Pectoral region
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This document outlines key anatomical structures of the chest region, including bony landmarks, lines of orientation, cutaneous innervation, and several muscles such as the pectoralis major and minor. It also describes the pectoral and clavipectoral fascia that connect muscles and cover the chest.
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The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
Anatomy of posterior compartment of the arm
The posterior compartment of the arm contains the triceps muscle, which has three heads that originate on the scapula and humerus and insert into the ulna. The triceps is innervated by the radial nerve and supplied by the profunda brachii artery. The radial and ulnar nerves pass through the compartment, with the radial nerve giving motor branches to the triceps and the ulnar nerve accompanied by the ulnar collateral arteries.
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The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
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Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). It has many regulatory roles in the body. NO is produced from L-arginine and oxygen by NOS and acts as a neurotransmitter, vasodilator, and immune system messenger. There are three main types of NOS - neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial (eNOS). NO regulates processes like neurotransmission, blood flow, muscle contraction, immune responses, and digestion through cGMP signaling. As a neurotransmitter, it may be involved in memory formation. As a vasodilator, it regulates blood pressure and oxygen delivery. NO research continues to explore its roles in development, inhibition,
Sodium - Potassium Pump
Na+- K+ ATPases are integral membrane proteins found in eukaryotic cells that utilize ATP to transport sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. For every 3 sodium ions pumped out, 2 potassium ions are pumped in, generating ion gradients crucial for nerve and muscle function. Discovered in 1957, the sodium pump maintains cell resting potentials and drives secondary active transport of nutrients. Precisely regulating ion concentrations, it is vital for processes like fluid balance and is the body's largest consumer of ATP at rest. Inhibited by cardiac glycosides, it is a key drug target for heart conditions.
Metabolic syndrome & its complications
Metabolic syndrome is defined by a constellation of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It is caused by abdominal obesity and insulin resistance due to genetic and lifestyle factors like poor diet, sedentary behavior, and stress. The main pathophysiological mechanisms are chronic inflammation from excess abdominal fat, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss through calorie restriction and increased physical activity as well as medications targeting obesity, blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol.
Transport across Plasma Membrane
This document discusses various types of membrane transporters that move molecules across the plasma membrane. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and the major transport proteins, including carrier proteins like uniporters, symporters, and antiporters, as well as channel proteins like gated channels (voltage-gated, ion-gated, ligand-gated, mechanically-gated) and non-gated channels. It also explains the different mechanisms of transport, including passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion), primary active transport (pumps like Na+/K+ ATPase), and secondary active transport (symport and antiport).
Flow cytometry
This document provides an overview of flow cytometry. It begins by defining flow cytometry as a technique for quantitative single cell analysis that counts, examines, and sorts cells based on optical properties like light scattering and fluorescence. It then describes the basic principles, components, and working of a flow cytometer. Key components include lasers, optical filters, and detectors. Cells in suspension pass through the laser one by one, with signals detected by photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes. Applications discussed include cell sorting, apoptosis analysis using markers like Annexin V and PI, and cell cycle analysis using DNA binding dyes or BrdU incorporation. Clinical uses involve hematologic malignancy diagnosis, residual disease detection, and monitoring treatments.
Electrophoresis
This document provides an overview of electrophoresis. It discusses how electrophoresis works, involving the movement of charged particles through an electrolyte when subjected to an electric field. It then covers the history, factors affecting electrophoresis, types of electrophoresis including paper, SDS-PAGE, native gel, gradient gel, IEF gels, 2D gel electrophoresis, protein blotting, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis. It also discusses instrumentation, reagents, and applications of various electrophoresis techniques.
Determination of primary structure of proteins
The document discusses the determination of the primary structure of proteins. It begins by explaining that proteins are composed of amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain. The primary structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in this chain. Mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry techniques are used to analyze protein fragments obtained through enzymatic or chemical cleavage to determine the amino acid sequence and thereby elucidate the primary structure.
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Pectoral region
- 1. Learning objectives • BONY LANDMARKS • LINES OF ORIENTATION • CUTANEOUS INNERVATION • MUSCLES PECTORALIS MAJOR PECTORALIS MINOR SUBCLAVIUS SERRATUS ANTERIOR • FASCIA • PECTORAL FASCIA • CLAVIPECTORAL FASCIA
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