The document discusses leveling techniques and procedures. It provides details on leveling instruments, staff readings, stadia measurements, sources of errors, and leveling processes like booking sheets and establishing benchmarks. Leveling is done to determine differences in elevation between points using techniques like trigonometric leveling, barometric leveling, and water leveling.
1. Dokumen menjelaskan tentang pengukuran beda tinggi antara dua titik menggunakan sipel datar, meliputi syarat-syarat dan cara kerjanya.
2. Pengukuran dapat dilakukan secara langsung antara dua titik atau berantai jika jaraknya jauh, hasilnya digunakan untuk membuat profil memanjang dan melintang.
3. Profil digunakan untuk perencanaan proyek seperti jalan, saluran irigasi unt
Catatan Kuliah Ilmu Ukur Tanah ini disusun secara ringkas dari beberapa referensi. Mencakup bahasan tentang pengertian survei, peta, pengukuran jarak, sudut, azimut, bearing, penggunaan pita ukur, theodolite, dan waterpas, perhitungan poligon, beda tinggi, luas dan volume. Disamping itu disertai pula contoh hitungan sederhana untuk memudahkan pemahaman dari setiap materi. Modul ini dapat dijadikan pegangan praktis dalam mempelajari survei dan pemetaan tingkat dasar.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fotogrametri yang merupakan ilmu, seni dan teknologi untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai objek melalui proses perekaman, pengukuran dan interpretasi gambar fotografik. Dibahas pula mengenai interpretasi citra, stereoskop, dan jenis-jenis stereoskop yang digunakan dalam interpretasi citra foto udara.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teori perhitungan teodolit. Secara ringkas, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan:
1. Pengukuran dengan teodolit dapat mengukur sudut dan koordinat titik-titik, serta menentukan luas suatu daerah.
2. Ada dua cara pengukuran sudut dengan teodolit, yaitu triangulasi dan poligon tertutup atau terbuka.
3. Dibahas pula rumus-rumus yang dipakai d
Theodolit adalah alat ukur yang digunakan untuk menentukan sudut mendatar dan tegak serta dapat membaca sudut hingga satuan detik. Alat ini sering digunakan untuk pekerjaan pengukuran tanah seperti pengukuran polygon, pemetaan, dan pengamatan matahari. Theodolit memiliki bagian atas dan bawah serta dapat disetel untuk mengukur sudut dan jarak dengan presisi tinggi.
1. Dokumen menjelaskan tentang pengukuran beda tinggi antara dua titik menggunakan sipel datar, meliputi syarat-syarat dan cara kerjanya.
2. Pengukuran dapat dilakukan secara langsung antara dua titik atau berantai jika jaraknya jauh, hasilnya digunakan untuk membuat profil memanjang dan melintang.
3. Profil digunakan untuk perencanaan proyek seperti jalan, saluran irigasi unt
Catatan Kuliah Ilmu Ukur Tanah ini disusun secara ringkas dari beberapa referensi. Mencakup bahasan tentang pengertian survei, peta, pengukuran jarak, sudut, azimut, bearing, penggunaan pita ukur, theodolite, dan waterpas, perhitungan poligon, beda tinggi, luas dan volume. Disamping itu disertai pula contoh hitungan sederhana untuk memudahkan pemahaman dari setiap materi. Modul ini dapat dijadikan pegangan praktis dalam mempelajari survei dan pemetaan tingkat dasar.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fotogrametri yang merupakan ilmu, seni dan teknologi untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai objek melalui proses perekaman, pengukuran dan interpretasi gambar fotografik. Dibahas pula mengenai interpretasi citra, stereoskop, dan jenis-jenis stereoskop yang digunakan dalam interpretasi citra foto udara.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teori perhitungan teodolit. Secara ringkas, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan:
1. Pengukuran dengan teodolit dapat mengukur sudut dan koordinat titik-titik, serta menentukan luas suatu daerah.
2. Ada dua cara pengukuran sudut dengan teodolit, yaitu triangulasi dan poligon tertutup atau terbuka.
3. Dibahas pula rumus-rumus yang dipakai d
Theodolit adalah alat ukur yang digunakan untuk menentukan sudut mendatar dan tegak serta dapat membaca sudut hingga satuan detik. Alat ini sering digunakan untuk pekerjaan pengukuran tanah seperti pengukuran polygon, pemetaan, dan pengamatan matahari. Theodolit memiliki bagian atas dan bawah serta dapat disetel untuk mengukur sudut dan jarak dengan presisi tinggi.
Benthic habitat mapping is important for assessing coastal and intertidal areas like mangroves and seagrasses. Common techniques use optical and hyperspectral imagery from aircraft but have limitations related to cost and scale. Remote piloted aircraft are now being used for benthic mapping as they allow higher resolution optical and infrared imagery to be captured seasonally at lower cost compared to traditional aircraft. A case study in the Philippines demonstrated the capability of remote piloted aircraft to create high resolution orthophotos of benthic habitats.
We compared the accuracy of geospatial data derived from a RPAS and an RTK GPS
Aim: To understand the mapping applications RPAS can deployed for
Objective: By the end of this presentation the audience will be able to list the horizontal and vertical accuracies achieved by a RPAS
Check http://www.rpas.ie
Materi Kuliah Penginderaan Jauh Dasar (FOTOGRAMETRI)Nurul Afdal Haris
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fotogrametri dan penginderaan jauh, termasuk konsep dasar fotogrametri, jenis foto udara berdasarkan sudut pengambilan, bagian-bagian foto udara seperti tanda fiducial dan tanda tepi, serta penentuan skala foto udara. Secara ringkas, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan tentang metode pemetaan menggunakan foto udara dan interpretasi geometri untuk menghasilkan peta.
LAPORAN IbM PEMETAAN POTENSI UNGGULAN BERBASIS CLUSTER DI DESA KLANTINGSARI K...suningterusberkarya
Laporan ini membahas pemetaan potensi unggulan berbasis kluster di Desa Klantingsari melalui program pengabdian pada masyarakat. Program ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan memetakan potensi unggulan di Dusun Wonosari serta meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya pemetaan tersebut."
This document contains data from measurements taken using a theodolite surveying instrument. It lists the point observed, horizontal angle, distance, average horizontal angle, angle correction, azimuth, distance, x coordinate, y coordinate for each point measured. In total, measurements were taken at 21 points. The document provides precise numeric data from theodolite measurements in a tabular format.
Kegiatan magang teknis tenaga pendidik Akademi Komunitas COE Industri Petrokimia di Politeknik AKA Bogor bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi para tenaga pendidik dalam pengelolaan pendidikan vokasi dan pembelajaran teknis kimia. Kegiatan ini meliputi pengenalan sistem pengelolaan akademik dan laboratorium, serta kunjungan industri untuk memperkaya pengetahuan praktik. Satu orang tenaga pendidik mengikuti program magang sel
DSM Generation Using High Resolution UAV ImagesBiplov Bhandari
This document outlines a project to create a digital surface model (DSM) using images acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The project aims to develop a workflow for processing UAV images and generate a high-resolution DSM of the study area. The methodology involves collecting UAV images and ground control points, georeferencing the images, generating a dense point cloud through image matching, and creating the DSM. The accuracy of the DSM will then be assessed by comparing elevations to ground measurements. The results are expected to provide a georeferenced image processing workflow and a detailed DSM of the site.
1) Fore and back bearings are the bearings of a line observed from each end, with the fore bearing indicating the direction of progress and the back bearing being 180° different.
2) To find the back bearing from the fore bearing, add or subtract 180° depending on whether the fore bearing is less than or greater than 180°.
3) Local attraction refers to deviations of the magnetic needle from its normal position due to external magnetic forces, while dip is the inclination of the needle from the horizontal plane.
Geo Sense Unmanned Aerial Mapping ServicesIsmail Ibrahim
Geo Sense is a private company, collaborating with Iskandar Malaysia Research Center under Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Has been providing service in taking high res aerial mapping using glider based unmanned aerial vehicle. The high resolution aerial image is a premium geo data to support mapping and project monitoring purposes. more info about geosense at www.geosense.com.my
Laporan ini menganalisis kondisi perkerasan Jalan Hasanudin Kota Surakarta menggunakan metode PCI. Jenis kerusakan yang ditemukan antara lain retak, tambalan, lubang, permukaan kasar, dan penurunan bahu jalan. Nilai PCI rata-rata 74,80 atau kategori sangat baik, namun beberapa perbaikan diperlukan untuk mencegah kerusakan lebih lanjut.
This document provides an overview of basic surveying principles and methods:
1) Surveying works from establishing overall control points before measuring details. Control points are established through precise primary networks of triangles or traverses.
2) Secondary control networks further divide the primary network for less precise work. Survey of details then uses the established control points. This minimizes error accumulation.
3) A traverse connects lines whose lengths and directions are measured to establish a framework. Traverses can be open or closed, with closed traverses returning to the starting point.
4) The direction of lines is defined by their bearing from a reference meridian using different systems like true, magnetic, or arbitrary meridians.
This document discusses concepts related to surveying and leveling. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian. It describes different methods of designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It discusses the conversion of whole circle bearing to reduced bearing and the relationship between fore and back bearings. The document also provides information about compass surveying and the components and uses of a prismatic compass. It discusses concepts such as magnetic declination and dip and methods of correcting errors in a traverse.
This document outlines the steps to compute the closure, accuracy, and area of a traverse survey. It discusses key terms, sources of error, and a 9-step process to calculate closure, precision ratio, and area using the double meridian distance method. As an example, it works through the calculations for a 5-sided closed traverse, determining the closure is 0.49 feet, precision ratio is 1:4200, and total area is 6.126 acres.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengukuran poligon tertutup. Metode ini digunakan untuk menentukan titik kontrol horisontal berupa poligon yang akan berfungsi sebagai kerangka peta. Terdapat beberapa jenis poligon berdasarkan bentuk dan titik ikatnya. Pengukuran dilakukan menggunakan peralatan seperti theodolit, statif, bak ukur, dan meteran. Langkah-langkah pelaksanaannya meliputi penentuan titik pol
Foto Udara menggunakan Pesawat tanpa awak - UAVAnton Suprojo
UAV memiliki beberapa keunggulan untuk pemetaan seperti fleksibilitas waktu dan operasional, biaya investasi dan operasional yang lebih rendah dibanding pesawat berawak, mampu terbang dibawah awan, resolusi yang lebih tajam, dan sistem yang cepat, akurat, serta otomatis. UAV dapat menghasilkan citra dengan resolusi tinggi untuk kebutuhan pemetaan dengan biaya yang lebih rendah dibanding metode konvensional.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Benthic habitat mapping is important for assessing coastal and intertidal areas like mangroves and seagrasses. Common techniques use optical and hyperspectral imagery from aircraft but have limitations related to cost and scale. Remote piloted aircraft are now being used for benthic mapping as they allow higher resolution optical and infrared imagery to be captured seasonally at lower cost compared to traditional aircraft. A case study in the Philippines demonstrated the capability of remote piloted aircraft to create high resolution orthophotos of benthic habitats.
We compared the accuracy of geospatial data derived from a RPAS and an RTK GPS
Aim: To understand the mapping applications RPAS can deployed for
Objective: By the end of this presentation the audience will be able to list the horizontal and vertical accuracies achieved by a RPAS
Check http://www.rpas.ie
Materi Kuliah Penginderaan Jauh Dasar (FOTOGRAMETRI)Nurul Afdal Haris
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fotogrametri dan penginderaan jauh, termasuk konsep dasar fotogrametri, jenis foto udara berdasarkan sudut pengambilan, bagian-bagian foto udara seperti tanda fiducial dan tanda tepi, serta penentuan skala foto udara. Secara ringkas, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan tentang metode pemetaan menggunakan foto udara dan interpretasi geometri untuk menghasilkan peta.
LAPORAN IbM PEMETAAN POTENSI UNGGULAN BERBASIS CLUSTER DI DESA KLANTINGSARI K...suningterusberkarya
Laporan ini membahas pemetaan potensi unggulan berbasis kluster di Desa Klantingsari melalui program pengabdian pada masyarakat. Program ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan memetakan potensi unggulan di Dusun Wonosari serta meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya pemetaan tersebut."
This document contains data from measurements taken using a theodolite surveying instrument. It lists the point observed, horizontal angle, distance, average horizontal angle, angle correction, azimuth, distance, x coordinate, y coordinate for each point measured. In total, measurements were taken at 21 points. The document provides precise numeric data from theodolite measurements in a tabular format.
Kegiatan magang teknis tenaga pendidik Akademi Komunitas COE Industri Petrokimia di Politeknik AKA Bogor bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi para tenaga pendidik dalam pengelolaan pendidikan vokasi dan pembelajaran teknis kimia. Kegiatan ini meliputi pengenalan sistem pengelolaan akademik dan laboratorium, serta kunjungan industri untuk memperkaya pengetahuan praktik. Satu orang tenaga pendidik mengikuti program magang sel
DSM Generation Using High Resolution UAV ImagesBiplov Bhandari
This document outlines a project to create a digital surface model (DSM) using images acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The project aims to develop a workflow for processing UAV images and generate a high-resolution DSM of the study area. The methodology involves collecting UAV images and ground control points, georeferencing the images, generating a dense point cloud through image matching, and creating the DSM. The accuracy of the DSM will then be assessed by comparing elevations to ground measurements. The results are expected to provide a georeferenced image processing workflow and a detailed DSM of the site.
1) Fore and back bearings are the bearings of a line observed from each end, with the fore bearing indicating the direction of progress and the back bearing being 180° different.
2) To find the back bearing from the fore bearing, add or subtract 180° depending on whether the fore bearing is less than or greater than 180°.
3) Local attraction refers to deviations of the magnetic needle from its normal position due to external magnetic forces, while dip is the inclination of the needle from the horizontal plane.
Geo Sense Unmanned Aerial Mapping ServicesIsmail Ibrahim
Geo Sense is a private company, collaborating with Iskandar Malaysia Research Center under Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Has been providing service in taking high res aerial mapping using glider based unmanned aerial vehicle. The high resolution aerial image is a premium geo data to support mapping and project monitoring purposes. more info about geosense at www.geosense.com.my
Laporan ini menganalisis kondisi perkerasan Jalan Hasanudin Kota Surakarta menggunakan metode PCI. Jenis kerusakan yang ditemukan antara lain retak, tambalan, lubang, permukaan kasar, dan penurunan bahu jalan. Nilai PCI rata-rata 74,80 atau kategori sangat baik, namun beberapa perbaikan diperlukan untuk mencegah kerusakan lebih lanjut.
This document provides an overview of basic surveying principles and methods:
1) Surveying works from establishing overall control points before measuring details. Control points are established through precise primary networks of triangles or traverses.
2) Secondary control networks further divide the primary network for less precise work. Survey of details then uses the established control points. This minimizes error accumulation.
3) A traverse connects lines whose lengths and directions are measured to establish a framework. Traverses can be open or closed, with closed traverses returning to the starting point.
4) The direction of lines is defined by their bearing from a reference meridian using different systems like true, magnetic, or arbitrary meridians.
This document discusses concepts related to surveying and leveling. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian and grid meridian. It describes different methods of designating magnetic bearings including whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It discusses the conversion of whole circle bearing to reduced bearing and the relationship between fore and back bearings. The document also provides information about compass surveying and the components and uses of a prismatic compass. It discusses concepts such as magnetic declination and dip and methods of correcting errors in a traverse.
This document outlines the steps to compute the closure, accuracy, and area of a traverse survey. It discusses key terms, sources of error, and a 9-step process to calculate closure, precision ratio, and area using the double meridian distance method. As an example, it works through the calculations for a 5-sided closed traverse, determining the closure is 0.49 feet, precision ratio is 1:4200, and total area is 6.126 acres.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengukuran poligon tertutup. Metode ini digunakan untuk menentukan titik kontrol horisontal berupa poligon yang akan berfungsi sebagai kerangka peta. Terdapat beberapa jenis poligon berdasarkan bentuk dan titik ikatnya. Pengukuran dilakukan menggunakan peralatan seperti theodolit, statif, bak ukur, dan meteran. Langkah-langkah pelaksanaannya meliputi penentuan titik pol
Foto Udara menggunakan Pesawat tanpa awak - UAVAnton Suprojo
UAV memiliki beberapa keunggulan untuk pemetaan seperti fleksibilitas waktu dan operasional, biaya investasi dan operasional yang lebih rendah dibanding pesawat berawak, mampu terbang dibawah awan, resolusi yang lebih tajam, dan sistem yang cepat, akurat, serta otomatis. UAV dapat menghasilkan citra dengan resolusi tinggi untuk kebutuhan pemetaan dengan biaya yang lebih rendah dibanding metode konvensional.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
10. TGM
UGM
ALTIMETER
BAROMETRIC LEVELLING
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING
WATERPASSING (PENYIPAT DATAR)
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 10
11. TGM
UGM
Alat penyipat datar : konvensional maupun yang
modern (baru)
Rambu ukur (baak) baik dilengkapi dengan mistar
skala maupun tidak
Sepatu rambu sebagai alas dari rambu ukur
Statif rambu untuk menjaga rambu supaya tidak
jatuh
Nivo kotak untuk membuat rambu supaya tidak
miring (baik kemuka atau kebelakang dan ke kiri
atau ke kanan
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 11
20. TGM
UGM
Panjangnya bisa 3 s/d 5 meter
Dibuat bisa dari kayu atau
aluminium
Ada yang sederhana dan ada
yang dilengkapi dengan
mistar skala (skala baar)
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 20
21. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 21
•Setiap meter diberi warna
yang berbeda
•Setiap graduation sebesar
100 mm
•Setiap “E” adalah 50 mm
•Rambu dibaca dalam satuan
milimeter
30. TGM
UGM
Jarak antara TSR (benang atas) dan BSR (benang
bawah) disebut interval stadia .
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 30
Hor. Dist. = SI x SF
SI = Stadia interval
SF = Stadia factor
31. TGM
UGM Garis silang
merupakan garis
kolimasi
BB dan BA disebut
dengan garis stadia
Biasanya stadia
mempunyai faktor
pengali 100
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 31
32. TGM
UGM
BA = 3.040
BB = 2.946
BA – BB = 0.094
Jarak optis =
0.094 x 100 = 9.4
metres
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 32
33. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 33
Hor. Dist. = TSR - BSR( )x SF
Dist = TSR - BSR( ) x SF
= 6.01 - 5.47( ) x 100
= 0.54 x 100
= 54 ft
34. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 34
Dist = TSR - BSR( ) x SF
= 7.844 - 4.619( ) x 100
= 3.225 x 100
= 322.5 ft
35. TGM
UGM
Apabila Benang atas atau benang
bawah terhalang, bisa digunakan
cara ½ stadia. ½ stadia adalah
setengah dari interval stadia
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 35
Contoh :
Jika TRS = 7.34 dan
elevasi 6.21, maka jarak
mendatarnya :
Horizontal Distance = TSR - Elev( )x 2[ ]x 100
= 7.34 - 6.21( )x 2[ ]x 100
= 226 ft
36. TGM
UGM
Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan
pengukuran beda tinggi yang menggunakan penyipat
datar, di antaranya ::
• Kesalahan garis kolimasi
• Karena kelengkungan bumi
• Kesalahan refraksi (undulasi)
• Kesalahan paralaks
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 36
37. TGM
UGM
Garis kolimasi
adalah garis
imaginer yang lebat
benang silang pada
teropong sipat datar
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 37
42. TGM
UGM
Karena panas sinar matahari akan
mengakibatkan bacaan di rambu kabur / tidak
jelas (undulasi)
43. TGM
UGM
Step 1 Staff Slowly Leant
Towards Instrument
Important Note – The
person using the instrument
keeps the staff vertical by
use of the Vertical line in the
instrument.
Step 2 Staff Slowly
Tilted away from
Instrument. When
Vertical lowest reading
will be reading
recorded
Step 3 Staff Slowly Tilted
away from instrument.
Once past vertical
readings will increase
Kesalahan dalam Pembacaan
Rambu Ukur
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 43
50. TGM
UGM
Baca TOR pengukuran
Buat SKETSA Lapangan
Pemasangan titik ikat di lapangan
Mengukur sudut
Mengukur Jarak
Mengukur Beda Tinggi
Mengukur Detil di lapangan
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 50
51. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 51
1. Jarak maksimum antara alat
sipat datar ke rambu 60 meter.
2. Kedudukan alat pada setiap
slag pengukuran harus pada
jarak yang sama antara jarak
instrumen ke rambu depan dan
instrumen ke rambu belakang.
TOR / KAK
Kerangka acuan Kerja
Baca
TOR
52. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 52
PENGUKURAN TITIK KONTROL VERTIKAL
1.Pengukuran tinggi titik-titik kontrol vertikal dilakukan dengan
metode sipat datar. Spesifikasi pengukuran adalah sebagai
berikut:
2.Sebelum alat digunakan harus dicek garis kolimasinya
terlebih dahulu.
3.Pengukuran beda tinggi dalam satu seksi dilakukan pergi
pulang dalam satu hari.
4.Jarak maksimum antara alat sipatdatar ke rambu 60 meter.
5.Kedudukan alat pada setiap slag pengukuran harus pada
jarak yang sama antara jarak instrumen ke rambu depan dan
instrumen ke rambu belakang.
6.Kesalahan penutup maksimum ukuran pergi-pulang sebesar
10 mm √L (L: dalam kilometer).
66. TGM
UGM
A benchmark in every-day language is a point
of reference for a measurement. In surveying a
benchmark is specifically any permanent
marker placed by a surveyor with a precisely
known vertical elevation (but not necessarily a
precisely known horizontal location). Designed
to be used for many projects.
71. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 71
Set up the instrument where the benchmark can be viewed within
correct parameters and a reasonable number of sights can be
viewed. This location is identified as L1 circled in red
72. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 72
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.575 47.195 1.817 1.377 44.000 BM
Booking Sheet
73. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 73
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.575 47.195 1.817 1.377 44.000 BM
1.250 Station 1
0.850 Station 2
1.330 Station 3
1.580 Station 4
Booking Sheet
74. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 74
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_______________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.575 47.195 1.817 1.377 44.000 BM
1.250 Station 1
0.850 Station 2
1.330 Station 3
1.580 Station 4
1.450 1.462 1.438 24.000 S5 (CP)
Booking Sheet
75. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 75
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.575 47.195 1.817 1.377 44.000 BM
1.250 Station 1
0.850 Station 2
1.330 Station 3
1.580 Station 4
1.450 1.570 1.330 24.000 S5 (CP)
2.550 2.680 2.420 26.000 S5 (CP)
Booking Sheet
83. TGM
UGM
Traverse Length = 190 metres
Allowable Misclose = 12 x SQRT(0.190)
= 12 x 0.4359
= 5.23mm
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 83
84. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 84
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
1.350
1.850
2.250
2.535
3.030
2.780
2.500
2.190
3.140
3.380
2.230
1.960
1.680
2.360
1.480
1.256
0.570
85. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 85
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.350 BM
1.850 B
2.250 C
2.535 D
3.030 E (CP)
2.780 F (CP)
2.500 F (CP)
2.190 G
3.140 H
3.380 I
2.230 J
1.960 K (CP)
1.680 K (CP)
2.360 L
1.480 M (CP)
1.256 BM
0.570
6.786 -6.790 0.000 0.000
B/S 6.786 RISE 0.000 END 0.000
F/S -6.790 FALL 0.000 START 0.000
Misclose -0.004 0.000 0.000
Booking Sheet
86. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 86
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
0.655
0.465
1.215
0.365
0.690
1.100
0.455
0.760
1.200
0.985
2.100
2.560
0.755
1.645
3.273
2.100
87. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 87
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight Foresight Rise Fall
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
0.655 3.650 BM
0.465 0.190 3.840 B
1.215 -0.750 3.090 C
0.365 0.850 3.940 D
0.690 -0.325 3.615 E
1.100 -0.410 3.205 F (CP)
0.455 F (CP)
0.760 -0.305 2.900 G
1.200 -0.440 2.460 H
0.985 0.215 2.675 I
2.100 -1.115 1.560 J (CP)
2.560 J (CP)
0.755 1.805 3.365 K
1.645 -0.890 2.475 L (CP)
3.273 L (CP)
2.100 1.173 3.648 BM
6.943 -6.945 4.233 -4.235
B/S 6.943 RISE 4.233 END 3.648
F/S -6.945 FALL -4.235 START 3.650
Misclose -0.002 -0.002 -0.002
Booking Sheet
89. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 89
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight
Fore
sight
Height of
Collimation
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.575 48.770 47.195
1.250 47.520
0.850 47.920
1.330 47.440
1.580 47.190
Booking Sheet
• It is more convenient for “Area Levelling” and can become
cumbersome on long traverses.
It is also an easier method for “On the Fly Levelling”
• Also Known as Instrument Height Method
91. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 91
Set up the instrument where the benchmark can be viewed within
correct parameters and a reasonable number of sights can be
viewed. This location is identified as L1 circled in red
92. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 92
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight
Fore
sight
Height of
Collimation
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.575 48.770 47.195
Booking Sheet
93. TGM
UGM
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 93
Surveyor______________________ Chainmen_________________________________
Instrument No___________________ Date__________________
Backsight
Intermediate
Sight
Fore
sight
Height of
Collimation
Reduced
Level Top Bottom Dist Remarks
1.575 48.770 47.195
1.250 47.520 S1
0.850 47.920 S2
1.330 47.440 S3
1.580 47.190 S4
Booking Sheet
101. TGM
UGM
Definition – Misclose- is when closing
of a traverse due to errors in readings
and instrument limitations there is a
discrepancy.
The allowable discrepancy is (12 x square
root of traverse in kilometres)
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 101
102. TGM
UGM
Traverse Length = 190 metres
Allowable Misclose = 12 x SQRT(0.190)
= 12 x 0.4359
= 5.23mm
September 5, 2016 pengukuran Beda Tinggi - MGR 102