The presentation shows the relation between the restorative dentistry and the periodontium , explaining the per-prothetic surgeries and the biological consideration including the biological width. Also, mention how to restore the open embrasures between teeth (the black triangle).
REFERENCES TAKEN FROM CARRANZA'S TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY AND LINDHE'S TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY AND IMPLANT DENTISTRY. CONTAINS ENOUGH AND MORE DETAILS OF THIS TOPIC FOR BDS STUDENTS.HOPE THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP U GAIN SOME KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PERIODONTAL PLASTIC AND ESTHETIC DENTISTRY.
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
REFERENCES TAKEN FROM CARRANZA'S TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY AND LINDHE'S TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY AND IMPLANT DENTISTRY. CONTAINS ENOUGH AND MORE DETAILS OF THIS TOPIC FOR BDS STUDENTS.HOPE THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP U GAIN SOME KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PERIODONTAL PLASTIC AND ESTHETIC DENTISTRY.
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
The defense mechanism of gingiva includes GCF, Saliva, epithelial barrier and connective tissue cells. All these protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.
Dentists play an important role in the diagnosis and management of desquamative gingivitis. The importance of being able to recognise and properly diagnose this condition is accentuated by the fact that a serious and life threatening disease may initially manifest as desquamative gingivitis.
Certains medications have been associated with gingival enlargement.
the seminar gives a complete analysis of etilogy and pathogenesis involved in digo as well as sequlae of it
The defense mechanism of gingiva includes GCF, Saliva, epithelial barrier and connective tissue cells. All these protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.
Dentists play an important role in the diagnosis and management of desquamative gingivitis. The importance of being able to recognise and properly diagnose this condition is accentuated by the fact that a serious and life threatening disease may initially manifest as desquamative gingivitis.
Certains medications have been associated with gingival enlargement.
the seminar gives a complete analysis of etilogy and pathogenesis involved in digo as well as sequlae of it
Design of a fixed Partial Denture (with Abutment Tooth Preparation)Taseef Hasan Farook
A simplified take on the steps to designing a Fixed partial denture. This presentation also includes an overview of abutment preparation, associated finishes and methods of impression taking prior to the designing of the prosthesis itself
Biologic width - Importance in Periodontal and Restorative DentistryDr.Shraddha Kode
Biologic width plays a vital role for preservation of the periodontal health. This concept involves the dimensions of the epithelial and connective tissue attachment between the base of the sulcus and the alveolar crest which if involved can lead to gingival inflammation and gingival recession.
All you need to know about the gummy smile its causes and examination are included in the powerpoint, how to diagnose gummy smile, its treatment options and cases are presented in the powerpoint.
This presentation displays causes and types of occlusal forces, also discusses the classification of trauma from occlusion and its effect on the periodontium clinically and radiographically.
Pathologic migration and its effect on the hard and soft tissues.
Standard surgical procedure for implant placement Diana Abo el Ola
The lecture gives in details step by step how to replace an implant in the osteotomy site. Also, mention the preoperative and postoperative procedures.
In this lecture, we explain the diagnosis, causes and treatment protocol CIST of peri-implant diseases such as peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis. In addition, the lecture shows the difference between the failed and failing implant and their line of treatment.
this lecture shows the relation between periodontal and pulpal tissues, pathways of transmission of bacteria and the different lesions of endodontic periodontal lesions.
Pre implant anatomy, biology, function and risk factors of an implant placementsDiana Abo el Ola
This presentation gives a simple review of history and types of implants. It shows the hard and soft tissue inter-relationship to implant replacements, evaluation of patients and risk factors.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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1. Preparation of the Periodontium
for Restorative Dentistry
Dr. DIANA ABO EL OLA
2. To achieve the long-term comfort & good functioning predictable treatment.
Active PD infection must be treated before restorative, esthetic, and implant
dentistry
SO, healthy periodontuim ……………… successful comprehensive dentistry
3. 1- To ensure stable GM before tooth preparation avoid shrinkage
& bleeding.
2- To provide adequate tooth length for retention & accessibility.
3- After the resolution of infl., teeth may repositioned or changes
may occur in the ST….. may interfere with prosthetic procedures.
4- The Quality ,quantity & topography of the periodontuim
provides structural defense factors in maintaining health.
4. SEQUENCE OF TREATMENT
The preparation of the periodontium for restorative dentistry can be
divided into 2 phases:
(2) Pre-prosthetic periodontal
surgeries
-Management of Mucogingival
problems.
-Preservation of ridge morphology
after tooth extraction.
-Crown-lengthening procedures.
-Alveolar ridge reconstruction.
(1)Control of PD infl. with or without
surgery
Emergency Rx
Extraction of hopeless teeth
OH instructions
Scaling and root planing
Re-evaluation
Periodontal surgery
Adjunctive orthodontic therapy
5. Management of Mucogingival problems
(plastic surgery)
1. Increase gingival dimensions 2. Root coverage
At least 2 months of healing is
recommended after Soft tissue
grafting, before restorative dentistry.
The most common techniques include:
6. Preservation of Ridge Morphology after Tooth Extraction
Alveolar ridge resorption is a common consequence of tooth loss
Using bone & membrane to preserve ridge
Use of bone graft + ovate pontic to preserve ridge & ID papillae
8. Alveolar Ridge Reconstruction
Indications:
• to provide adequate anatomic dimensions for esthetic pontic or implants.
For Small defects may be treated with ST ridge augmentation
For larger defects and in those sites receiving dental implants, hard tissue
modalities are used
10. The most important aspects of periodontal – restorative relationship
is
The location of restorative margins to gingiva
Clinician has 3 options???
11. Clinician has 3 options
Supragingival margins
(less contact to GM.)
Equigingival margin
(even with the GM.)
Subgingival margin
(risk of violation of biological
width)
12. • Equigingival margin →not desirable →retain more plaque→ Gingival
inflammation.
FROM A PERIODONTAL VIEW POINT
Supra gingival and
equigingival are well
tolerated
Greatest biological
risk occurs in
subgingival margin
13. • Subgingival margin should be placed not more than 0.5mm into
the sulcus.
(1) to create resistance and retention for restorative prepration (inadequate
clinical crown)
(2) to make significant contour for caries removal or tooth defects or fracture
(3) to mask the tooth/restoration interface(for esthetic purpose)
BUT
BW violation
15. (flat G. scallops, thick cortical plates & inc.
thickness of KG.)……… little apical migration and intrabony pocket
formation are observed.
(highly scalloped & ??)……….more susceptible to G.
recession than the thick periodontium.
• When the margin is placed too far below the gingival crest, 2 different responses can
be observed:
16. Biological considerations :
• 1-Evaluation of BW
• 2-Correction of BW Violations
• 3-Margin Placement Guidelines
• 4-Managing Interproximal Embrasures
• 5-Correcting Open G. Embrasures Restoratively
• 6-Managing G. Embrasure Form for Patients with G. Recession
• 7-Pontic Design
17. 1-Biological width evaluation
Radiographically
Can identify interproximal violation of
biological width only, Y?
Using periodontal probe
Pushing probe through attachment
tissue from sulcus to bone
If distance <2mmviolation confirmed If distance <3mmviolation confirmed
18. 2- Correcting Biologic Width Violations
1. Surgically: by crown lengthening
Drawback: high risk of papillary recession and gingival recession.
Indications
1. Subgingival caries or fracture.
2. Inadequate clinical crown length
3. Unaesthetic or unequal gingival
heights.
Contraindications
1. If Unaesthetic results would happen.
2. Very Deep caries or fracture.
3. The tooth is a poor restorative risk.
2. Orthodontically: by extruding the tooth out of the socket,
INDICATIONS
If biologic width violation is on the
interproximal side.
CONTRAINDICATED
1.Inadequate crown: root ratio
2.Lack of occlusal clearance required for
eruption.
19. Gingivectomy
(Soft tissue surgery)
Or
Osseous surgery
Or
Orthodontic treatment
Indicated in case of pseudopockets - gummy smile-
probing depth >3mm
Needs adequate Keratinized gingiva.
Scalloped marginal incision +crestal bone reduction at
least 2mm away from restoration margin+ apically
displaced flap (ADF)/UDF.
Disadv: risk of ID recession (black triangle)
1)Slow ortho. Extrusion + apically positioned flap
Or
2)Rapid ortho. Extrusion (preventing gingiva& bone to
follow the tooth)
Indicated in case of narrow zone of attached gingiva
Crownlengthening
21. Final crown restorations…….. completed min. 6 weeks after surgery to
minimized further tissue loss.
In esthetic areas min. 12 weeks after surgery to be sure no further
gingival recession will occur.
Ortho. Treatment
22. • In the case of caries or tooth fracture
The surgery should provide at least 4 mm
from the apical extent of the caries or
fracture to the bone crest.
23. 3-Margin Placement Guidelines
Three rules to place subgingival margins:
• Rule 1: if PD < 1.5mm, place the margin 0.5mm below the gingival crest.
• Rule 2: if PD = 1.5-2 mm, place the margin half the depth of the sulcus.
• Rule 3: if PD > 2 mm, especially on the facial aspect, evaluate possibility of
gingivectomy to create 1.5mm sulcus probes.
24. • To provide a reference for res. margin after
tissue retraction , the margin preparation is
initially done at FGM level.
4- Clinical procedures in marginal replacement
25. 5- Managing interproximal embrasures
Papillary height related to
1.Level of the bone
2.Biologic width
3.Embrasure form
• Too Wide Embrasure Flattened & Blunt Papilla
• Too Narrow Embrasure Inflamed Papilla (papilla may grow out)
• Ideal Embrasure Healthy & pointed Papilla(sulcus 3mm)
Tapered teeth+ wide embrasure Narrow embrasure Ideal embrasure
26. • GM about 3 mm above the facial bone
• Tip of the papilla about 4.5 -5 mm above
interproximal bone.
Same biologic width for both (2mm)
•Interprox. area Sulcus is deeper
than in the facial surface.
Distance from inter proximal contact to bone level ≤ 5mm papilla always filled 6mm (56%) 7mm(37%)
Interproximal tooth contact
27. 6- Correcting Open Gingival Embrasures by
Restoration
• The papilla is inadequate in height because of
(1) Bone loss
(2) Too high interproximal contact coronally(long embrasure)
• If the papilla is apical to the adjacent papillae; the interproximal
bone levels should be evaluated .
• If the bone is apical to the adj. bone levels bone loss is the cause.
at the same level the open embrasure is the cause.
28. 1- Diverging roots
2- Tapered Tooth shape
It can be corrected by moving the contact point to the tip of the papilla by
restoration OR margins prepared 1-1.5mm below papillae
29. 7-Managing open Embrasure Form for Patients with
Gingival Recession
1. Carry the interproximal contacts apically to eliminate the open embrasures
2. Multiple-unit restorations tissue-colored ceramics porcelain papillae
directly on the restoration.
The interproximal contacts should be moved apically to
minimize large food traps but still leave enough space for
interdental brush for hygiene.
In esthetic areas:
In the post. areas
30. Correcting the open embrasures by periodontal surgery
preoperative: loss of ID papillae + class IV CT graft from tuberosity +bone from
tuberosity
Coronally positioned flap
Bone graft is fixed by Ti screw &
covered by ST graft
Inflammation had healed after periodontal treatment
Plastic surgery: Gingival graft was done to increase KG and deepen the vestibule for partial fixed denture
CT graft under double papillae flap for root coverage
Preservation of ridge is so important for implant or pontic placement
Using Bone graft (deprotinized bovine bone +calcium sulfate)+ membrane
D: provisional ovate pontic extending 2mm into socket and supporting the tissues
E& F: after 8 weeks
G: after permanent restoration
To increase retention of restoration, more esthetic results ,preserve BW(=2mm)
It can be done with or without osseous reduction
The picture shows : apically repositioned flap with bone recontouring
A:alv. Ridge defect dt loss of Lt central incisor
B: inscion is done
C: pouch for receiving graft
D: ST graft from the palate
E:ST graft into pouch
F: removable ovate pontic in light contact with graft site
G: swelling form more natural appearance
Treatment of defect for implant replacement
Full thickness flap +bone graft (deprotinzed boven bone +autogenous bone graft )& Ti reinforced un resorbable memebrane+sutures
Bone formation and implant replacement
F:
Equigingival margin( at crest of G. margin) is not desired as it is the most retained plaque and not esthetic……..causing gingival inflammation
According to the concept of “extension for prevention”; margins of restoration have to be placed on self cleansing regions of teeth
Restoration with SUPRA GINGIVAL MARGIN gave the most favorable gingival response(placed on non esthetical areas- least impact with G>- preparation and manipulation and impression are easier)
Restoration with Subgingival margins(below G. – not much accessible like the other margins-greatest biological risk-may violates the G. attachment apparatus)
not as accessible as supragingival or equigingival margins for finishing procedures
If the margin is placed too far below the gingival tissue crest, it will violate the gingival attachment apparatus: Gingival inflammation and loss of attachment with pocket formation have been observed,
Surface roughness of the restoration and tooth-restoration interface favors plaque retention
From a periodontal viewpoint, both supragingival and equigingival margins are well tolerated
Restoration with Subgingival margins (below G. – not much accessible like the other margins-greatest biological risk-may violates the G. attachment apparatus)
not as accessible as supragingival or equigingival margins for finishing procedures
If the margin is placed too far below the gingival tissue crest, it will violate the gingival attachment apparatus: Gingival inflammation and loss of attachment with pocket formation have been observed,
Surface roughness of the restoration and tooth-restoration interface favors plaque retention
Violation on the biologic width may result in:
Gingival inflammation
CAL
Bone loss
Highly scalloped, thin G…… more prone to recession than a flat thick fibrotic periodontuim.
X- ray cant identify BW facially or lingually because tooth superimposition
Apically displaced flap :
Indication : narrow zone of attached G, crown lengthening –root caries- fracture
Contraindicated: not used in single tooth in esthetic zone
Orthodontic treatment:
Slow ortho. Extrusion ………eruption of tooth slowly bringing the alv. Bone and g. tissue with it
Rapid ortho. Extrusion …..prevent bone and G. to follow the tooth. Stabilization for at least 12 weeks( 3 months)
ADF with bone reduction
1-Reverse bevel incision
2-Mucoperiosteal flap elevation
3-Sometimes we may need vertical incision
4-Include one tooth in each side (for proper contour)
Note :if we have narrow gingival width we do intrasulcular incision
5-Osseous reduction with rotary hand piece (end cutting bur) then manually with chisel in a scalloped manner,
Surgical crown lengthening may include the removal of soft tissue or both soft tissue and alveolar bone. Reduction of soft tissue alone is indicated if there is adequate attached gingiva and more than 3 mm of tissue coronal to the bone crest (Figure 71-10). This may be accomplished by either gingivectomy or flap technique (see Chapters 63–66). Inadequate attached gingiva and less than 3 mm of soft tissue require a flap procedure and bone recontouring (Figure 71-11). In the case of caries or tooth fracture, to ensure margin placement on sound tooth structure and retention form, the surgery should provide at least 4 mm from the apical extent of the caries or fracture to the bone crest (Figure 71-12).
Inadequate attached gingiva and less than 3 mm of soft tissue require an Apically positioned flap with/without Bone Recontouring
In the case of caries or tooth fracture, to ensure margin placement on sound tooth structure and retention form, the surgery should provide at least 4 mm from the apical extent of the caries or fracture to the bone crest
This case: is 78 y old woman with unsatisfied results of restoration placed 6 months earlier
PD=3mm
There were 2 options: gingivectomy- place original margin half of the sulcus
Gingivectomy was done and margin were placed 0.5 mm below tissues
After 6 months restoration was done
Pic 1 show: excessive large embrasure dt tapered shape of teeth…………so blunted flattened papillae is the result
-Ideal interproximal embrasure should house the gingival papillae without impinging on it
Proper proximal contact is essential to prevent food impaction
The ideal contact should be 2-3 mm coronal to the attachment ,which coincide with the depth of the average interproximal sulcus
When the gingival level of the interproximal tooth contacts measured 5 mm or less to the alveolar bone, the papilla always filled the space. When the contact was 6 mm from bone, only 56% of the papillae could fill the space. Finally, when the contact was 7 mm from bone, only 37% of the papillae could fill the spaces.
-The gingival margin is 3mm above facial or lingual bone while papillae is 4.5-5mm above proximal bone……so the papillae will have 1-1.5 mm deeper sulcus.
A: open embrasure dt tapered form of the teeth
B: the dentist add material to restoration subgingivally to close embrasure by moving contact to tip of papillae……….cause overhanging……unable to do flossing………no OHI
C: the correct method: margins r prepared 1-1.5 mm below tip of papillae without damaging the attachment apparatus
In post. Areas…..where the inter-root widths are significantly greater, it is often impossible to carry the proximal contacts to contact the tissue without creating large overhangs
In these situations the contact should be moved apically to minimize any large food traps while still leaving an embrasure of a convenient size to be accessible for OHI.
A: preoperative: loss of interdental papillae + facial gingival recession class iv
B: CT graft from tuberosity +bone from tuberosity
C: bone graft is fixed on interproximal area by Ti screw
J: coronally positioned flap
K: after healing 3 months
Final: after restoration placement
A: sanitary(3mm from ridge)
B: ridge lap pontic (saddle like)(very difficult for OHI)
C: modified ridge pontic(facial concave)
D: ovate pontic(more esthetic-the ideal)
A+D…..convex……easily for cleaning
B+C…..concave……more difficult for cleaning