This document provides information on walnut taxonomy, quality factors, production, postharvest handling, storage and nutritional value. It describes the main walnut species and their characteristics. Key factors that affect walnut quality include variety, climate, moisture content and harvest time. Proper postharvest handling and storage at 0-10°C and 50-65% RH helps maintain quality by reducing moisture, microbial activity and oxidation. Walnuts are high in antioxidants like omega-3 fatty acids and phytosterols that provide health benefits.
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Hemantha Wijewardena, Sri Lankaapaari
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Hemantha Wijewardena, Sri Lanka - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Hemantha Wijewardena, Sri Lankaapaari
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Hemantha Wijewardena, Sri Lanka - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Cleaning refers to chlorine washing of the banana fruit for the removal of undesirable material including latex, chemicals, adhering soil particles along with the microorganisms carried by the soil.
Sorting in banana would refer to removal of overripe, injured, bruised, rotten, diseased, infected and cut fruits.
Grading in banana fruit would refer to categorization of fruits based on number & size of fingers in each hand.
Fruits play a vital role in human nutrition as well as generate high income to the growers. Pre-harvest and post-harvest factors have a great effect on the postharvest quality of fruits. The combination of these factors includes genetic, environmental, cultural practices, irrigation, packaging, pre-cooling, storage, transportations, etc. In this paper, we provide a review of studies on how pre-harvest and post-harvest factors influence the post quality of fruits. The influence of pre-harvest and post-harvest factors can be controlled by various cultural practices, use of certain chemicals and high tech recent management practices.
The quality parameters that are kept in mind while buying or having any food is the most important factor. Here i've presented some quality factors for pulses in brief.
This Presentation gives detailed information regarding Indian Mentha Oil Production, Exports, Imports, By Products produced, Spot Market Prices of Mentha for last consecutive six years along with fundamental & technical analysis and ways to tackle the price volatility of the Mentha Oil in India.
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Projects on Cashew value added Products (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid & Kernel Processing, Activated Carbon from Cashew Nut Shell, Cashew Fruit Juice from Cashew Apple, Cashew nuts Processing (Dried & Fried), Cashew Nut Processing with CNSL, Cashew Nut Processing, Cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)) -Investment Opportunity for Startups and Entrepreneurs
Every year, the world eats more than 600,000 metric tons of cashew. Every single cashew nut comes from its own cashew apple, which are grown on cashew trees and thrive in tropical climates. The nuts are then collected, dried, shelled, peeled, graded, and roasted.
Cashew nuts are among the most nutritious nuts in the world. Cashews are low in fat, have zero cholesterol, are high in protein, and include a large amount of important vitamins and minerals.
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https://goo.gl/5sYLMz
https://goo.gl/MNDHgY
https://goo.gl/3S2WjL
https://goo.gl/w83KFw
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Processing of Cashew, Cashew Processing, Cashew Nut Processing Unit, Small Scale Cashew Processing, Cashew Nut Process Plant, Cashew Nut Processing Project, Cashew Nut Processing Methods, Cashew Nut Processing Business Plan, Cashew Nut Processing Plant, Cashew Nut Processing Industry, Industrial Cashew Nut Processing, How to Start Cashew Nut Processing Unit, Cashew Nut Process, Cashew Processing Plant, Cashew Processing Units, Growing Cashew Nut Trees, Cashew Processing in India, Cashew Processing Industry, Indian Cashew Processing Industry, Cashew Processing Project, Cashew Processing Units in India, Kaju Processing Business, Project Profile on Cashew Processing Unit, Cashew Processing Methods, Cashew Nut Processing Business, Growing Cashews, Cultivating Cashew Nuts, Cashew Plantation, Cashew Farming in India, Cashew Seeds for Planting, Cashew Nut Cultivation, Cultivation of Cashew, Cashew Farming Business Guide, Cashew Plant Growing, How to Grow Cashew Nuts?, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid & Kernel Processing, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), Processing of Cashew Nut Shell, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Project Report, Small Scale Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) Plant, Manufacturing Process of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, CNSL Processing, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Production, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Processing in India, Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Manufacture, Cashew Nut Processing With CNSL, Production of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Method of Processing Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Process For Preparing Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Manufacturing Process, Activated Carbon from Cashew Nut Shell, Preparation of Activated Carbon
Rootstock scion and Interstock Relationship Selection of Elite Mother PlantsAmanDohre
Rootstock scion and Interstock Relationship
Selection of Elite Mother Plants
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ROOTSTOCK
EFFECT OF STOCK ON SCION
EFFECT OF SCION ON STOCK
IMPORTANT ROOTSTOCKS FOR FRUIT CROPS
GRAFT INCOMPATIABILITY
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEALING OF GRAFT UNION
SELECTION OF ELITE MOTHER PLANTS
Cleaning refers to chlorine washing of the banana fruit for the removal of undesirable material including latex, chemicals, adhering soil particles along with the microorganisms carried by the soil.
Sorting in banana would refer to removal of overripe, injured, bruised, rotten, diseased, infected and cut fruits.
Grading in banana fruit would refer to categorization of fruits based on number & size of fingers in each hand.
Fruits play a vital role in human nutrition as well as generate high income to the growers. Pre-harvest and post-harvest factors have a great effect on the postharvest quality of fruits. The combination of these factors includes genetic, environmental, cultural practices, irrigation, packaging, pre-cooling, storage, transportations, etc. In this paper, we provide a review of studies on how pre-harvest and post-harvest factors influence the post quality of fruits. The influence of pre-harvest and post-harvest factors can be controlled by various cultural practices, use of certain chemicals and high tech recent management practices.
The quality parameters that are kept in mind while buying or having any food is the most important factor. Here i've presented some quality factors for pulses in brief.
This Presentation gives detailed information regarding Indian Mentha Oil Production, Exports, Imports, By Products produced, Spot Market Prices of Mentha for last consecutive six years along with fundamental & technical analysis and ways to tackle the price volatility of the Mentha Oil in India.
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Projects on Cashew value added Products (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid & Kernel Processing, Activated Carbon from Cashew Nut Shell, Cashew Fruit Juice from Cashew Apple, Cashew nuts Processing (Dried & Fried), Cashew Nut Processing with CNSL, Cashew Nut Processing, Cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)) -Investment Opportunity for Startups and Entrepreneurs
Every year, the world eats more than 600,000 metric tons of cashew. Every single cashew nut comes from its own cashew apple, which are grown on cashew trees and thrive in tropical climates. The nuts are then collected, dried, shelled, peeled, graded, and roasted.
Cashew nuts are among the most nutritious nuts in the world. Cashews are low in fat, have zero cholesterol, are high in protein, and include a large amount of important vitamins and minerals.
See more
https://goo.gl/89exum
https://goo.gl/mFnzCy
https://goo.gl/SyQb7Y
https://goo.gl/5sYLMz
https://goo.gl/MNDHgY
https://goo.gl/3S2WjL
https://goo.gl/w83KFw
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Processing of Cashew, Cashew Processing, Cashew Nut Processing Unit, Small Scale Cashew Processing, Cashew Nut Process Plant, Cashew Nut Processing Project, Cashew Nut Processing Methods, Cashew Nut Processing Business Plan, Cashew Nut Processing Plant, Cashew Nut Processing Industry, Industrial Cashew Nut Processing, How to Start Cashew Nut Processing Unit, Cashew Nut Process, Cashew Processing Plant, Cashew Processing Units, Growing Cashew Nut Trees, Cashew Processing in India, Cashew Processing Industry, Indian Cashew Processing Industry, Cashew Processing Project, Cashew Processing Units in India, Kaju Processing Business, Project Profile on Cashew Processing Unit, Cashew Processing Methods, Cashew Nut Processing Business, Growing Cashews, Cultivating Cashew Nuts, Cashew Plantation, Cashew Farming in India, Cashew Seeds for Planting, Cashew Nut Cultivation, Cultivation of Cashew, Cashew Farming Business Guide, Cashew Plant Growing, How to Grow Cashew Nuts?, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid & Kernel Processing, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), Processing of Cashew Nut Shell, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Project Report, Small Scale Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) Plant, Manufacturing Process of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, CNSL Processing, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Production, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Processing in India, Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Manufacture, Cashew Nut Processing With CNSL, Production of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Method of Processing Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Process For Preparing Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Manufacturing Process, Activated Carbon from Cashew Nut Shell, Preparation of Activated Carbon
Rootstock scion and Interstock Relationship Selection of Elite Mother PlantsAmanDohre
Rootstock scion and Interstock Relationship
Selection of Elite Mother Plants
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ROOTSTOCK
EFFECT OF STOCK ON SCION
EFFECT OF SCION ON STOCK
IMPORTANT ROOTSTOCKS FOR FRUIT CROPS
GRAFT INCOMPATIABILITY
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEALING OF GRAFT UNION
SELECTION OF ELITE MOTHER PLANTS
خشکسالی
پديده محيطي و بخش جدايي ناپذير اقليم مناطق مختلف
اثرات؛ بر بخش های اقلیمی، کشاورزی، زیست محیطی، منابع آب و پیامدهای اقتصادی – اجتماعی
انواع خشکسالی:
هواشناسی، کشاورزی، هیدرولوژیکی، اجتماعی - اقتصادی
ويژگيها:
رخداد مکرر و حرکت آرام و خسارات سنگين اقتصادی - اجتماعی و زیست محیطی
حداکثر طول ۱۴۰ کیلومتر
حداکثر عرض ۵۵ کیلومتر
مساحت سطح ۵۲۰۰ کیلومتر مربع
حداکثر عمق ۱۶ متر
جزیرهها ۱۰۲
مساحت حوضه 51876 کیلومتر مربع
تراز متوسط دریاچه ۱/ ۱۲۷۵ متر
شوری آب در حالت عادی
۲۲۰-۱۸۰ گرم در لیتر
یکی از 22 تالاب ثبت شده جهان.
دریافت آب در زمان نرمال 6/9 میلیارد
متر مکعب (5/5 از حوضه 1/5 از بارش و ./5
آب های هرز)
Okra is graded by size; absence of defects, decay, insects, dirt, shape, tenderness. Fancy pods are 11 cm (4.25 in). Fresh okra is most commonly presented in 0.45- kg (l-lb) clamshell boxes or as bulk weight or volume-filled 11.4-kg (25-lb) bins.
kra or Okro (US: /ˈoʊkrə/, UK: /ˈɒkrə/), Abelmoschus esculentus, known in many English-speaking countries as ladies' fingers or ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It has edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of West African, Ethiopian, Southeast Asian, and South Asian origins. Cultivated in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions around the world, okra is used in the cuisines of many countries.[2]
Etymology
Abelmoschus is New Latin from Arabic أَبُو المِسْك (ʾabū l-misk, “father of musk”),[3] while esculentus is Latin for being fit for human consumption.[4]
The first use of the word okra (alternatively; okro or ochro) appeared in 1679 in the Colony of Virginia, deriving from the Igbo word ọ́kụ̀rụ̀.[5] The word gumbo was first used in American vernacular around 1805, deriving from Louisiana Creole,[6] but originates from either the Umbundu word ochinggômbo[7] or the Kimbundu word ki-ngombo.[8] Despite the fact that in most of the United States the word gumbo often refers to the dish, gumbo, many places in the Deep South may have used it to refer to the pods and plant as well as many other variants of the word found across the African diaspora in the Americas.[9]
Origin and distribution
Whole plant with blossom and immature pod
An Okra field in Senegal
Okra is an allopolyploid of uncertain parentage. However, proposed parents include Abelmoschus ficulneus, A. tuberculatus and a reported "diploid" form of okra.[10] Truly wild (as opposed to naturalised) populations are not known with certainty, and the West African variety has been described as a cultigen.[11]
The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of Southeast Asian,[11] South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins.[12] The Egyptians and Moors of the 12th and 13th centuries used the Arabic word for the plant, bamya, suggesting it had come into Egypt from Arabia, but earlier it was probably taken from Ethiopia to Arabia. The plant may have entered southwest Asia across the Red Sea or the Bab-el-Mandeb strait to the Arabian Peninsula, rather than north across the Sahara, or from India. One of the earliest European accounts is by a Spanish Moor who visited Egypt in 1216 and described the plant under cultivation by the locals who ate the tender, young pods with meal.[13] From Arabia, the plant spread around the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and eastward.[14]
Plants about one week after germination (Oklahoma, USA
The plant was introduced to the Americas by ships plying the Atlantic slave trade[15] by 1658, when its presence was recorded in Brazil. It was further documented in Suriname in 1686. Okra may have been introduced to southeastern North America
Mango has been grown in India since long and is considered to be king of fruits. Its mention has been made in Sanskrit literature as Amra.
Alexander the great found a mango garden in Indus valley in 327 B.C. Ameer Khurso saint and poet from Turkoman wrote a poem on mango as early as 1330 A.D. Akbar the great (1556-1605) planted one lac mango trees in his bagh, which was named as Lakh Bagh.
Origin:
Vavilov suggested ‘Indo-Burma’ region as the centre of origin of mango. Folklore and religious sites of Indian people are attached to mango. Mango has attained the status of the national fruit of India. It travelled to west; South Africa and Mexico through mango stones. Genus Mangifera contains 49 species of which only 41 are valid. Mangifera indica to which the most of the present Indian cultivars belong is of great importance. Over one thousand varieties have been reported belonging to this genus. Some other genus found growing in India are M. sylvatica; M. caloneura, M. foetida and M. caesia. At present mango is commercially grown in Asia and European countries.
Area and Production:
Mango is commercially cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Punjab and Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Mango cultivated over an area of 2309 thousand hectares with an annual production of 12750 thousand metric tones. India produces quality mangoes; Alphonso is highly liked by the western countries.
In Punjab, mango is being cultivated in whole of the sub-moutane belt comprising Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur Roop Nagar, Fatehgarh Sahib, Mohali and Patiala districts. Now its cultivation has spread to arid canal irrigated areas of northern India.
Uses:
Mango leaves are fed to cattle in the shortage of fodder. Leaves are also used in various ceremonies in Hindu rituals. Mango tree has certain medicinal properties. Its wood is used for furniture making and as fuel. Fruit is a source of vitamin A and C. Mango pulp is laxative in nature and has unique nutritional value.
Fruit is utilized at all stages of development in various ways ranging from chutney, pickles and curries. Ripe fruit is taken after meals. Various types of syrups, nector, jams and jelleys are prepared from the pulp/juice. The stones kernels are fed to pigs. The bark of the wood is useful in the industry.
Botany:
Mango belongs to family Anacardiaceae. Fruit plants such as cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and pistachio nut (Pistacia vera) also belong to this family. Three species of genus Mangifera found in India are Mangifera indica with edible fruits, M. sylvatica with non-edible fruits and M. caloneura.
Mangifira indica (2n = 40). Seedling trees are big is size and can grow over 20 metre high with a same spread. Grafted trees can attain a height of 8-10 metres with a dome shaped top. Mango is evergreen with spreading branches. On road sides seedling trees have erect branches.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
2. Sect. Juglans. Leaves large (20-45 cm) with 5-9 broad leaflets, hairless , margins entire
Juglans regia L. (J. duclouxiana Dode, J. fallax Dode, J. orientis Dode) - Persian Walnut, Carpathian, or Common Walnut
Juglans sigillata Dode - Iron Walnut (doubtfully distinct from J. regia)
Sect. Rhysocaryon. Leaves large (20-50 cm) with 11-23 slender leaflets, finely pubescent, margins serrated
Juglans australis Griseb. (J. boliviana Dode) - Argentine Walnut
Juglans brasiliensis Dode - Brazilian Walnut
Juglans californica S.Wats. - California Walnut
Juglans hindsii (Jepson) R.E.Smith - Hinds' Walnut
Juglans hirsuta Manning - Nuevo Leon Walnut
Juglans jamaicensis C.DC. (J. insularis Griseb.) - West Indies Walnut
Juglans major (Torrey) Heller (J. arizonica Dode, J. elaeopyron Dode, J. torreyi Dode) - Arizona Walnut
Juglans major var. glabrata Manning
Juglans microcarpa Berlandier (J. rupestris Engelm.) - Texas Walnut or Little Walnut
Juglans microcarpa var. stewartii (Johnston) Manning
Juglans mollis Engelm. - Mexican Walnut
Juglans neotropica Diels (J. honorei Dode) - Andean Walnut
Juglans nigra L. - Black Walnut
Juglans olanchana Standl. & L.O.Williams -
Juglans peruviana Dode - Peruvian Walnut
Juglans soratensis Manning -
Juglans steyermarkii Manning - Guatemalan Walnut
Juglans venezuelensis Manning - Venezuela Walnut
Sect. Cardiocaryon. Leaves very large (40-90 cm) with 11-19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated
Juglans ailantifolia Carr. (J. cordiformis Maxim., J. sieboldiana Maxim.) - Japanese Walnut
Juglans cinerea L. - Butternut
Juglans mandshurica Maxim. (J. cathayensis Dode, J. formosana Hayata, J. hopeiensis Dode, J. stenocarpa Maxim.) - Manchurian
Walnut or Chinese Walnut.
3.
4. • Persian (English) walnut (J. regia ) is a member of the family Juglandaceae.
• Common Walnut, English Walnut, Carpathian Walnut, Persian Walnut
• Archaeological finds the oldest walnut remains region that is now Iraq
• Originates Iraq , Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, southern Russia and India
• The Persian walnut (J. regia L.) is the most widely cultivated species
and the most commercially important, as the nuts are larger, sweeter
and easier to crack owing to their thin shell
• Due to the heterozygote nature of walnut, there's a big variety among its
genotypes
• Walnut is a kind of precious nut and oil economic species
8. • The major insect pest is the codling moth (Cydia pomonella)
• Early codling moth damage can lead to more serious
infestation with navel orange worm (Amyelosis transitella )
and this is more difficult to detect if the nut is not shelled
• The walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa) is a serious pest in
mid to late season. Larval feeding damages the husk tissues,
leading to staining of the shell and failure of the husk to split
mid to late July, and in cooler areas in early August
• In all cases, insect damage will tend to increase problems with
pathogen infection
9. • Kernels are considered mature when oil accumulation is complete
• Indicated by browning of the internal packing tissue
• The husk split and relatively dry at harvest
• Harvest period from late August to early November
• Ethephon ( Ether ) applications are used to advance the harvest and make
nut maturation
• If walnuts drop from the tree with the husk intact, leave them on the ground
until the husks become loose, usually in a week or two.
Then remove the husk by hand
10.
11. Week after bloom State of development
1 Fertilization of egg cell
2 Embryo consist of 2 – 8 cell , Copious endosperm present
3 Embryo consist of 8 – 32 cell
5 Embryo is globular and consist of up to several hundred cells
6 Cotyledons begin to grow. Tip hardening begins in shell
8 Total growth starts to slow relative to rapid , early stage
9 Kernel begins rapid growth as cotyledons start to fill locule
10 Final fruit size attained
12 – 15 Shell sclerification completed
15 Kernel growth ( weight ) resumes at a rapid pac
18 Maximum total weight
19 - 22 Approximate date of harvest
12. Accumulation of oil in walnut kernels over a
season of development
Degree of un saturation in oil being accumulated
in walnut kernels during development
13. • Once harvested, start drying walnuts within 24 hours
• Shell moistures ˃kernel moist. at both the start and end of drying
• Dehydration benefit :
stable weight , prevent deterioration, bleaching of the shell
prolonged storage molding and darkness of kernel
Gather husk-free walnuts as soon as possible after they drop, as nuts that
remain on wet ground rapidly become discolored
• 2 way for hydration :
mechanical dryers and drying under sun light
• The temperature of the drying air is kept low at < 43 °C
• Check walnuts by occasionally cracking one open.
• The nut halves breaks with a snap when bent , If the kernel is rubbery, it is
not dry
16. • Walnuts have the highest content of antioxidants
• Rich source of PUFAs :
linoleic acid : 49 to 72% , and linolenic acid : 8 to 25 %
• Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)
reduce : inflammation
the risk of some chronic diseases
the risk of cardiovascular disease
the LDL cholesterol
increase : the HDL cholesterol
• improved working memory
• Phytosterols such as Gallic acid and ellagic acid inhibit
the intestinal absorption of cholesterol with the
inhibition of cancer cell growth
18. 1 . Nut size
2 . Light kernel color
Light-colored kernels earn a higher price because indicates that the
kernel still has a relatively long shelf-life
3 . Low internal damage from insect and mold
4 . Low external damage such as broken shells and adhering hull tissue
5 . “Processing quality" are ease of shelling and yield of intact kernel halves
Sunlight intensity , rainfall during shell- hardening stages cause to
hardening shell
6. High oil content that is free of off-flavors caused by oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids.
21. Hard Shell genotype Thin Shell genotype
Weight range 12.18- 15.5 gm 05.65- 20.02 gm
Diameter 2.79 cm 3.28 cm
Length
3.33 cm 3.86 cm
kernel weight 10.25- 13.01 gram 11-13.25 gram
Average thickness
shell
3.56 cm 3.17 cm
22. Factor Effect on Walnut Quality
• Variety :
Serr and Hartley and Chandler : light color
Eureka and Vina : Dark color
• Climate effect :
cool-climate and light rain : hull and kernel are at same time
warm and low humidity : kernel can mature up 2-3 week before
the hull
Varieties that have dark kernel in the hot region may produce very
light colored kernel in the coastal region
• Moisture
- Kernel water content below 4%
- The hull apparently causes heat buildup because it insulates the nut and
reduce moisture loss
23. • Harvest time :
- walnut kernels are mature and pellicle are lightest in color at picking tissue brown (PTB)
stage
- Harvest delay allow insects ( navel orengeworm …) and such as mold-causing fungi as
Penicillium , Aspergillus and Rhizopus to enter the kernel.
- After hullsplit , the greater percentage that becomes
infected with navel orange worm and molds
●Walnut damage :
- Retention of light-color is influenced by the integrity
of the seal between the two halves of the shell,
because the shell is an important barrier to O2 entry
24. • Temperature :
- Above 32 ⁰C increase the rancidity although,
left in the shade
- Exposure to sun
• Breeding :
As the shoot length increased, shell thickness
and skin weight increased and the kernel percentage decreased.
• Total number of fruits per tree :
Negative correlation is with fruit dimensions (width, length, height), shell
thickness, and weight
And positive correlation with the kernel percentage, trunk diameter, tree
canopy volume, and yield per tree.
25. Postharvest Pathology
• Most infections with pathogens are initiated in the orchard and transferred
to the postharvest environment.
• In-shell product is protected unless the shell has been broken or penetrated
by insects.
• Fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Asp. parasiticus and Penicillium sp. which
can produce aflatoxins that are both toxic and carcinogenic
• Mold growth
• Insect damage
26. • The morphology and size distribution of walnuts and kernels is essential
for the accurate design of equipment for cleaning, grading and separation
• Gravimetric properties are important in the design of equipment related
to aeration, drying, storage and transport
• Bulk density determines the capacity of storage and transport systems
• In-shell and shelled grades exist and are primarily determined by size, degree
of kernel fill, color and freedom from defects and foreign material.
Freedom from off-flavors (rancidity) is important
• kernel percentage is proportional with kernel weight Kernel opposite with
shell thickness
27. Standard Quality of shell Walnut in Iraq ( 1993 )
Large size : 3.0 - ≥ 3.5 cm
Medium size : 2.5 - 3.0 cm
Small size : ≤ 2.5 cm
Grade Defect No. %
Shrivel %
( mass )
Foreign Material %
( mass )
Insect and Mold
% ( mass 0
Size
No. 1 0.0 – 5.0 0.0 – 5.0 0.0 0.0 – 1.0 Large
No. 2 6.0 – 8.0 6.0 – 15.0 0.0 – 0.5 1.0 – 2.0 Medium
No. 3 9.0 – 10.0 16.0 -25.0 0.5 – 1.0 2.0 – 3.0 Small
28. • In-shell walnut ( kernel walnut )
The percentage of moisture ≤ 4.0% by mass
The ratio of infected pests ≤ 4.0% by mass
Foreign material ≤ 5.0% by mass
Shrivel and immature of kernel ≤ 5.0% by mass
Small pieces of kernel ( lower 3mm ) ≤ 5.0% by mass
The proportion of the dust ≤ 1.0% by mass
Free of living pests (in all stages of its life)
29. * The skin covering the kernel ( Pellicle ) contains chemicals that protect fatty
acids in the kernel from becoming rancid
* Rancidity.
"Rancidity" means the stage of deterioration in which the kernel has
developed a rancid flavor.
* Hydro peroxides have no favor or odor but break down rapidly to form
aldehydes, which have a strong, disagreeable favor and odor
• Hexanal are present at the highest levels, and they are considered to
be the degradation products of the decomposition of linoleic acid. Hexanal
has been shown to greatly increase in oxidized walnuts, and is an important
marker of oxidative flavor.
30.
31.
32.
33. Factors effect on rancidity :
1. Genetic
Are differences among varieties in rate of rancidity development due to chemical
differences or to variation in the gas exchange characteristics of the nut shell and
pellicle
2. Preharvest and harvest factors , include:
exposure to high temperatures while the nuts are on the orchard floor,
delays between harvest and hulling, etc.
3. Postharvest factors , include:
delays between harvest and drying , drying temperature,
moisture content , exposure to light
temperature and relative humidity of storage , shelling
waxing as a barrier to gas exchange,
34. * Low water content and high fat content of the kernel make it relatively
metabolically stable and able to tolerate low temperatures
* The primary objectives of storage are to maintain the low water content
attained
after preliminary drying for :
enzyme activity suppression
retention of texture
reduction of microbial activity
limit exposure to O2 to minimize rancidity
* Chilling Sensitivity:
Walnuts are not sensitive to chilling; storage may be at or below freezing
* The optimum temperature range for storage is 0 - 10 °C
35. * Within this temperature range, a 50 to 65% RH will maintain walnuts at 4%
moisture
* For walnut kernels optimum stability and texture were retained in a
storage environment of 10 °C (50 °F) and 60% RH in air
* It is important that damaged kernels be discarded prior to storage and that
the low temperature and RH conditions discussed earlier be maintained in
order to reduce the chance for mold growth
* Respiration Rates:
The low water content of properly stored walnuts makes them relatively
inert metabolically. Respiratory rates are very low.
36. • * (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) can be applied to the kernels
• Fumigation with methyl bromide or phosphine has been used for disinfestation
• Radiation :
heating to short time
• Controlled Atmosphere Considerations:
Shelf-life can be extended by storage in < 1% O2. O2 < 0.5% (balance
N2) or CO2 levels above 80% in air can be effective in insect control
• Packaging should be moisture-proof
• Shelled products should be packaged in airtight, moisture-proof, opaque or foil
packages to maximize shelf-life
37.
38. •Reference
• Walnut production manual , (1998) , 2nd edition
• Whitney Ellie , Rolfes R. Sharon , (2011), Understanding Nutrition, Twelfth Edition ,
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
• California Walnuts nutrition & scientific research
• UNITED NATIONS , (2002) EDITION , WALNUT KERNELS , New York and Geneva
• DRYING WALNUTS , Washington State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture
• LI LI , RONG TSAO, (2007) , Fatty Acid Profiles, Tocopherol Contents, and Antioxidant ,
Activities of Heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia Var. cordiformis),and Persian Walnut (Juglans
regia L.), J. Agric. Food Chemistry , Vol. 55, 1164−1169
39. •وزارةالتخطيطوالسيطرة للتقييس المركزي الجهازالنوعية،(1993)، العراقية جمهورية ،رقــم
(1808)
• Persian Walnut Production , Perennial new idea / 2013
• Sze-Tao and Shridhar K Sathe , (2000), Walnuts (Juglans regia L): proximate
composition, protein solubility, protein amino acid composition and protein in
vitro digestibility , Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
• http://faostat.fao.org/