This document summarizes different types of periodontal diseases including gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, necrotizing periodontal disease, periodontitis associated with systemic diseases, and abscesses of the periodontium. It describes the clinical features, risk factors, stages of progression, and treatment for each type of periodontal disease. Developmental deformities and conditions are also outlined that can increase the risk of plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis.
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offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Children are subject to a wide variety and severity of gingival diseases. Children should be routinely examined for the presence of periodontal infection signs to aid in early detection, diagnosis and required treatment. Most of the times, children are evaluated only for hard tissue examination , leaving out soft tissue examination.
An acute gingival lesion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
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All about gingivitis
*definition
*classification
*Signs and Symptoms: Increased GCF, Gingival Bleeding, Color change, Consistency, Surface texture (STIPPLING), Position of Gingiva, Gingival Contour, Size.
Treatment consisits of scaling and root planing. The more inflamed a gingival unit appears clinically, the better the chances of therapeutic measures resulting in a return to normal gingival health
Chronic periodontitis is an infectious disease resulting in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment loss, and bone loss. It is no more a separate entity, as earlier it had Aggressive periodontitis as a differential diagnosis. According to the New Classification from the 2017 World Workshop on Periodontal and Peri- Implant Disease and Conditions, it is now classified further into stages and grades under Periodontitis.
Periodontal diseases iii / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Children are subject to a wide variety and severity of gingival diseases. Children should be routinely examined for the presence of periodontal infection signs to aid in early detection, diagnosis and required treatment. Most of the times, children are evaluated only for hard tissue examination , leaving out soft tissue examination.
An acute gingival lesion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
All about gingivitis
*definition
*classification
*Signs and Symptoms: Increased GCF, Gingival Bleeding, Color change, Consistency, Surface texture (STIPPLING), Position of Gingiva, Gingival Contour, Size.
Treatment consisits of scaling and root planing. The more inflamed a gingival unit appears clinically, the better the chances of therapeutic measures resulting in a return to normal gingival health
Chronic periodontitis is an infectious disease resulting in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment loss, and bone loss. It is no more a separate entity, as earlier it had Aggressive periodontitis as a differential diagnosis. According to the New Classification from the 2017 World Workshop on Periodontal and Peri- Implant Disease and Conditions, it is now classified further into stages and grades under Periodontitis.
explaining about Periodontal disease
The term periodontal disease is used in a general sense to encompass all diseases of the periodontium.
The most common disease is initiated by plaque accumulation in the gingivodental area and is basically inflammatory in character, termed marginal periodontitis or more accurately chronic destructive periodontitis.
The periodontal tissues can also be involved by other nosologic entities and many of these fall into degenerative or neoplastic categories. They are considered as periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases
CHRONIC DESTRUCTIVE PERIODONTITIS
Periodontitis
Marginal periodontitis
Slowly progressing
Rapidly progressing
Refractory
Juvenile form of periodontitis
Generalized form
Localized form
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Trauma from occlusion*
Periodontal atrophy*
Presenile atrophy
Disuse atrophy
MARGINAL PERIODONTITIS
Clinical features: chronic inflammation of the gingiva, pocket formation, and bone loss. Tooth mobility and pathologic migration appear in advanced cases.
Etiology: dental plaque
Types: slowly progressing periodontitis, rapidly progressing periodontitis, refractory periodontitis
Presenile atrophy
reduction in the height of periodontium that is uniform throughout the mouth and without apparent cause
Disuse atrophy
Results when the functional stimulation for the maintenance of the periodontal tissues is markedly diminished or absent.
characterized by thinning of periodontal ligament, thinning and reduction in the number of periodontal fibers and disruption of fiber bundle arrangement, thickened cementum, reduction in height of alveolar bone, and osteoporosis
A periodontal pocket is a pathologically deepened sulcus: it is one of the important clinical features of periodontal disease.
SYMPTOMS:
Localized pain or a sensation of pressure after eating, which gradually diminishes
A foul taste in localized areas.
A tendency to suck material from the interproximal spaces.
Radiating pain “deep in the bone”
A “gnawing” feeling or feeling of itchiness in the gums.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
4. Gingivitis
• Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease
(periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness and
swelling (inflammation) of your gingiva, the part of your gum
around the base of your teeth. It's important to take gingivitis
seriously and treat it promptly. Gingivitis can lead to much
more serious gum disease called periodontitis and tooth loss.
5. Gingival disease
Non_plaque induced
Gingival disease of
special bacterial origin
Gingival disease of viral
origin
Traumatic lesions
Foreign body reactions
Not otherwise specified
Gingival disease of fungal
origin
Gingival disease of genetic
origin
Gingival manifestations of
systemic conditions
Allergic reaction
Plaque induced
plaque_induced gingivitis
Gingival diseases modified
by systemic factors
Gingival diseases modified
by medications
Gingival diseases modified
by malnutrition
6. Gingivitis associated with dental
plaque
Herpetic gingivostomatitis
Plaque induced modified by
systemic factors
Chemical burn
11. Chronic periodontitis
• It is inflammatory disease of supporting tissues
of teeth caused by specific micro-organism
resulting in progressive destruction of
periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with
pocket formation,recession or both.
• Chronic periodontitis,formerly known as adult
periodontitis or chronic adult periodontitis is the
most prevalent form of periodontitis.
• Most commonly seen in adults.
• Age associated but not age related.
• Chronic periodontitis is considered a site-specific
disease.
12. Clinical features
• Supra and subgingival plaque accumulation
• Gingival inflammation
• Pocket formation
• Loss of periodontal attachment
• Occasional suppuration
• Poor oral hygience-gingiva is typically may be slightly to moderately
swollen
• Color-pale red
• Consistency-soft or firm
• Surface topography-loss of stippling
• Flattened or cratered papillae
• Furcation
• Tooth mobility
• BOP
13. symptoms
• Bleeding gums during brushing or eating
• Increasing spacing between their teeth
• Loose teeth
• Usually painless
• Sensitivity due to exposed root
• Halitosis
• Gingival tendernss or itching
15. -
age
Rate of proggression
Microbial etiology
immunological
Chronic
periodontitis
More prevalent in adults but may be
presented in children and
adolescents
Slow rate of progression
Consist of both aerobic & anaerobic
gram positive &gram negative
microorganism
No abnormalities detected
Aggressive
periodontitis
Circumpubertal onset in LAP & under
30 years of age in GAP
Rapid rate of progression with
pronounced episodic events of
attachment and bone loss
Aggreagatibacter
Actinomyctemcomitans
Prevotella intermedia
Hyper responsive macrophage
phenotype & phocyte abnormalities
19. Risk factors for disease
• Local factors
• Systemic factors
• Genetic factors
• Environmental and behavioral factors
• Prior history of periodontitis
20.
21. Aggressive periodontitis
• Aggressive periodontitis refers to the
multifactorial,severe and rapidly
progressive form of
periodontitis,which primarily but not
exclusively affects younger patients.
22. Diagnostic criteria
• 1-age
• 2-A distinctive radiography pattern depiciting vertical
alveolar bone loss at the first permanent molars and at one
or more incisor teeth.(classical case=an arc-shaped loss of
alveolar bone,extending from the distal surface of 5 to the
mesial surface of the 7)
• 3-Rapid progression
• 4-The disease affects only the permanent dentition.
• 5-The amount of local etiologic factors is not
commensurated with the severity of periodontal
destruction.
• 6-Black male>black female>white female>white male
• 7-In general female to male ratio is 3:1
• 8-Familial pattern
23. Aggressive periodontitis
Generalized)
-generalized juvenile periodontitis or
rapidly progressive periodontitis
- Usually <30 yrs
-at least three permanent teeth other
than first molars and incisors
Localized)
-localized juvenile periodontitis(LJP)
-11-13 yrs
-Attachment loss on at least 2
permanent(one of which is a first molar)
26. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
• Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis(NUG),necrotizing ulcerative
periodontitis(NUP),necrotizing stomatitis(NS) are the most
severe inflammatory periodontal disorders caused by plaque
bacteria.
• nomenclature=trench mouth,vincent’s gingivostomatitis
• NUG often occurs in groups in an epidemic form
• NUG occurs at all ages,with the highest incidence reported
between ages 20-30 yrs & ages 15-20 yrs.
• The disease seems to occur slightly more among HIV infected
individuals.
27. Clinical features
• Ulcerated and necrotic papilla and gingival margin.
• Punch out crater
• Gray pseudomembranous slough
• Liner erythema
• In some cases the lesions are denuded of the surface
pseudomembrane , exposing the gingival margin
which is red,shiny,hemorrhagic.
• Spontaneous gingival hemorrhage
28. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
• Progression of the interproximal lesion often results
in destruction of the interdental alveolar bone.
• Sequestrum formation:necrosis of a small or large
part of the alveolar bone,which is denoted as
sequestrum.the bone fragement is initially
immovable, later on it becomes loose.sequestrum
involves interproximal as well as facial or palatal
cortical bone.
29. Clinical features
• Sensetive to touch
• Gnawing pain that is often intensified by eating spicy or hot foods & chewing.
• Metallic foul taste & an excessive amount of pasty saliva.
• In mild & moderate stages of disease=local lymphadenopathy and slight elevation
in temperature
• In severe cases=high fever,increased pulse rate,leukocytosis,loss of appetite and
general lassitude.
• insomnia,constipation,gastro-intestinal disorders,headache,mental depression
• In vary rare cases, severe squeal such as gangrenous stomatitis & noma have been
described.
30. Stages of oral necrotizing disease-
by Horning & Cohen
• Stage 1-necrosis of the tip of the interdental papilla
• Stage 2-necrosis of entire papilla
• Stage 3-necrosis extending to the gingival margin.
• Stage 4-necrosis extending to the attached gingiva.
• Stage 5-necrosis extending to labial & buccal mucosa.
• Stage 6-necrosis exposing alveolar bone.
• Stage 7-necrosis perforating skin of cheek.
31. Stage 1)erosion of only tip of
interdental papilla
Stage 2)marginal gingiva affected and
complete loss of interdental papilla
Stage 3)involving attached gingiva
Stage 4)exposure of bone
32. Etiology
• Role of microorganism
• Role of host response
• Predisposing factors includes:local predisposing
factor,systemic predisposing factor
33. periodontitis as a manifestation of
a systemic disease
• At least 16 systemic diseases have been linked to
periodontitis. These systemic diseases are associated
with periodontal disease because they generally
contribute to either a decreased host resistance to
infections or dysfunction in the connective tissue of
the gums, increasing patient susceptibility to
inflammation-induced destruction
39. Abscesses of the periodontium
• Gingival abscess—a localized, purulent infection
involves only the soft gum tissue near the marginal
gingiva or the interdental papilla.[3]
• Periodontal abscess—a localized, purulent infection
involving a greater dimension of the gum tissue,
extending apically and adjacent to a periodontal
pocket.[3]
• Pericoronal abscess—a localized, purulent infection
within the gum tissue surrounding the crown of a
partially or fully erupted tooth.[3] Usually associated
with an acute episode of pericoronitis around a
partially erupted and impacted mandibular third
molar (lower wisdom tooth).
40.
41. Developmental or acquired
deformities and conditions
developmental/acquiredcondition
Localized tooth-realated factors that increase
the risk of developing plaque-induced
gingivitis and periodontitis
Mucogingival deformities and conditions
around teeth
recession
Lack of attached gingiva
Frenal position
Gingival excess
Occlusal trauma
Accelerated and increases attachment loss in
areas already periodontally involved and may
widen PDL resulting in increasing mobility in
otherwise healthy teeth