1) Permutasi refers to the number of arrangements or orderings of all or some elements. It can refer to arrangements of different elements, arrangements of r elements from n different elements, arrangements that include duplicate elements, or cyclic arrangements where order matters. 2) Examples are provided to calculate permutations in different situations such as arranging letters, numbers, arranging r objects from n total objects, and arrangements with duplicate elements. Formulas are provided for each case. 3) Permutations with duplicates involves counting arrangements while accounting for duplicate elements and their frequencies. Cyclic permutations refer to arrangements on a circular setting where position matters. Repeated permutations allow duplicates and use the formula nr.