 litre)
Tebuconazole 2 % DS Rankil, Trait, Quick 1.0 gm per kg seed False smut of rice
Tebuconazole 25 % EC Follicur 1.0 ml False smut of rice
Thifluzamide 24 % SC Spencer, Vista, Pulsar 1.5 ml Rice sheath blight
Thiophanate methyl 70 % WP Roko, Cover, Hexastop 1.5 ml Rice stem rot, root rot
Tricyclazole 75 % WP Beam, Baan, Sivik, Dhantree 0.6 gm Rice blast
Validamycin 3 % L Sheathmar, Rhizocin, Validan 2.0 ml Rice sheath blight, stem rot, root rot
Zinc EDTA 12 % Chelamin, zeta, Chelazinc 1.5 gm Khaira disease of rice
Zinc monohydrate 33 % Mahazinc, Karat, Pentazinc 1.0 gm Khaira disease of rice
Ziram 27 % SC Cuman L, Dhanuka Z- 27, Tagziram 3.0 ml Rice brown spot

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96. Table. Chemical name of fungicide, trade
products and method of application jute crop
Chemical name of
fungicide
Trade products Effective against
diseases of jute
crop
Method of
application
Dosage
of seed
treatm
ent
Dosage
of spray
Carbendazim
(MBC)
Bavistin 50 WP
JK stein 50 WP
Derosal 50 WP
Stem rot,
Hooghly wilt,
Anthracnose,
Soft rot,
Black band
Seed
treatment
and / or
spray
2.0 g
/ Kg
seed
2.0 g /
litre of
water
Copper
oxychloride
(COC)
Blitox 50 WP
Fytolan 50 WP
Blue Copper 50
WP
Do Spray - 4.0 –
5.0 g
/ litre
of
water
Mancozeb Dithane M 45
Indofil M 45
Do Seed
treatment
and / or
Spray
5.0 g
/ Kg
seed
5.0 g /
litre of
water

97. FUNGICIDES FOR JUTE DISEASE MANAGEMENT
DOSE: 0.1 % ACTIVE
INGREDIENT OR 2 G PER
KG SEED OR 2 G /LITRE
WATER
DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE
INGREDIENT OR 6 G
/LITRE WATER
DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE
INGREDIENT OR 5 G PER
KG SEED OR 5 G /LITRE
WATER

98. TEBUCONAZOLE AND HEXACONAZOLE
ON MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA in vitro
Effect of hexaconazole on Macrophomina phaseolina
90
14.75
9.25
1.5 0 0 0
83.61
89.72
98.33 100 100 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Check 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Dosage in ppm
Inhibition %
Growth (mm)
Figure 11. Effect of tebuconazole on M. Phaseolina
90
14
6.75 0 0 0 0
84.44
92.5 100 100 100 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
1
2
0
Check 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Dosage in ppm
Inhibition %
Growth (mm)
Complete inhibition at 50 ppm onwards
Complete inhibition at 100 ppm onwards

99. Propiconazole on Macrophomia
phaseolina in vitro
 Propiconazole was tested in vitro with doses from 0 to 1000 µg/ml.
 It was effective in reducing growth of M. phaseolina.
 Complete inhibition of growth was observed at concentration of 1 ppm
onwards.

100. Tricyclazle at 5 µg/ml inhibited growth of M. phaseolina by 50 % only.
Growth was checked completely at high concentration of 10000 µg/ml.

101. Turmeric oil was effective against Macrphomina phaseolina in vitro.
Cent per cent growth was inhibited at a concentration of 10 µg/ml onwards.

102. Curcumin mixture was also tested against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro.
It was effective with 100 % growth inhibition at 100 µg/ml and above.

103.  Carbendazim 50 % WP and
Tebuconazole 25.9 % were
most effective against stem
rot of jute showing only 30
% disease compared to
41.25 % in check.
 Tricyclazole 75 % WP and
Hexaconazole 5 % EC were
also effective against stem
rot with only 32 % stem rot.
 Thiophanate methyl 70 WP
was least effective showing
40 % stem rot incidence at
105 DAS.
 Highest stem rot was in check.

104. Bleaching powder [Ca(OCl)2], a new option for management of
stem rot of jute caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
1. The growth of M. phaseolina was completely checked in food poisoning technique in vitro at 5000 μg/ml of
bleaching powder. At 100 and 1000 μg/ml, 9 3.6, 96.6 inhibitions were observed. During further incubation of
24 hrs at a concentration of 5000 μg/ml of bleaching powder, no fresh growth was observed indicating inhibition
of M. phaseolina completely.
2. In the field, soil application of bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing was found best against jute
stem rot compared to check (with no soil application) and higher (50 – 150 kg/ha) and lower (5 – 20 kg/ha) doses
in all the four dates (30 – 120 DAS) of observations. It restricted stem rot of jute to 2.1 and 6 % as compared to
15.1 and 24 % in untreated check at 90 – 120 DAS, respectively.
3. As the dose of soil application of bleaching powder increased from @ 5 – 150 kg/ha, the jute stem rot decreased
slowly reaching minimum at 30 kg/ha indicating that this dose being most effective against jute stem rot.
De and Ghorai, 2014
Atmospheric CO2 and water react with bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)2) to release hypochlorous acid which gives a characteristic
smell to bleaching powder. Hypochlorous acid decomposes readily to atomic oxygen. This atomic oxygen acts as bleaching agent
through oxidation. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO hypochlorous acid
HClO → HCl + [O] atomic oxygen 2HCl + [O] → H2O + Cl2 chlorine

105. FEW TIPS
• KEEP REGULAR VIGIL ON THE
CROP.
• SPRAY THE INFECTED PORTION
ONLY INSTEAD OF WHOLE CROP.
• ROGUE OUT INFECTED PLANTS.

106. LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST
Prevention is
better than
cure.
A stitch in time
saves nine.

107. PLANT PROTECETION EQUIPMENTS

108. SAFE METHOD OF USING PESTICIDES
 Keep pesticides out of reach of children
 Surplus insecticide solution can be disposed
of safely by pouring into a pit hole in the
ground.
 Bottles or packages to be buried must be
made unusable.
 The reuse of pesticide containers is risky
and not recommended.
 Use suitable equipment for measuring out,
mixing and transferring insecticides.
 Clean blocked nozzles with a soft probe.
Use the pressure-release valve of the pump
or a soft probe to clear blockages in the
nozzle.
 Wear gloves when handling concentrates.
 Care should be taken not to touch any part
of the body with gloves while handling
pesticides.
General hygiene
 Do not eat, drink or smoke while using
insecticides.
 Keep food in tightly closed boxes.
 Do not stir liquids or scoop pesticide with bare
hands.
 Wash the hands and face with soap and water
each time the pump has been refilled.
 Eat and drink only after washing the hands and
face .
 Take a shower or bath at the end of the day.
Protective equipments
 The discharge from
the sprayer should be
directed away from
the body.
 Leaking equipment
should be repaired.
 Skin should be
washed after any
accidental
contamination.
 Cooking utensils, food
and drinking-water
containers should be
put safely far away
before spraying.
PESTICIDE POISONING
Extreme weakness and fatigue.
Skin: irritation, burning sensation, sweating
Eyes: itching, burning sensation, watering.
Digestive system: burning sensation in mouth and
throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea.
Nervous system: headaches, dizziness, slurred speech,
fits, unconsciousness.
Respiratory system: cough, chest pain and tightness,
difficulty with breathing, wheezing.

109. THANK
YOU