This document discusses peri-operative hypertension and provides recommendations for its management. It defines peri-operative as referring to the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative periods of surgery. While stage 1 or 2 hypertension alone may not increase perioperative risk, the presence of target organ damage from hypertension can affect outcomes. The guidelines recommend continuing most antihypertensive medications during surgery, with the exception of ACE inhibitors and ARBs. For patients with grade 1 or 2 hypertension, there is no evidence delaying surgery to optimize therapy provides benefits. Acute postoperative hypertension is a frequent complication that should be treated to avoid adverse events.
DIABETES AND ITS ANAESTHETIC IMPLICATIONSSelva Kumar
This presentation deals with diabetes mellitus and its anaesthetic implications. All about preoperative investigations and intra-operative management are discussed.
The presentation covers definitions, identification, Treatment goals, Special situations, Practice points, and cardinal pharmacotherapy. Session presented in NBE learning session
DIABETES AND ITS ANAESTHETIC IMPLICATIONSSelva Kumar
This presentation deals with diabetes mellitus and its anaesthetic implications. All about preoperative investigations and intra-operative management are discussed.
The presentation covers definitions, identification, Treatment goals, Special situations, Practice points, and cardinal pharmacotherapy. Session presented in NBE learning session
Identify the etiology of perioperative hypertension.
Outline the appropriate evaluation of perioperative hypertension.
Review the management options available for perioperative hypertension
Management of hypertension in acute strokeSudhir Kumar
Hypertension is an important and common risk factor for brain stroke- both ischemia and hemorrhagic subtypes. Appropriate management of blood pressure is crucial for good recovery rom acute stroke, and prevent recurrence of stroke. This presentation looks at the role played by hypertension in causing first ever and recurrent strokes. The current guidelines are also discussed.
Pro / Con Debate on Central Blood Pressuremagdy elmasry
The Basis : Forward & Reflected Pulse Waves
Central BP - Pro Side of the Argument
Central BP - Con Side of the Argument
Central BP - Consensus on Clinical Application
FDA-cleared devices for central BP and arterial stiffness assessment
Value of measuring central BP in clinComparative effect of
anti-hypertensive drugs and nitrates
on central systolic BP
ical practice
isolated systolic hypertension in the young
The cardio-metabolic continuum.
Hypertension and global cardio-metabolic risk
Hypertension Continuum Stages
What is the total cardiovascular risk?
What is the residual cardiovascular risk?
Global “Cardio-metabolic” Residual Risk Reduction
Residual CV risk rising from obesity.Metabolic syndrome.From NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)
to MAFLD (Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease)
Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Involvement in Friedreich Ataxia
GAA 7-34 times→Normal
GAA 100-1700 times→FRDA
Current Research
into Drug Treatments
for Friedreich ataxia
Best Practice in Rare Diseases
Although CNS involvement dominates the clinical presentation of FRDA ,
CV involvement dictates its prognosis, accounting for ~ 59% of deaths among FRDA patients .
The prognosis is particularly poor for those with progressive LV systolic dysfunction.
Should we screen for and treat childhood dyslipidemia?
The Rationale for ASCVD Prevention by Primordial and Primary Strategies
Pediatric guidelines
Selective Screening
2Treatment algorithm of childhood dyslipidemia
-8 years & 12-16 years
Dyslipidemia and lipid lowering-therapy {LLT}
in women through the course of life. Lipid loering drug safety profile .Aging is associated with an increasing burden of morbidity, especially for CVDs.
Elderly population should be screened for
Main CV risk factors :
T2D , HTN , Smoking , Dyslipidemia & Obesity
Comorbidities : CKD
Geriatric conditions: Functional Impairment
Linking HFpEF and Chronic kidney disease magdy elmasry
Cardio-renal interactions
Introducing nephro-cardiology
{ or cardio-nephrology }
Where are we in 2022 with HFpEF ?CKD in HFpEF { or HFpEF in CKD } Cardiorenal
Syndrome .Four-step
HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm
heterogeneity in patients with HFpEF.Phenotyping HFpEF :
Beyond EF.Management of HFpEF .patients with HF on dialysis
Drug Treatment of Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Focus Issue on Ranolazinemagdy elmasry
Chronic Coronary Syndromes .Old and New Anti-anginal Drugs.Sodium channel blocker(Ranolazine)Angina / ischaemiac relief .
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVChs).Patient profile to guide drug treatment of
chronic coronary syndromes .Therapeutic algorithm for chronic stable angina according to heart rate and blood pressure.Treatment Options for Microvascular angina / Vasospastic angina.Ranolazine in arrhythmias
Ranolazine in ischemic reperfusion injury
Ranolazine in pulmonary hypertension
Ranolazine in heart failure
Ranolazine in the prevention of chemotherapy‑induced cardiotoxicity
Role in diabetes mellitus
Ranolazine in peripheral arterial disease
Ranolazine in myotonia‑congenita
Ranolazine in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Antiarrhythmic properties of ranolazine.Amiodarone +Ranolazine
Strategies to improve adherence to antihypertensive medicationmagdy elmasry
Challenges in hypertension treatment.What is the definition of medication non-adherence?Who is at risk? How should
patients at risk be screened and identified?What are the negative impacts of non-adherence?What is the
practical approach for improving adherence? The ABC taxonomy for medication adherence
Adherence :3 quantifiable components: initiation , implementation , and discontinuationThe five dimensions
of non-adherence
.
Do T2DM drugs have CV benefit for Type 1 Diabetes ?magdy elmasry
T1D Exchange , average A1C levels have not improved .How can adjunctive therapies ( added to insulin ) can help?
The Removal Trial.Three main clinical trials :
DEPICT with dapagliflozin ,
EASE with empagliflozin , and
inTANDEM with sotagliflozin.
Takotsubo syndrome diagnostic criteria.
position papers :Mayo clnic ,HFA and InterTAK Diagnostic Criteria.Takotsubo Syndrome and COVID-19.Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging
in the Diagnosis and Management
of Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome
CVD in cancer survivors.Screening of cancer survivors.Chest Radiotherapy .JACC Scientific Expert Panel
( J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:905–27 )manifestations of chest and mediastinal radiotherapy .
Connections Between Hepatic and Cardiovascular Disease,Diagnostic criteria for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy 2005 and 2019.New CCM criteria based
on contemporary CV imaging parameters
LV Systolic Function.
LV Diastolic Dysfunction.cardiac evaluation algorithm for liver transplant candidates
Anti-Diabetics For Cardiac Patients The Proper Selectionmagdy elmasry
Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes.Tight glycaemic control can reduce microvascular complications of T2DM, but does not lower CV risk sufficiently.
Multifactorial intervention, comprising of lowering lipid levels and BP, and use of aspirin, has been shown to reduce vascular complications and mortality.Shifting the Paradigm in Diabetes Care
Treating Diabetes Beyond A1C :Considerations for Cardiovascular Protection.
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy .BOARD scheme for the therapy of patients with acut...magdy elmasry
Definition of peripartum cardiomyopathy;Risk factors for the development of PPCM .Environmental Factors
Vasculohormonal (pregnancy).Genetic Factors Titin-truncating
Variants (TTNtv) .Secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary gland, upregulation of endothelial microRNA-146a (miRNA-146a), and placental secretion of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 1 (sFlt-1) lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death.Antisense therapy against microRNA-146a
Prolactin inhibition.bromocriptine .biomarkers in peripartum cardiomyopathy
Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseasesmagdy elmasry
Thyroid hormone system.
Thyroid hormone action on the CVS.
Thyroid hormones and cardioprotection.
How does thyroid disease affect the heart?
- Thyroid disease and CV risk factors.
- Thyroid dysfunction and CVD.
Thyroid hormones : a future therapeutic option?
New recommendations for a thyroid and CVD.
Thyroid and CV drugs.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Heart Failure The challenges facin...magdy elmasry
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Heart Failure
The challenges facing cardiologists and pulmonologists,
prevalence of heart failure in COPD patients .Association of Cardiovascular Disease With Respiratory Disease,An atypical presentation of myocardial infarction (MI) should be considered in every patient presenting with COPD exacerbation ,Cardiovascular and pulmonary disease in the context of inflammation
(“CardioPulmonary Continuum”),The cornerstones of therapy are beta-blockers and beta-agonists ,which as their modes of action suggest oppose each other’s action
The main hemodynamic interactions that may impact on the diagnosis of multiple and mixed Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Diseases:HOW TO USE IMAGINGThe interplay of multiple valve pathology.The clinical challenge of concomitant aortic and mitral valve stenosis
.
.
Cancer-Associated Thrombosis.From LMWH to DOACsmagdy elmasry
Cancer-Associated Thrombosis.Risk factors for CAT. Certain types of cancer are associated with higher risk of CAT. Anticoagulant therapy for VTE in patients with cancer
Should You Use DOACs for Cancer-Associated VTE?.Criteria for DOAC use in cancer patients requiring anticoagulation .DOACs + AntiCancer agents
The Progression of Hypertensive Heart Disease.From hypertension to heart failuremagdy elmasry
Staging of Hypertensive Heart Disease.Precipitants and clinical sequelae related to LVH and myocardial fibrosis.Imaging in hypertensive heart disease .Differential diagnosis of LVH.Concentric LVH .Eccentric LVH . Concentric remodeling .linking hypertension and atrial fibrillation
Role of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibition Beyond BP Reductionmagdy elmasry
Hypertension Mediated Organ Damage : How We Prevent It?The Role Of RAAS In Cardiovascular Continuum.Changes in Arterial Diameter in Patients with Arteriosclerosis or Atherosclerosis.Not All Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Are Equal.Question : ACEIs vs. ARBsIs One Class Better For Cardiovascular Diseases?BP Variability .Central BP
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Vascular Age &
Arterial Stiffness.Achieving BP Goals.
Cardio-Renal Protection Through Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitionmagdy elmasry
Physiological and detrimental roles of RAAS molecules in cardiac, vascular tissues and kidneys.‘cardiovascular continuum’ Barriers In Optimizing RAAS Inhibition.The effects of angiotensin II inhibition and improvement in bradykinin availability
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Peri-operative Hypertension
Hypertension occuring in the pre-operative,
intra-operative or post-operative period.
What is meant by peri-operative?
Peri-operative generally refers to the three
phases of surgery: pre-operative, intra-
operative, and post-operative.
3. Hypertension is most common medical reason for postponing surgery
Peri-operative hypertensives are very very common
4. How important is peri-operative hypertension?
The effect of chronic hypertension on perioperative risk is determined
primarily by the presence of target organ damage , that is, coronary artery
disease, stroke, heart failure, and renal failure, all of which are known to
affect perioperative morbidity and mortality .
5. It is not clear if increased BP has an independent effect.
Target organ damage associated with hypertensive disease and total
cardiovascular risk, rather than high BP per se appear to determine
perioperative risk.
Hypertensive comorbidities
associated with adverse
perioperative outcomes
include occult CAD(Q waves
on the ECG),heart failure, LVH,
serum creatinine higher than
2.0 mg/dL, and
cerebrovascular disease
8. Consequences of anesthesia on blood pressure regulation.
Blood pressure is a compromise between cardiac output and systemic vascular tone. Blood pressure regulation depends therefore on
heart rate (HR), left ventricle stroke volume (LVSV) and vascular resistance. The sympathetic nervous system is the main regulatory
system, which is blunted by anesthesia (general, or medullary). Fortunately, the backup systems, renin angotensin system and
vasopressin, can compensate the sympathetic nervous system impairment. Colson and Gaudard. J Hypertens Manag 2016, 2:013
10. When assessing patients for anaesthesia who
have elevated blood pressure, a number of
questions must be answered.
Is the patient known to be hypertensive on a previous
occasion?
Are they on antihypertensive medication?
Does the patient have a treatable cause for their
hypertension?
Does the blood pressure control need alteration before
surgery?
Does the patient have “white coat” hypertension?
11. Therefore, it may be helpful in some cases to contact the
referring physician in order to obtain more accurate arterial
pressure values than the ones measured at hospital
admission (white coat HTN).
12.
13. Increased complications including myocardial
infarction , myocardial ischemia, dysrhythmias,
cerebrovascular events , and renal failure have
been reported if the preoperative diastolic blood
pressure is 110 mmHg or higher .
The patients with preoperative isolated systolic
hypertension(where the pressure is greater than
180 mmHg or the pulse pressure is greater than
80 mmHg) had a 40% increase in perioperative
cardiovascular events.
14. Common reasons for delayed surgery
in patients with hypertension
Poorly controlled blood pressure of grade 3 according to ESC (systolic blood
pressure ≥ 180 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg)
Discovery of end-organ damage that has not previously been evaluated or
treated
Suspicion of secondary hypertension without properly documented aetiology
15. There are no randomized clinical trial data
showing what the optimal blood pressure
should be at the time of surgery.
17. New Guidelines for managing patients with high blood pressure before surgery
The Association of
Anaesthetists of Great Britain
and Ireland (AAGBI)
18. Why was this guideline developed?
This guideline aims to prevent the diagnosis of hypertension
being the reason that planned surgery is cancelled or delayed.
Anaesthetists are
more focused on
immediate
complications, in
the perioperative
period.
Cardiologists
are concerned
with the long-
term reduction in
rates of CVD,
particularly
strokes.
19. Primary care blood pressure assessment of patients before referral for elective surgery.
20. Secondary care blood pressure assessment of patients after referral for elective surgery.
Patients who present to pre-operative assessment
clinics without documented primary care blood
pressures should proceed to elective surgery if
clinic blood pressures are below 180 mmHg
systolic and 110 mmHg diastolic
21.
22. The latest 2014 ACC/AHA Perioperative Guidelines do
not mention hypertension.
The 2007 version stated, “Numerous studies have shown
that stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension (systolic blood
pressure below 180 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure
below 110 mm Hg) is not an independent risk factor for
perioperative cardiovascular complication
23.
24. Recommendations on peri-operative hypertension
In patients with grade 1
or 2 hypertension (systolic
blood pressure ˂ 180
mmHg; diastolic blood
pressure ˂ 110 mmHg),
there is no evidence of
benefit from delaying
surgery to optimize
therapy. In such cases,
antihypertensive
medications should be
continued during the
perioperative period.
25. Preoperative antihypertensive medications
management
Most antihypertensive drugs should be continued to the day of surgery and restart as
soon as possible (when the patient will be able to swallow). Only agents that affect the
RAS should be cancelled — ACEIs and ARBs
The physical status of patients ≥ 3 according to American Association
of Anesthesiologists is a more significant predictor of aggressive
hypotension than receiving antihypertensive medication.
28. Recommendations
on beta-blockers
d Treatment should ideally be
initiated between 30 days and (at
least) 2 days before surgery, starting
at a low dose, and should be
continued post-operatively.
The target is a resting heart rate 60–
70 bpm, and systolic blood pressure
>100 mm Hg.
29. Perioperative use of beta-blockers may benefit only
patients at highest risk and may harm other patients.
30. Among perioperative complications, acute postoperative
hypertension (APH) is the most frequent one.
If it is left untreated, the APH is a major risk factor for adverse events
such as postoperative bleeding, cerebrovascular damage, myocardial
ischemia , arrhythmias, myocardial failure with congestive
pulmonary edema , breakup of vascular anastomoses.
The APH that occurs is
manifested in the first
20 minutes of the
postoperative period
and lasts an average of
3 hours
31. Parenteral antihypertensive agents for treatment of perioperative hypertension
Abbreviation: CI, continuous infusion.
To solve an APH, several pharmacological solutions turned out to be efficient.
32.
33. Preoperative Intraoperative Postoperative
SAP ≤ 180 mmHg,
DAP≤110 mmHg
MAP not lower
than 25–30% of
awake
Resume antihypertensive drugs upon oral
intake or substitute i.v.
ECG, serum creatinine,
electrolytes (diuretics)
search for target organ
damage (heart, brain,
kidney)
Attenuate
sympathetic
response to
laryngoscopy (or
use laryngeal mask)
Measure blood pressure every 5–15 min
first hour then every 30 min until 3 h
postoperative
Antihypertensive drugs;
continue day of surgery:
b-blockers, CCB;
stop day of surgery:
diuretics, ACEI, ARB
Consider use of
noninvasive cardiac
output monitoring
and near-infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS)
Treat postoperative hypertension to MAP >
100 and <130 mmHg and HR 50 bpm;
Metoprolol: repeat 2–5 mg bolus i.v.;
labetolol: repeat 10–20 mg bolus i.v.;
nicardipine: 0.5–1 ug/kg/min i.v.;
nitroglycerine: 0.1–5 ug/kg/min i.v.
Recommendations for the perioperative management of
patients with hypertensive disease (opinion based)
Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. 29(3):397-402, JUN 2016