The document summarizes an experiment to determine the penetration of a bitumen sample using a standard test method. The objective was to examine the consistency of the bitumen sample by measuring its penetration under specified temperature, load, and time conditions. Three penetration readings were taken and averaged to report the penetration of the sample. Factors like temperature fluctuations during the test could explain differences between readings. Asphalt is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, with lesser amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.

1. Duhok Polytechnic University
Zakho Technical Institute
Petroleum Department
Scientific Report
Name: Taha Samir Ali
Stage: 2nd
Stage
Subject: Petroleum and Gas Technology2
LAB
Experiment: Standard Test Method for Penetration of
Bituminous Materials D 5-97
Experiment No. : 5

2. Objective: The objective is to examine the consistency of a
sample of bitumen (asphalt) by determining its penetration.
Theory:
The penetration test provides a measure of the consistency and
hardness of asphalt. Penetration is defined as the distance in
units mm/10 that a standard needle penetrates in a prepared
sample of asphalt under specified conditions of temperature,
load, and time (25°C 100-g load and 5s) Soft asphalt has a high
penetration value, and the hard asphalt has a low penetration
value The consistency is a function of the chemical constituents
of bitumen; the proportions asphaltenes (high molecular weight,
responsible for strength and stiffness), resins (responsible for
adhesion and ductility) and oils (low molecular weight,
responsible for viscosity and fluidity). The type and amount of
these constituents are determined by the source petroleum and
method of processing at the refinery binders with high
penetration numbers (called "soft") are used for cold climates
while with low penetration numbers (called "hard") are used for
warm climates. bitumen softer when heated and harden when
cooled.

3. Apparatus and Materials Used:
• Penetration Apparatus (Penetrometer) - With holder needle
capable of moving vertically, penetration needle made of straight
hard steel rod, dial to read distance in 0.1 mm and weight of 100
g.
• Sample Container: or glass cylindrical flat-bottomed container,
diameter 55 - 70mm, internal depth 35-45mm.
• Water bath 10 liters capacity thermostatically controlled and
maintained within the temperature of 25 t0.10c.
• Thermometer capable of reading temperature up to 250 0c.
• A sample of asphalt.
Procedure:
• Heat the sample with care, stirring, when possible until it become
sufficiently fluid to pour. Do not heat samples for more than 30
min. Avoid incorporating bubbles into the sample.
• Pour the sample into the sample container to a depth such that,
when cooled to the temperature of test, the depth of the sample
is at least 10 mm greater than the depth to . which the needle is
expected to penetrate.
• Allow the sample to cool in air at a temperature between 15 and
30"C for 1 to 1.5 h then place the container in the water bath (for
1 to 1.5 h) maintained at the prescribed temperature of test
(25o
C).

4. • For normal tests the precisely dimensioned needle, loaded to 100
+0.05 g, is brought to the surface of the specimen at right angles
(either note the reading of the penetrometer dial or bring the
pointer to zero, quickly release the needle holder and allow the
needle to penetrate the bitumen for S t 0.1 s, while the
temperature of the specimen is maintained at 25 t0.1 oC. The
penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre (deci millimetre,
d-mm).
• Make at least three determinations on the specimen, A clean
needle is used for each determination. In making repeat
determinations, start each with the tip of the needle at least 10
mm afrom the side of the container and at least 10 mm apart.
Results:
Report to nearest whole unit the average of three penetrations as the
penetration of the sample under test in mm.
Discussion:
1. Report the source and type of bitumen.
-The source is unknown.
2. Specify the conditions of the test (temperature, load,
time).
-The specify condition are Temperature 25 o
C and load is 100g and the
time is 5 sec.

5. 2. Comment on the difference between the highest and
lowest readings and, offer an explanation.
-Actually it depends on the temperature and how much time it was out
of the heater so that’s why see a different in the 1st
Reading 2.6mm and
2nd
Reading 2.8m and the 3rd
Reading .
4.Which hydrocarbons are expected to be found in asphalt?
- The largest percentage of the asphalt components is the percentage of
carbon, where it occupies (70-85%), followed by hydrogen (7-12%),
sulfur (1-7%), oxygen (0-5%) and finally nitrogen (1-0%)