This document provides an overview of theories of personality, including type theories, trait theories, and Eysenck's three-factor model of personality. It discusses several influential theorists who developed typologies of personality based on physical characteristics or temperaments, such as Hippocrates, Kretschmer, Spranger, Sheldon, Jung, and Freud. It also summarizes Allport and Cattell's trait theories and classifications of traits. Finally, it explains Eysenck's three dimensions of personality - introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-stability, and psychoticism - and their associated characteristics. The document aims to outline the major theories that have been developed to study personality as a relatively stable set of characteristics

1. PERSONALITY :
HUMAN LIFE AND STYLE FOR BEING
Dr. Sankar Prasad Mohanty
Associate Professor of Education,
PG Department of Education
Rama Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, India
E-mail: sankarprasadmohanty@rdwu.ac.in
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7. Variables Influencing Individual Behavior
The Environment
• Organization
• Work group
• Job
• Personal life
The Person
• Skills & abilities
• Personality
• Perceptions
• Attitudes
• Values
• Ethics
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8. People having:
• Poor Personality
• Fine Personality
• Having good manner
• Good body language
• Short temper
• Well behaviour
• Well dressed
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9. PERSONALITY
Latin word: Persona (Mask) Covering face by
Greek actors
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting
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10. Personality -A relatively stable set of characteristics
that influences an individual’s behavior
A stimulus:
• Social stimulus value
• Affects other persons with contact
• Impressive, dominating, submissive personality
• Physical appearance, clothing, talking style
• Selection in interviews for job..
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11. Summative approach:
• Sum total various activities
• Habits, impulses, emotional activities, innate
qualities etc.
Integrative approach:
• Organization of all the cognitive, affective, conative
and physical characteristics
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12. G.W.Allport (1948):
“Personality is dynamic organization within
the individual of those psycho-physical
systems that determine his unique adjustment
to his environment.”
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13. Thus, Personality:
• is something unique and specific
• exhibits self consciousness
• it is internal as well as external
• Is more than collection of so many traits (elephant
story)
• remains stable for a large extent
• Is dynamic; continuous adjustment to environment
• Is subjected to disorganization (illness, injury, stress,
brain damage)
• is determined by both heredity and environment.
• can be measured
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14. Theories to study personality
1930’s and 1940’s-Allport and Murray began writing
about personality and theories of personality
• Type theory
• Trait theory
• Psycho analytic theory
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15. TYPE THEORY OF PERSONALITY
Human personalities are classified:
• Behavioural characteristics
• Somatic structure
• Blood types, fluids in the body
Great Minds behind Type Theory:
 Ancient thoughts (Ayurvedic Concept)
 Hippocrates of Cos (Ancient Greek physician,
Father of Western Medicine)
 Ernest Kretschmer (German Psychiatrist)
 E. Spranger (German Philosopher)
 William H. Sheldon (American Psychologist)
 C.G. Jung (Swiss Psychiatrist)
 Sigmund Freud (Austrian Neurologist)3/28/2020 15

16. Ancient Classifications (Ayurveda)
Entire Universe- Living and Non- living entities:
• made up of Air, Fire, Water, Earth and Space
(Panchamahabhutas)
• Human body is constituted of these
Panchamahabhutas and controlled by them.
• Such elements (Vata, Kapha, Pitta) are
responsible for physiological and psychological
characteristics
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17. Elements Somatic Characteristics Personality Charcteristics
Air and
Space (Vata)
Slightly built, dark hair &
eyes, dry skin, suffer
from joint pain,
constipation etc
Restless , active mind,
emotionally insecure,
poor memory, night
dream, enjoy travelling,
solitary, resisting
authority
Water and
Earth
(Kapha)
Over weight, eyes are
wide and attractive,
sinus problem, lethargy,
nausea, Big bones,
shining hair
Sleepy, rational speech,
move slowly, emotionally
secure, romantic and
sentimental
Fire and
Water (Pitta)
Average built, red hair,
moles, acne, may be
bald, green and piercing
eyes
argumentative, sharp
intelligence, , enjoy sports
and politics, vivid dreams
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18. Hippocrate’s Classification
460 BC-370 BC
Typology on the basis of body fluids:
Blood, Yellow bile, Phlegm (mucus) and Black
bile (Four types of humours)
Fluid
type
Personality type Characteristics
Blood Sanguine Optimistic, happy,
hopeful
Yellow
Bile
Choleric Irritable, angry,, active
imagination
Phlegm
(Mucus)
Phlegmatic Cold, Calm, Slow,
Sluggish, Indifferent
Black Bile Melancholic Sad, Depressed,
Pessimistic, Slow, Bad
tempered3/28/2020 18

19. Ernest Kretschmer’s Type
Typology on the basis of physical
constitution of human beings:
(1888-1964)
Constitutional Type Characteristics
Pyknic (Fat body) Popular, Sociable, Jolly, Easy-
going,
Asthenic
(Leptosomic) (Lean
and thin)
Unsociable, Reserve, Shy,
Pessimistic
Athletic (strong) Energetic, Optimistic,
Accommodating
Dysplastic (Balanced) Mixed type
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20. Eduard Spranger’ Type
(1882-1963)
• Theoretical : Theoretical in nature
neglect social and political participation
• Economic: Interested in money
Hoarding
• Aesthetic: Lover of Beauty, form and
harmony
• Social: love of people, interested in
social activities
• Political: Dominating, Power desirous
• Religious: Unity, Religious activities
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21. William H. Sheldon’s Type
(1898-1977)
Typology on the basis of Somatic
structure of Human Beings:
Types Somatic Characteristics/ temperament
Endomorphic Weak somatic,
highly developed
structure (Soft and
Round)
Viscerotonic: Easy-going,
Sociable, Affectionate,
Extrovert, Needs Physical
Comfort
Mesomorphic Balanced (Muscular
and strong)
Somatotonic: Craving Muscular
activities, Loves risk, Adventure,
Energetic
Ectomorphic Weak somatic,
undeveloped
viscera
Cerebrotonic: Fearful, Introvert,
Unsociable, Pessimistic
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22. Carl Gustav Jung ’s Type
(1875-1961)
Based on the Behavioural dimensions of
Human Beings:
• Introvert: Shy, Avoids people, Enjoys to
be alone. Scientists, Philosophers are
introverts
• Extrovert: orientation towards external
world. Deals intelligently in social
situations. Conventional, outgoing,
friendly, free from worries. Social
workers, politicians, business executives
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23. Sigmund Freud’s Type
(1856-1939)3/28/2020 23

24. Sigmund Freud’s Type
Based on the fixation of sexual energy at a particular
stage of sex development:
• Oral-erotic type: Sex is located in mouth. Excessive degree of
pleasures associated with oral activity. Sucking,, Putting
anything in mouth
• Oral Passive Type: Dependent, optimistic, immature thinking,
Child like activities, Expect help from elders
• Oral sadistic type: Pessimistic, aggressive, Bitter in dealing with
others
• Anal Type: Gratification through anal activities.. Obstinacy,
miserliness, Orderliness etc.
• Phallic Type: Self-love, exhibitionism, Draws attention of others,
at early adolescence.
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25. Trait Theory of Personality
• Trait..?: a property within the individual that accounts
for his unique and stable reactions to environment
• Type and Trait theories/approaches are interrelated
• Typology classifies individuals in broad types
(outdated)
• Trait approach labels a person by his/her mode of
behaviour (widely accepted and used): we label by
trait e.g., irritable, Slow etc.
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26. Properties of Traits
• Scalability
• Inference from one’s activities
• Flexibility
• Universal
• Psychological process
• Traits are learned (interaction with env.)
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27. Classifications of Traits
• Allport’s Classifications
• Cattell’s Classification
• Eysenck’s Classification
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28. G.W.Allport’s Classifications
Three Categories
Cardinal Trait:
Primary, dominating traits, may be common
trait
Central Trait:
less Universal, honesty, submissiveness
Secondary Dispositions:
Specific, Narrow- Attitudes
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29. R.B.Cattel’s Clasifications
Four Categories:
• Common traits:
widely distributed in general population, honesty,
aggression etc.
• Unique traits:
among particular persons, emotional reactions, energy
etc.
• Surface traits:
as overt behaviour, honestys, life kills, dependability etc
• Source traits:
are determined fromn one’s behavious, emotional
status,
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30. MAJOR PERSONALITY FACTORS
• outgoing—reserved
• more intelligent—less intelligent
• stable—emotional
• assertive—humble
• happy-go-lucky—sober
• conscientious—expedient
• venturesome—shy
• tender-minded—tough-minded
• suspicious—trusting
• imaginative—practical
• shrewd—forthright
• apprehensive—placid
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31. H.J.Eysenck’s Classifications (1916-1998):, A British
Psychologist
• He explored personality traits by conducting research on
10,000 soldiers who had been psychologically damaged
in World War II.
• Jeffrey A. Gray's personality theory as a modification to
the Eysenck theory
• has a genetic basis - we’re born that way
• has a biological explanation - personality shaped by a
part of the mid brain called the reticular activating
system
• He said that our personality is shaped by the activity and
arousal of parts of our nervous system network - we
can’t help being disagreeable, shy, open etc.3/28/2020 31

32. • Trait - means a relatively stable and enduring
tendency to behave in a particular way (e.g. being
punctual, considerate, happy or helpful)
• Eysenck believed that a combination of personality
traits was the self or identity of a person
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33. Three dimensions:
• Introversion- extroversion (extraversion)-how
outgoing we are.
• Extraversion - Introversion:
– Introversion: tender mindedness;
introspectiveness; seriousness; performance
interfered with by excitement; easily aroused but
restrained, inhibited; preference for solitary
vocations; sensitivity to pain.
– Extraversion: tough-mindedness; impulsiveness;
tendency to be outgoing; desire for novelty;
performance enhanced by excitement; preference
for vocations involving contact with other people;
tolerance for pain.3/28/2020 33

34. • High Extraversion:
– Outgoing, Social, Lively, Friendly.
• Low Extraversion [Introversion]:
– Shy, Passive, Withdrawn.
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35. • Neuroticism (how emotionally stable we are)
Neuroticism-stability (N) is associated with
arousability of the limbic circuit, such that
neurotics become more aroused than stable
individuals as a consequence of emotion-
inducing stimulation.
Below-average emotional control, will-power, and
capacity to exert self; slowness in thought and
action; suggestibility; lack of persistence; tendency to
repress unpleasant facts; lack of sociability; below-
average sensory acuity but high level of activation
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36. Thank you
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