Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
Dr. Dan Grooms - Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Overview - The Disease, History...John Blue
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Overview - The Disease, History, Management & Control - Dr. Dan Grooms, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, from the 2016 NIAA Annual Conference: From Farm to Table - Food System Biosecurity for Animal Agriculture, April 4-7, 2016, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2016_niaa_farm_table_food_system_biosecurity
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
Dr. Dan Grooms - Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Overview - The Disease, History...John Blue
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Overview - The Disease, History, Management & Control - Dr. Dan Grooms, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, from the 2016 NIAA Annual Conference: From Farm to Table - Food System Biosecurity for Animal Agriculture, April 4-7, 2016, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2016_niaa_farm_table_food_system_biosecurity
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals. It is a nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus, resistant to many common detergents and disinfectants, as well as to changes in temperature and pH. Infectious CPV can persist indoors at room temperature for at least 2 mo; outdoors, if protected from sunlight and desiccation, it can persist for many months and possibly years.
Feline vaccination is animal vaccination applied to cats. Vaccination plays a vital role in protecting cats from infectious diseases, some of which are potentially fatal. They can be exposed to these diseases from their environment, other pets, or even humans.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
The Biology of HIV-AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is.pdfaadyacouture
The Biology of HIV/AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease
characterized by the progressive deterioration of an individual's immune system. The
immunological impairment allows infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
to invade the body and propagate unchecked. In addition, the incidence of certain cancers
dramatically increases in these patients because of faulty immunosurveillance. AIDS is a serious
threat to human health and is a global problem. Intensive research is being done to advance
methods of detection, clinical treatment and prevention. The HIV Virus The AIDS etiologic
agent is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus. HIV-1 contains an
RNA genome and the RNA-dependent-DNA-polymerase termed reverse transcriptase. Members
of the retrovirus family are involved in the pathogenesis of certain types of leukemias and other
sarcomas in humans and animals. The structure and replication mechanism of HIV is very
similar to other retroviruses. However, HIV is unique in some of its properties - it specifically
targets the immune system, is very immunoevasive, forms significant amounts of progeny virus
in vivo during initial stages of infection and can be transmitted during sexual activity. The HIV
viral particle is surrounded by a lipid Human Immunodeficiency Virus bilayer derived from the
host cell membrane during budding. The viral proteins are identified by the prefix gp
(glycoprotein) or p (protein) followed by a number indicating the approximate molecular weight
in kilodaltons. The lipid bilayer contains gp120 and gp41. These two proteins are proteolytic
products of the precursor gp160. The gp41 anchors gp120 in the bilayer. The protein gp120 is
routinely used as a diagnostic marker for HIV in Western Blot Analysis. More recently other
viral gp proteins are also included in the test. Beneath the bilayer is a capsid consisting of p17
and p18. Within this shell is the viral core. The walls of the core consist of p 24 and p25. Within
the core are two identical RNA molecules, 9800 nucleotides in length. Hydrogen bonded to each
viral RNA is a cellular tRNA molecule. The viral RNA is coated by tightly bound molecules of p
7 and p 9 . The core also contains approximately 50 molecules of reverse transcriptase. There are
several other viral proteins whose precise functions are not fully understood. The virus can be
grown in tissue culture for diagnostic and research purposes. Several of the viral proteins have
been cloned and generated in relatively large quantities. An individual can receive an inoculum
of HIV through an abrasion in a mucosal surface (e.g., genital and rectal walls), a blood
transfusion, or by intravenous injection with a contaminated needle. Virus or virally infected
cells are found in body fluids such as semen and blood. The most important target for the virus is
hematopoietic cells such as bone marrow derived monocytes, myelocytes and lymphocytes.
Infection of im.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals. It is a nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus, resistant to many common detergents and disinfectants, as well as to changes in temperature and pH. Infectious CPV can persist indoors at room temperature for at least 2 mo; outdoors, if protected from sunlight and desiccation, it can persist for many months and possibly years.
Feline vaccination is animal vaccination applied to cats. Vaccination plays a vital role in protecting cats from infectious diseases, some of which are potentially fatal. They can be exposed to these diseases from their environment, other pets, or even humans.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
The Biology of HIV-AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is.pdfaadyacouture
The Biology of HIV/AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease
characterized by the progressive deterioration of an individual's immune system. The
immunological impairment allows infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
to invade the body and propagate unchecked. In addition, the incidence of certain cancers
dramatically increases in these patients because of faulty immunosurveillance. AIDS is a serious
threat to human health and is a global problem. Intensive research is being done to advance
methods of detection, clinical treatment and prevention. The HIV Virus The AIDS etiologic
agent is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus. HIV-1 contains an
RNA genome and the RNA-dependent-DNA-polymerase termed reverse transcriptase. Members
of the retrovirus family are involved in the pathogenesis of certain types of leukemias and other
sarcomas in humans and animals. The structure and replication mechanism of HIV is very
similar to other retroviruses. However, HIV is unique in some of its properties - it specifically
targets the immune system, is very immunoevasive, forms significant amounts of progeny virus
in vivo during initial stages of infection and can be transmitted during sexual activity. The HIV
viral particle is surrounded by a lipid Human Immunodeficiency Virus bilayer derived from the
host cell membrane during budding. The viral proteins are identified by the prefix gp
(glycoprotein) or p (protein) followed by a number indicating the approximate molecular weight
in kilodaltons. The lipid bilayer contains gp120 and gp41. These two proteins are proteolytic
products of the precursor gp160. The gp41 anchors gp120 in the bilayer. The protein gp120 is
routinely used as a diagnostic marker for HIV in Western Blot Analysis. More recently other
viral gp proteins are also included in the test. Beneath the bilayer is a capsid consisting of p17
and p18. Within this shell is the viral core. The walls of the core consist of p 24 and p25. Within
the core are two identical RNA molecules, 9800 nucleotides in length. Hydrogen bonded to each
viral RNA is a cellular tRNA molecule. The viral RNA is coated by tightly bound molecules of p
7 and p 9 . The core also contains approximately 50 molecules of reverse transcriptase. There are
several other viral proteins whose precise functions are not fully understood. The virus can be
grown in tissue culture for diagnostic and research purposes. Several of the viral proteins have
been cloned and generated in relatively large quantities. An individual can receive an inoculum
of HIV through an abrasion in a mucosal surface (e.g., genital and rectal walls), a blood
transfusion, or by intravenous injection with a contaminated needle. Virus or virally infected
cells are found in body fluids such as semen and blood. The most important target for the virus is
hematopoietic cells such as bone marrow derived monocytes, myelocytes and lymphocytes.
Infection of im.
presentation on the molecular biology of Coronaviruses which include taxonomy, history of the viruses, various proteins present in virus, their structure, importance, roles, the life cycle of virus, infection process, the process of disease development, the pathogenicity of virus, replication and translation process in coronaviruses, possible sites for vaccine development, available treatments, cures and drugs, and various studies regarding coronaviruses infection and cures.
This lecture is about Virology of HCV presented by Dr. Mahmoud Elzalabany, Internal Medicine Resident, Ahmed Maher Teaching Hospital.
The lecture was presented in the scientific meeting of Internal and Tropical Medicine departments, Ahmed Maher Teaching Hospital titled (Towards Eradication of HCV in Egypt) in celebration of World Hepatitis Day on July 28, 2016.
https://www.facebook.com/AMTH.IM
https://www.facebook.com/events/1072758396145209/
http://www.no4c.com
Bird flu and its episodes in south asia rohama zahid
its about the influenza viruses, its serogroups, its transmission and aloyt of things about its genome,its replication cycle , major outbreaks of bird flu and its treatment
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. PPR
•A Peste des petites is an acute, highly ingenious and
transboundary viral disease of goat, sheep and wild ruminants.
• This disease is also known as ‘goat plague’ or ‘ovine rinderpest’.
• Having high morbidity and mortality rate.
• Death rate can be high as 80% in infected animals.
• It is nowadays widely causing disease in dogs and camels also.
3. • First time isolation of virus was done in 1962 from sheep cell
culture and was observed under electron microscope in 1967.
• PPRV most commonly affect goat and sheep population.
Comparatively disease is more severe in goat than sheep.
• It has been observed that PPR virus is most lethal to the
animals belonging to the age group 4-18 or up to 24 months.
• Cattle and buffalo are seroconvert but do not transmit
disease.
• The PPRV does not infect humans.
5. Pirulent eye and
nose discharge
congestion of conjunctiva Early mouth lesions
showing areas of dead
cells
swollen, crumble lips; later mouth lesions
signs of diarrhoea The
hindquarters are soiled
with liquid faeces
6. PPR virus
• PPR virus contains a lipid bilayer envelop that is derived from plasma
membrane of host cell.
• Containing RNA as a genome.
• Belongs to the order mononigavirales
family paramyxoviridae
genus morbilivirus
• It has genetically 4 distinct lineages (I, II, III, IV)-
•western and central Africa.
Lineage
I,II
• Eastern Africa, the Arabian
peninsulaLineage III
•Northern Africa and middle east
•Southeast AsiaLineage IV
8. Genome organization of PPRV
• The PPRV containing RNA as a genome which is single stranded,
non segmented, negative strand , and consists of 15, 948
nucleotides.
• It is divided into 6 transcriptional units that encodes for the six
structural proteins-
N (Nucleoprotein),
P (Phosphoprotein),
M (Matrix protein),
F (Fusion protein),
H (Haemagglutinin protein),
L (large polymerase protein )
And two non-structural proteins- V and C.
9. Different types of gene that encode
proteins of virus
3’Leader
N
1674nts
P/C/V
1530nts
M
1008nts
F
1641nts
H
1830nts
L
6552nts
Trailer5
Structural proteins
Non Structural
proteins
Nucleoprotein
Phospho protein
NSP,C and V
Matrix
protein
Fusion
protein
Hemagglutinin Large protein
Non coding
sequence
10. Structural proteins
N (Nucleocapsid Protein)
• PPRV genome is encapsulated by N protein into ribonucleoprotein (RNP)
complex ranges in size from 489-553 Amino acid.
• Molecular wt. is 58 KDa.
• It is one of the viral protein in PPRV that is produced in higher amount in
morbilivirus.
• N protein can be generally divided into two main structural regions:
a) Ncore - a N-terminal domain having three- fourths of the protein conserved
in sequence among related viruses.
b) Ntail- a C-terminal non conserved acidic domain.
11. P (Phosphoprotein)
• The P protein is the only P/V/C gene product that is essential for viral
RNA synthesis also a component of the RNP .
• The molecular weight of P protein is 60 kDa.
• The length of PPRV P protein is 509 amino acids and is highly
phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues within the N terminal
region.
• At C terminal, it behaves as a co-factor for the RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase (RdRp) which is well conserved in secondary structure for all
viruses of paramyxoviridae.
• This protein is the least conserved among morbilivirus .
• But at position 151 of Serine residue (phosphorylated) is highly
conserved among the morbiliviruses .
12. M (Matrix Protein)
• Matrix protein is the most abundant protein in the viron having 91%
amino-acid identity level.
• The molecular weight of P protein is about 38 kDa.
• It is the most conserved viral protein within the morbiliviruses.
• M proteins contain 341 to 375 residues and are quit basic proteins.
• M protein interacts with N protein, surface glycoprotein (H and F) and with
the RNP complex in the cytoplasm .
• Due to the abundance of basic amino acid in M protein, plays their
important role in ionic interaction with the acidic N proteins.
13. F (Fusion Protein)
• The Fusion protein is crucial for the formation of spike on the
envelope surface of PPRV.
• Has molecular weight of 59.1 kDa.
• F gene encodes 540 to 580 residues.
• It plays vital roles during the initial steps of virus replication.
• In morbilivirus, F and H Protein play a significant role in the
attachment of virus to the membrane of host that provides a path to
enter nucleocapsid into the cell cytoplasm.
• But only the F protein necessarily required for fusion rather than
both protein in case of PPRV .
14. H (Hemagglutinin Protein)
• The H protein of virus has both the activity of hemagglutinin and
neuraminidase.
• The molecular weight of PPRV HN protein is 67 kDa.
• The HN protein plays major role in the attachment of virus to
host cell as well as enhance the initiation of cleavage of sialic acid
residue at the carbohydrate moiety (glycoprotein) of the host.
• H protein is less conserved among different strains.
15. L (Large Protein)
• The L protein is essential component of RNP which plays a major role
in viral RNA synthesis
• Molecular weight of about 247.3 kDa having ~2200 amino acid in
length.
• It was observed that the amino acid shares the similarity B/W PPPV
and RPV L proteins of approx.70.7% .
• It is the largest viral protein and is generally found in low amount in
the infected cells.
• The N and C terminal regions of L protein are diverse, but six highly
conserved domains are found near middle of polypeptide of all
paramyxoviruses .
16. Non-structural Proteins
C Protein
• Two non-structural proteins (C and V) are also found in addition to
six structural proteins.
• These are quit conserved proteins.
• The C protein is about 20 kDa and is not phosphorylated.
• The C protein shows high degree of similarity with the other viruses
of same order.
• C Protein is located exclusively in the cytoplasmic region.
17. V Protein
• The molecular weight of V protein is ~ 25-30 KDa.
• Among paramyxoviruses, the histidine and cysteine residues are
highly conserved at C terminal end of V protein that binds two zinc
molecules.
• V protein is an accessory protein that plays vital role in the
pathogenesis and replication of virus
• Functions by inhibiting the viral RNA synthesis for measles virus V
protein.
19. Stepwise representation of PPRV Pathogenesis
(A) Virus first enter the host through airways and infect tissues (Produce IFN ),
later migrate to respiratory tract, where they infect APC, DC, macrophages
(play important role in pathogenesis) and monocytes. Due to the induction of
IFN, APC migrate to lymph nodes then to other lymphatic organs such as
Payer’s patch and spleen through circulatory system .
(B) After reaching APC to their respective places (lymphatic organs), PPRV again
replicate and cause cell death. Due to the blockage of IFN response and
signalling, suppresses immune response of host.
20. (C) Dissemination of the PPRV virus takes place distantly
(lymphatic tissues such as spleen, payer’s patches etc.) where
they further starts replication and increase viral load.
(D) Finally PPRV infect epithelial tissues where the symptoms
appeared such as pneumonia, gastroenteritis but the virus
shedding starts prior the symptom appear.
21. PPRV diagnostic methods
Serological test Nucleic acid based test
Agarose based immuno RT-PCR
diffusion technique (AGIDT)
Immunocapture ELISA ( ICE) Multiplex RT PCRs
Haemagglutination (HA) tests ) Multiplex RT qPCRs
Immunochromatographic test ELISAs
Loop mediated isothermal
Amplification (LAMP)
22. Serological test
1. Agarose based immuno diffusion technique (AGIDT)
It works on the principle of diffusion of antigen and antibody
in agar medium for the detection of virus antigens. It is easy,
fast and cost effective process. Limitation of using this
technique is that it does not able to differentiate between
the antigenically similar viruses.
2. Immunocapture ELISA (ICE)
Virus antigens can also be detected by immunocapture ELISA
(ICE).It works on the principle of formation of precipitin line.
It is most rapid test and can differentiate between the
antigenically similar viruses.
23. 3. Haemagglutination (HA) tests
It was based on the property of H protein, performed in
1991. This test is simple and cheap, does not require
specialised instruments to perform . But the major limitation
is that it does not detect early and mild stage of disease.
4. Immunochromatographic test
It detects interaction of antigen and antibody on a paper also
called as Lateral flow test. It is simple nitro cellulose based
device which is prespotted with antigen/antibody that
detects the presence of unknown antigen/antibody (Analyte)
in liquid sample.
This test is quick, easy to perform without the need for
specialized and costly equipments.
24. Nucleic acid based test
1. RT PCR
In 2002, this method was used to detect virus based on reverse
transcription which require expertise to perform. Detection
was done on N and F gene. Cost is high; it is now one of the
tests used most frequently. It is not able to detect the large
sample size, sensitive to cross contamination.
2. Multiplex RT PCRs
This assay used multiple primers to target the N and M genes
for the detection and differentiation of viruses having higher
sensitivity.
3. Multiplex RT-qPCR
This assay used multiple primers to detect and differentiate
many respiratory diseases of small ruminants but having low
detection limit, time and was cost effective.
25. 4. ELISAs
In ELISA, the antigen and antibody interaction takes place which is viewed
by presence of chromogenic substrate, which is then converted into product
by enzyme like horseradish peroxidise (HRP) tagged on antibody bound to
epitope of PPRV antigen for the detection of Antigen .Some other technique
such as competitive and blocking ELISA are also used for monitoring of virus
with greater sensitivity and specificity .These assays were performed using
anti-H MAbs. It is best method for detection of virus for large numbers of
serum sample it is easy, quick, cheaper, assays for diagnosis.
5. LOOP MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION (LAMP)
In LAMP based technique at least four primers were used to target the M
and N gene at six different regions for the amplification. Bst DNA
polymerase (Bacillus sterothermophilus) is used in place of Taq polymerase
It is a simple, fast, specific, with lack of expertise. It is very sensitive
technique, with greater sensitivity than RT-PCR Moreover, the one and two
step LAMP assay are also developed for the detection of target M gene and
N gene to reduce the problem of cross-contamination with the sample but
gives false positive result. It cannot work with complex samples. It is the
only diagnostic tool which cannot be used for cloning like PCR.
26. • Various types of PPR vaccines are now developed, such as live-attenuated,
inactivated killed, vector based, recombinant, protein based, have been
developed. Among them live-attenuated PPR vaccines are considered to be
the best for disease prevention in endemic regions .
• In 1989, the first protective live attenuated PPR - derived from Nigeria/75
strain belonged to lineage II and Sungri/96 strain belonged to lineage IV.
• In India S96 vaccine is commonly used, provide immunity against 2 Indian
strains only whereas N75 vaccine is used worldwide and thus provide
immunity against all the 4 lineages .
• Production of DIVA vaccines by recombination technique having higher
cross-protective ability .
• A tissue culture based vaccine was recently developed in 2001 by
Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI)
•
27. •Proper disposal from affected areas
should be needed.
•Antibiotics such as-
Chloramphenicol
Chlortetracycline
Penicillin
oxytetracycline
streptomycin
recommended for treatment to prevent further bacterial infections
given for 5–7 days.
Anti-diarrhoeal medicine or oral rehydration fluid are preferred
to balance the level of electrolytes in body to treat diarrhoea.
28. • Restrict the movement of animals from infected flock to
prevent the spread of infection.
• Decontaminate the contaminated areas with a solution of high
and low pH.
• Proper cleaning of bedding area where domestic animals stays.
• Dead animals should be buried or burned earlier before the
chances of infection increased.
• For the examination of sick animals contact to Veterinarian and
thus educate the employees how to handle the infected animals.