ACGNJ Main Meeting presentation on the evolution of mobile data and Internet availability, with a view towards what 5G will mean for both stationary and mobile data access

1. April 5, 2019
ACGNJ.org
PERVASIVE INTERNET
AND THE PUSH
TOWARDS
CONVERGENCE

2. 4/8/2019 2
THE INTERNET IS EVERYWHERE
Everything we do, from phone calls to research, from television and radio to postal-mail routing, relies on the
Internet.
Many network appliances are
connected wirelessly through various
802.11 wireless technologies.
FIXED WIRELESS NETWORKS
It has become an operational
requirement to offer free wireless
Internet access in many public-facing
businesses, restaurants, and public
places.
PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL WI-FI
Including cable, DSL, T1, T3, and fiber
optic feeds to home and business
networks.
WIRELINE SUBSCRIBER NETWORKS
In addition to voice, text, and Web,
modern cellular technologies such as
4G-LTE support digital telephony and
mobile broadband media transmission.
WIRELESS MOBILE

3. PERVASIVE 4G
• 4G-LTE Wireless Mobile (telephone/data/Internet) is available
as an option everywhere, from all major public non-radio
Internet Access providers
• Cable
• Comcast (Xfinity)
• Spectrum (Time Warner/Optimum)
• Optical
• Verizon FIOS
• Satellite/VSAT
• Dish Network
• DirecTV (AT&T)

4. 4/8/2019 4
Home and personal
computers
Automatic pilots, air traffic control,
automobile lane-sensing & backup
Autonomous navigation
Transportation
Municipal and
public safety services
WE NEED THE INTERNET TO CONNECT (OR CONNECT
TO)
Devices
Tablets, smartphones, peripherals,
Smart Homes, Smart Cities,
Internet of Things
Businesses and
business networks
IN SHORT, ALL THINGS AND DEVICES (IN THEORY)

5. CONVERGENCE
• Movement from separate networks to a single, connected,
intelligent network regardless of access technology
• The ability to choose the best network access technology and
routing based on service needs and current network conditions
• The ability to multiplex across access technologies and
providers (operators) to meet service-level requirements (e.g.
bandwidth, reliability, latency demands)

6. 5G PROMISES CONVERGENCE
• Higher data speeds (up to 20 Gb/s)
• Lower latency (as low as <1ms)
• Carrier aggregation
• Application- and service-based security
BUT

7. 5G Radio Technology
cannot do this alone!!!

8. CONVERGENCE REQUIRES
• Flexible networking logic
• Massive virtualization
• Flexible radio technologies
• New approaches to authentication and security

9. In the current business environment, this is
(arguably) best achieved by operators who
own or lease access across multiple physical
technologies (e.g., Quad Play)

10. WHAT IS QUAD
PLAY?
A content and access service providing
• Broadcast video
• Broadband Internet
• Digital telephony
• Mobile telephony (4G, 4G-LTE)

11. QUAD PLAY
OPERATOR
S
Verizon Wireless
AT&T
Xfinity
Spectrum

12. NEXT GENERATION NETWORK
NEEDS
Massive MACHINE-TYPE
COMMUNICATION (mMTC)
(e.g. smart cities, IoT)
ULTRA-RELIABLE, LOW-LATENCY
COMMUNICATION (uRLLC)
(e.g.,autonomous vehicles)
ENHANCED MOBILE
BROADBAND (eMBB)
(e.g., AR/VR)
Data density
High Speed
Massive connectivity

13. 4/8/2019 13
FEATURES
CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
High data rate
• Rich media
• Many devices
• Massive information loads
• Carrier aggregation for greater
bandwidth
Ultra High Reliability
• Network slicing isolates services
• Data integrity and security
• Identity authentication
Low-Latency
• Rich media
• Autonomous navigation
• Medical and emergency
communication.
Ubiquitous Availability
• Dynamic carrier choice
• Carrier choice(s) depend(s) on need
and conditions
• Service determines needs

14. NETWORKS
ARE
BECOMING
MORE
COMPLEX
• Increasing numbers of connected devices
• Home
• “Smart” home equipment
• Appliances, entertainment systems, etc
• Personal sensors (medical, fitness)
• Industrial
• Automation
• Tracking systems
• Business
• Security and privacy issues
• Vendor explosion (more vendors, more outsourced
services)
• Cloud migration for cost reduction
• Increasing security concerns
• Embedded systems
• Non-upgradeable technology
• IoT devices
• Migration from systems to services

15. NEW NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
• Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
• Self-Organizing Networks (SON)
• Network Slicing
• Control User Plane Separation (CUPS)
These, among others, will help us manage and secure next-
generation networks

16. Let’s take a look at these new technologies and
how they will bring about convergence.

17. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKING (SDN)
Logical networks defined by the services they support
• Applications
• Media types
• Internet of Things
Instead of being defined by wires and central policies, the network is defined
by service- and application-specific APIs
APIs allow network functions to be available to end users even when the
controlling server is not.

18. SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS (SON)
• Networks based on Self-Organizing Systems
• Self-Organizing Systems are a form of artificial intelligence (AI)
in which learning algorithms (machine learning) create
organization from a group of random elements
• SONs use this type of AI to organize networks based on
services, user identities, etc.

19. NETWORK SLICING
• A form of end-to-end virtualization that allows multiple logical networks with
different transmission characteristics and properties over the same physical
network
• Allocates network resources
• Selects carriers
• A slice extends from the control plane through the IP transport infrastructure and
radio access network to end devices, providing a virtualized custom network
• Multiple domains can now work as a single entity
• One can therefore have separate business networks, video streaming networks,
transportation networks, etc. over the same physical network
by need
e.g., bandwidth, technology, protocol

20. CONTROL,
USER
PLANE
SEPARATIO
N (CUPS)
Keeping the control plane
(management and control)
centralized, while moving user
planes, SDN forwarders, and
service functions closer to the
customer
Centralized network control
Edge-based user services
APIs at cloud edge reflect and
authenticate control
CUPS allows network functions
(authentication, identity, etc.) to
persist even when the server is
unavailable

21. THE NEED FOR VIRTUALIZATION
• Today’s complex networks need to be configured and
reconfigured on-the-fly, both for security reasons and to support
services
• SDNs, SONs, and network slices are based on the concept of
massive virtualization, in that the logical network is not
dependent upon the physical network
• End users’ needs to connect to resources and services
anywhere, on any device, require cloud-based services and
virtual logical networks

22. ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUALIZATION
• Protection against physical environment issues
• Built-in redundancy (distributed services)
• Protection against network outages, natural disasters
• CUPS and network slicing protect against server unavailability
• On-demand scalability
• Dynamically reconfigurable
• Massive cost reduction
• Hardware upgrades
• Software upgrades and licensing
• Maintenance costs
• Cost of expertise

23. Cellular and Wireless Evolution

24. 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802.11ac 802.11af 802.11ad 802.11ax 802.11ay
Frequency
band(s) 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz
5 GHz
2.4 GHz
5 GHz 54-790 MHz 60 GHz
2.4 GHz
5 GHz 60 GHz
Maximum
throughput 54 Mb/s 11 Mb/s 54 Mb/s 600 Mb/s 1300 Mb/s 568.9 MHz 7 Gb/s 5200 Mb/s 20Gb/s
Average
throughput 20 Mb/s
5.5 Mb/s or
less 22 Mb/s
Date 1999 2000 2003 2011 2013 2014 2016
Status active active active active active active active draft draft
Wi-Fi EVOLUTION
Much of the throughput improvement in 802.11a* standards has been
through multiple-antenna technology and new packet- and service-
transmission protocols

25. 4/8/2019 25
MOBILE EVOLUTION
MORE SPEED = MORE SERVICES
Each generation of technology has enabled more and more connected services. With increasing
demands for streaming services, evolving autonomous systems, and the Internet of Things, our need
for speed and data have been increasing exponentially.
1G 3G 4G-LTE-A
Voice
SMS (Texting)
Web
Audio, Video, Apps
2G
eMBB, Sensors, Actuators
5G

26. 5G RADIO FREQUENCIES
• Frequency Group 1 (FR1)
• 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz
• (less 6.4-6.5 GHz, reserved for IEEE
802.11x Wi-Fi draft)
• Sometimes referred to as “Sub 6”
• (higher frequencies recently allocated)
• TDD (time-division duplexing and
FDD (frequency-division duplexing)
• Frequency Group 2 (FR2)
• 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz (millimeter-
wave)
• Upper limit placed by ITU, but could
be extended at the November 2019
conference
• TDD-only

27. BUZZWORDS YOU MAY ENCOUNTER
• RAN
• Radio Access Network
• 5G NR
• “New Radio” – the technology behind the increases in performance that 5G is
expected to bring
• Beamforming and beamsweeping
• 5G uses more precise and more efficient methods of point-to-point
communication
• Numerology
• 5G can switch between several different subcarrier spacing schemes
• Bandwidth part
• The amount of spectrum allocated to one UE (user equipment – e.g., phone)

28. MORE BUZZWORDS
• HetNet
• Heterogenous network (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, Wi-Fi) – use of any and all technologies to
meet the service’s requirements
• Mobile Core
• A virtualized, distributed-services platform to help operators optimize throughput,
Quality of Service, etc.
• xHaul
• A unified IP network of fronthaul and backhaul transports across all radio access
technologies, both licensed and unlicensed
• Release 15, Release 16
• Updates to the 4G-LTE standard, extending support for new devices and services

29. 5G EVOLUTION ISSUES
• Network control, user plane separation (CUPS)
• Migration to cloud-based SDNs
• Hybrid 4G/5G environment in the 5-10 year transition period
• LTE radios cannot dynamically switch between carriers or services
(e.g., 4G and Wi-Fi), nor can they aggregate carriers to improve
throughput
• Embedded systems cannot be upgraded, limiting mMTC potential
• Technology and test development

30. LTE Evolution Timemap
• Release 15 – Main drop completed mid-2018
• Early deployment scenarios for eMBB/URLLC use cases
• LTE Advanced Pro evolution (V2X – vehicle-to-X, IoT, …)
• Release 15 – late drop
• Mostly infrastructure work
• Expected to be complete end of June 2019
• Release 16 – mid-2018 through mid-2020
• New NR cases considered
• Additional LTE Advanced Pro cases (IoT, broadcast, vehicle-to-vehicle)
• Release 17 – starting mid-2020

31. 5G NR Adoption Timemap
• Current:
• Limited availability in parts of the US and Finland
• Primarily fixed broadband radio and parts of the backhaul network
• Limited mobile radio (see Tech Republic item)
• 2019
• Russia, China, India, Australia, South Africa, UK, Spain, Portugal, Arabian
Peninsula
• 2020
• Canada, Brazil, France, most of Western Europe, New Zealand
• 2021
• Most of Eastern Europe

32. 5G Security and Authentication

33. SECURITY ISSUES
• Volume of networked devices
• More devices at-risk
• Larger bot-nets possible
• Threat volume expected to rise from 11 billion/day to 5 billion/minute (about
700 times!!!)
• Sensors and Embedded Systems
• Often hardwired
• Not always designed as security-hard
• Not upgradeable/patchable

34. TYPES OF THREATS
• DNS intelligence
• e.g., Mirai attack
• IoT botnets
• IMS-Interface (digital voice)
• Internet Interface
• Roaming and Signaling
• Fronthaul / backhaul

35. END-TO-END (E2E) 5G SECURITY
• Based on user plane control of the network (network slice)
• Includes
• Authentication
• Encryption
• Independent encryption of user plane and control plane
• Integrity protection (requires command of both user and control planes)
• Avoids man-in-the-middle attacks

36. 5G Radio Encryption Includes:
• User Equipment (SIM card)
• Bearer identity
• Link direction
• Count
• Packet Data Convergence Protocol Sequence Number (PDCP SN)
• Hyperframe number (HFN)

37. 5G Security Focus Areas
• Data integrity
• IoT security
• Platform security
• 5G security
• Trustworthy clouds
• Identity management

38. BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER

39. 5G ≠ CONVERGENCE (AND VICE-VERSA)
• 5G radio technology promises potential increases in speed and data
density to support or supplant many wire-line network connections
• Higher frequencies can require more power, and most of the higher-
throughput comes at the expense of massive antenna multiplication
• The new network is a cloud-based, hypervirtualized, micro-sliced
environment based on services, not organizations
• The new network paradigm is a new RAN paradigm
• Users and services will use any and all access technologies necessary to
provide the required communications parameters (not just 5G)

40. 5G IS NECESSARY FOR
CONVERGENCE
• 5G NR provides frequencies and throughput necessary for the services
needed for convergence
• eMBB, URLLC
• New RAN for massively virtual SDN, SON, etc.
• Massive MIMO
• New radio technology for more secure end-to-end connectivity
• 5G and SDN technologies are designed for convergence
• Carrier selection based on service requirements
• Carrier aggregation for higher throughput

41. IS CONVERGENCE ALREADY HERE?
CONVERGED
• I’m already mostly wireless
• I’m more mobile than fixed-location
• My car practically drives itself
• I live in a Smart Home
• I won’t deal with a doctor who’s
unwilling to access my HealthVault
• My employer’s IT motto is
“Everything as a Service”
NOT CONVERGED
• I need the speed of a hardwired
network
• I like to keep my programs and data
on a hard drive I control physically
• I don’t want to keep paying fees to
access applications or data
• I don’t like Google, Amazon, etc.
knowing everything I do
• My job doesn’t require computers
or the Internet
You Decide

42. ANY
QUESTIONS?

43. 5G and Networking Resources
5G - General Info
• 5G Target Services & Performance Goals — Rohde & Schwarz (click to
watch video)
• Three keys to success — Preparing your mobile network for 5G —
Cisco (PDF)
• Service Provider Mobility Solutions — Cisco
• 5G.co.uk — UK's Premier 5G Resource
• 5G search — Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

44. 5G and Networking Resources
5G – New Radio
• 5G New Radio: Fundamentals, procedures, testing aspects — Rohde &
Schwarz (PDF)
• Decoding 5G New Radio — The Latest on 3GPP and ITU Standards —
National Instruments (PDF)
• White Papers from Keysight Technologies
• 5G NR C-V2X: Unleashing A Paradigm Shift in Automotive Use Cases —
Qualcomm (register to view webinar On Demand)

45. 5G and Networking Resources
5G – Security
• 5 key requirements for a secure 5G network — Cisco
• 5G and IoT Attack Landscape and Mitigation Strategies - A Front Line
Perspective for Service Providers — Light Reading (register to view webinar
On Demand)
• A Security Architcture for 5G Networks (IEEE Xplore, IEEE Journals &
Magazine) — (HTML) —(PDF)
• Establishing a New Approach for 5G Security — Palo Alto Networks blog
• Evolving the Mobile Security Architecture Toward 5G — produced by Heavy
Reading for Cisco Systems Inc.

46. 5G and Networking Resources
5G – Security (page 2)
• 5G Security: Forward Thinking — Huawei white paper (PDF)
• secure network design 5g — Google Scholar
• secure network design 5g — Google Search
• Securing your 5G networks: What service providers need to know —
Cisco
• Security for 5G Mobile Wireless Networks — Utah State University —
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications (PDF)

47. 5G and Networking Resources
5G – Security (page 3)
• Towards a 5G Security Architecture — Cisco
• "Demystifying 5G" video series — Rohde & Schwarz
• Trust Modelling in 5G Networks — SecSoN Workshop, ACM SIGCOMM
2018 (PDF)
• The Evolution of Security in 5G — 5G Americas — The Voice of 5G and
LTE for the Americas (PDF)

48. 5G and Networking Resources
IoT Security
• Celebrating 1 Year of Arm Platform Security Architecture — ARM
Community IoT Blog
• Security in Industrial IoT — ARM (sign up to view webinar On Demand)
• Design Principles for 5G Security — ResearchGate
Software Defined Networking
• SD-WAN for Dummies — Cloudgenix (register to receive a free copy)

49. 5G and Networking Resources
Network Slicing
• network slicing — Google Search
• What is Network Slicing? — 5G.co.uk
• What is Network Slicing? A Definition — SDxCentral.com
• What is 5G Network Slicing? A Definition — SDxCentral.com
• Understanding network slicing, a key technology for 5G — RCR Wireless
News
• An Introduction to Network Slicing — GSMA (PDF)
• Webinar: Network Slicing: Building essential end-to-end capabilities in
4G/5G — IHS Markit and Ericsson (register for the April 24 webinar)

50. 5G and Networking Resources
802.11 Wi-Fi (Wikipedia)
Computer Industry Press and News Releases
• Verizon just turned on its 5G network in the US a week ahead of
schedule — Tech Republic
• LG is focusing on 5G mobility and AI for the future of jobs and
transportation — Tech Republic
• 5G and 6G wireless technologies have security issues — Network
World
• RCR Wireless News