Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprisesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Steven Lawry and Ruth Meinzen-Dick at “GLF Discussion Forum on Commons Tenure for a Common Future” on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at “Commons Tenure for a Common Future” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation by the Foundation for Ecological Security at “Commons tenure for a common future” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation titled "Policy Instrument Design for Early Successional Forest Habitat Conservation" given at the Society of American Foresters (SAF) National Convention, Albuquerque, 2010. This presentation was part of the Forest Policy Symposium sponsored by the SAF Commitee on Forest Policy.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Protection of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This article offers an Analysis on the Governance of the Virunga National Park (ViNP) using the Landscape Approach. We started from the constant misunderstanding and perpetual opposition of the riverside population on the management of the ViNP. The question is the management strategy to involve the local population in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After presenting and analyzing the data provided to us by 394 respondents constituting the sample size consider in relation to strategies of public involvement in the sustainable management of the ViNP. The results showed that the local community is not fully involved in the management of the ViNP, and for their involvement we have proposed the Landscape approach that does not exclude anyone as an alternative to the integrated and sustainable management of the Park. After several years of experimentation, the results of the old approach are far from satisfactory. This study is one of the doctoral research findings on the landscape approach to sustainable management of the ViNP.
Securing Tenure Rights for Forest-Dependent Communities: A global comparative...ILRI
Presented by Anne M. Larson and Iliana Monterroso at the IFAD-CGIAR Partnership Webinar Series #3 on 9 March 2021
This presentation shared three innovative approaches implemented by the Global Comparative Study on Forest Tenure Reforms GCS-Tenure project highlight lessons learned, good practices and challenges for engagement.
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?CIFOR-ICRAF
Robert Nasi gave this presentation on 22 May 2013 at a discussion forum during the two-day policy and science conference entitled "Sustainable forest management in Central Africa: Yesterday, today and tomorrow", organized by CIFOR and its partners and held in Yaounde, Cameroon.
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprisesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Steven Lawry and Ruth Meinzen-Dick at “GLF Discussion Forum on Commons Tenure for a Common Future” on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at “Commons Tenure for a Common Future” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation by the Foundation for Ecological Security at “Commons tenure for a common future” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation titled "Policy Instrument Design for Early Successional Forest Habitat Conservation" given at the Society of American Foresters (SAF) National Convention, Albuquerque, 2010. This presentation was part of the Forest Policy Symposium sponsored by the SAF Commitee on Forest Policy.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Protection of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This article offers an Analysis on the Governance of the Virunga National Park (ViNP) using the Landscape Approach. We started from the constant misunderstanding and perpetual opposition of the riverside population on the management of the ViNP. The question is the management strategy to involve the local population in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After presenting and analyzing the data provided to us by 394 respondents constituting the sample size consider in relation to strategies of public involvement in the sustainable management of the ViNP. The results showed that the local community is not fully involved in the management of the ViNP, and for their involvement we have proposed the Landscape approach that does not exclude anyone as an alternative to the integrated and sustainable management of the Park. After several years of experimentation, the results of the old approach are far from satisfactory. This study is one of the doctoral research findings on the landscape approach to sustainable management of the ViNP.
Securing Tenure Rights for Forest-Dependent Communities: A global comparative...ILRI
Presented by Anne M. Larson and Iliana Monterroso at the IFAD-CGIAR Partnership Webinar Series #3 on 9 March 2021
This presentation shared three innovative approaches implemented by the Global Comparative Study on Forest Tenure Reforms GCS-Tenure project highlight lessons learned, good practices and challenges for engagement.
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?CIFOR-ICRAF
Robert Nasi gave this presentation on 22 May 2013 at a discussion forum during the two-day policy and science conference entitled "Sustainable forest management in Central Africa: Yesterday, today and tomorrow", organized by CIFOR and its partners and held in Yaounde, Cameroon.
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
From 27-29 October 2014, WLE, in cooperation with the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRI) and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry (FTA), held a workshop on Institutions for Ecosystems Services in Washington DC.
The goals of the workshop were to:
-Encourage sharing and discussion on research methods and tools to study the links between institutions and ecosystem services
-Synthesize lessons about institutional arrangements needed to ensure that ecosystem services projects are able to deliver benefits to local resource users and produce local, regional, and national global environmental benefits
-Identify policies and program interventions that can strengthen these institutions
-Outline priorities for future research, policy, and project implementation, particularly of relevance for PIM, WLE, and FTA programs
Transforming economic policy through natural capital valuation: Prospects for...Philippine Press Institute
Transforming economic policy through natural capital valuation: Prospects for the Philippines by Dr. Gem Castillo, President, Resource and Environmental Economics Foundation of the Philippines, Inc., and National Expert, WAVES
Keynote presention to the 10th International Flatfish Symposium- addressing challenges for scientists when moving into the aren of the ecosystem approach tofisheries management
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
A presentation given at the WLE Ganges Focal Region writeshop in 2014 on the Ecosystem Services and Resilience Framework (ESR). Put together and presented by Sarah Jones of Bioversity International.
Cross-border cooperation in the electricity sector - the Nordic exampleGlobal Utmaning
Seminar
NORDIC ENERGY WAYS – WHAT‘S IN IT FOR US?
Monday, 2 June 2014
Arne Mogren, European Climate Foundation, gave a presentation on the history of electricity and Nordic electricity cooperation.
Nordic Energy ways in Europe – Clean, Competitive and ConnectedGlobal Utmaning
Seminar: NORDIC ENERGY WAYS – WHAT‘S IN IT FOR US?
Monday, 2 June 2014
Anders Olsson, vice CEO E.ON Norden, presented the main conclusions of the report Nordic Energy Ways in Europe. Read the full report here: www.globalutmaning.se/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Nordic-Energy-Ways-in-Europe1.pdf
A presentation held by the Swedish Minister for Finance Anders Borg at Global Utmaning's and the Swedish House of Finance's seminar "Combating the Debt Addiction" at the Stockholm School of Economics, Thursday May 22, 2014.
A presentation held by Ph.D. Ulf Dahlsten at Global Utmaning's and the Swedish House of Finance's seminar "Combating the Debt Addiction" at the Stockholm School of Economics, Thursday May 22, 2014.
Challenges with high household debt levels - a Swedish perspectiveGlobal Utmaning
A presentation held by Lord Adair Turner from INET at Global Utmaning's and the Swedish House of Finance's seminar "Combating the Debt Addiction" at the Stockholm School of Economics, Thursday May 22, 2014.
Ed Groark presents State of the World 2014: Governing for sustainabilityGlobal Utmaning
Ed Groark, Chairman of the Worldwatch institute, presented the annual report State of the World, this year themed "Governing for sustainability" at a seminar hosted by Norden i Fokus and Global Utmaning on the 7th of May 2014.
Energiewende - Status of the German Energy reformsGlobal Utmaning
A presentation given in Stockholm, March 20th 2014, by Dr. Ralf Bartels, Industriegewerkschaft Bergbau, Chemie, Energie
Head of Department Energy Reforms / Sustainability
at Global Challenge's and E.ON's seminar "A Nordic Energiewende?"
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex Proofs
Pavan Sukhdev Stockholm May 9th
1. 9th May, 2012
Stockholm
The TEEB Perspective on Valuation
Pavan Sukhdev
McCluskey Fellow 2011, Yale University
Founder & CEO, GIST Advisory
Study Leader, TEEB
2. Why Valuation, Why TEEB ?
3.In a world driven by economic rationale, the economic invisibility of
nature is a problem.
1. Because addressing losses requires knowledge from many
disciplines (ecology, economics, policy) to be synthesized,
integrated and acted upon.
3. Because different decision-making groups (policy makers, local
managers, businesses, citizens) need different types of
information and guidance.
5. Because successes need to be understood, broadcast, replicated
and scaled.
3. How Long Has The Problem Been Known ?
“Diamond-Water” Paradox …
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith, 1776
“I believe that the great part of the miseries of mankind are brought upon
them by false estimates they have made of the value of things.”
Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790
4. Why the Obsession with “Big Global Numbers” …
• Costanza et al, 1997, Nature : Natures services in aggregate worth
$18-$61 Trillion per annum, average $ 38Trillion ($24 Trillion oceans, $
14 Trillion land biomes..)
• Balmford et al, 2002, Science : Marginal benefits of conserving 15%
of land ($1.1-$1.3 Trillion) and 30% of oceans ($3.3-$3.9 Trillion)
exceed costs of conservation ($ 45 billion) by a factor of 100:1
… when we know decision-making does not take
place at a “Global” scale ?
5. The TEEB Perspective on Valuation
Norms,
Regulations
Regional Plans & Policies
Legislations
Recognizing Economic
Value Certification Mechanisms
PA Evaluation
Demonstrating
Value PES
Markets
Capturing
Value
Ch.5 Ch.4 Ch.3 Ch.3
6. Case Study: Integrating ecosystem services into
land use plans in Baoxing County, Sichuan, China
REGIONAL PLANS
An ecosystem service mapping and modelling
tool (InVEST) used to plan development zones
that avoid areas of high ecosystem service
provision and conservation importance
Developments were reconsidered by local
government officials during the making of the
next Baoxing County Land Use Master Plan
2010 where mapping had highlighted that
activities were planned in areas of several
critical ecosystem services
7. Case Study: Tubbataha Marine Park, Philippines
UNESCO World Heritage site, contains 396 species of corals & has higher
species diversity per square meter than the Great Barrier Reef
LEGISLATION
After 1998 Bleaching incident –
Stakeholders meeting held and “No-
take” areas agreed. Later, President
passed the Tubbataha Reefs Natural
Park Act in 2010 (10 mile buffer zone
around the no-take marine reserve) thus
increasing Park by 200%
•10% annual increase in live coral cover
•Fish biomass is four-folds better than
the average healthy reef
8. Case Study: Kampala Wetland
Services provided by the Nakivubo swamp include natural water purification
and treatment & supporting small-scale income activities of slum dwellers
P. A. EVALUATION (Nakivubo designated a part of
the city’s greenbelt zone)
Ecosystems services provided by
the swamp equal USD 1 million
-1.75 million / year
If the swamp is converted then
additional investment into a
sewage treatment plant would be
required with running costs of
over USD 2 million / year
9. Case Study: ‘Satoyama’ Landscapes, Japan
75-100% reduction in pesticides, traditional winter flooding rice farming
adopted and White Stork rice and other certified products sold at a
“premium”
PES
2003-2007: farmers paid 40,000 JYen per 1,000m2 of rice
paddies. Currently granted 7,000 JYen per 1,000m2 by Toyo-oka
City.
CERTIFICATION
Rice sold at 23 % higher rate for reduced pesticide use and 54 %
more for organic farming
• White Stork habitat increased from 0.7 ha in 2003 to 212.3
ha
• Extinct in 1971, now has over 40 breeding pairs
Konotori no Mai / Flying
• 1 billion JPY annually in tourism, & municipal income raised Oriental White Stork
10. TEEB Perspective : Key Themes…
• Valuation decision itself has ‘trade-offs’ that need to be
recognized ..… “Long-term Concerns” matter
• Valuation is a human institution.. “Who values?” matters
• Valuation must have a defined purpose….. “Why value?”
matters
• Valuation has ethical implications.. “Uncertainties & Risks”
• Discounting implies ethical choices… “Equity” matters
12. Long-term Concerns about Valuation
Biodiversity & ecosystems are multi-dimensional, contested and
context specific, but valuation promotes a universal notion of the
natural environment.
3. RISK : By placing values on nature we change existing concepts of ownership
and property
• Nature risks becoming a commodity that can be traded in markets for
dollars or traded-off in policy (“commodity fiction”)
• RISK : As values have not been previously defined the process of valuation
changes how we appreciate nature
• Individual preferences can outweigh consensus building and collective
decision making
• Are we constructing markets that are set up to fail?
13. Long-term Implications of Valuation
The critique of valuation is both institutional and psychological:
3.Cultural and social anthropology suggests flaws in the structural and
institutional outlook of economic valuation.
• Different cultural approaches to human-environment relationships
4.The psychological viewpoint considers that valuation ignores the internal
origins of human behaviour.
• Economics inconsistently applies psychological theories to explain
behaviour and to champion rational choice
• Economics focuses on the outcome of decisions not the process
• Empirical studies of behaviour do not back up economic theories of
preference
14. Long-term Implications of Valuation
• It has been argued that economics divorces the emotions underlying
choices from the utility of choice outcomes
• Developments in behavioural economics suggests that people’s
judgements and choices are more intuitive than rational
• Theories of choice that ignore emotions such as pain of loss and the regret
of mistakes are unrealistic and may not maximise utility
• Policy and actions are therefore sub-optimal
15. Long-term Implications of Valuation
• There is on-going debate about attaching new forms of property rights to
nature and culture
• Linked to the expanded use of protected areas has been in the granting of
resource rights to ‘traditional’ indigenous groups and rural populations
• It is often assumed that such groups have inherent knowledge that allows
them to act as ‘stewards of nature’
• Such policies significantly change the relationships within and between
groups over the rights to control, exclude and exploit resources
16. Long-term Implications of Valuation
• Conversely, ‘traditional’ knowledge can be consider vital to understanding
the value of biodiversity
• Such knowledge of the use and management of resources is necessary to
obtain the value of medicinal plants, crop varieties, forest resources etc.
• Bio prospecting seeks to exploit this knowledge with the ‘promise of selling
biodiversity to protect it’
• Benefits have often not been realised with conflicts flourishing
• Resources and knowledge are appropriated by ‘powerful corporations’
• Biodiversity and knowledge are no longer ‘common heritage’
17. The Challenges of Valuation:
Ecosystems, Biodiversity & Level of
Analysis
18. Complexity & Functional Inter-dependencies
Underlying Valuations
• Economic valuation is a complex, spatial and institutional cross-scale problem
• Values of ecosystem services differ with changing ecological features and
differing beneficiaries
• Local residents and visitors may value a site for its recreational direct use
value at a local scale
• Because of its high biodiversity the same site may have option, bequest and
existence values at a global scale
• Importantly, efforts to conserve ecosystems at the local level (e.g. protected
areas) may lack the scope to control pressures on surrounding land
19. Complexity & Functional Inter-dependencies
Underlying Valuations
• The risk (as observed in the Amazon, 30% PA) is that islands of protected
ecosystems are surrounded by increasingly intensive land use that in turn
threatens the integrity of those protected areas
• Valuation may be limited to valuing resource at one level whilst neglecting
other levels vital to long term sustainability
• The challenge is to create institutions that can integrate the management of
protected and non-protected areas
• Valuation needs to function as part of a larger process that can value flows
and connectivity between ecosystems and informs adaptive management
20. How to Choose how to Value
• Society is composed of a variety of members having non-identical interests
and values – which valuation method should be used?
• Ashby’s (1952) ‘Law of Requisite Variety’ states that any regulatory system
needs as much variety in the actions it can take as exists in the system it is
regulating
– i.e. complex environmental systems can’t be reduced to simple valuation
questions
• Further, placing values on the environment is a cognitively demanding task –
people adopt simplistic choice heuristics
• Consequently value responses might be hard to interpret
21. How to Choose how to Value
• Decisions about complex
ecosystems and biodiversity
require methods that capture
this complexity and value
plurality
• Public engagement should be
able to capture the same level
of complexity as the system it
aims to conserve
22. How to Choose how to Value
• O’Connor and Frame (2008) propose two thresholds beyond which
assessing trade-offs or monetary choice is inappropriate
o Either estimation is scientifically difficult; or
o The implied trade-off is deemed morally inappropriate
23. How to choose how to value
• Clear & Stated Purpose : Different parameters, assumptions, values
appropriate for different purposes (eg : GAISP : For green accounting ?
For calculating PES rewards ? For setting compensatory payments ?)
• Whose Valuation ? Segments of society will have differing interests
and values – which valuation method should be used?
• Not Too Simple ? Ashby’s (1952) ‘Law of Requisite Variety’ states that
any regulatory system needs as much variety in the actions it can take as
exists in the system it is regulating (i.e. complex environmental systems
can’t be reduced to simple valuation questions)
• Not too Complex ? Placing values on the environment is a cognitively
demanding task – people adopt simplistic choice heuristics
24. How to choose how to value
• Clear & Stated Purpose : Different parameters, assumptions, values
appropriate for different purposes (eg : GAISP : For green accounting ?
For calculating PES rewards ? For setting compensatory payments ?)
• Whose Valuation ? Segments of society will have differing interests
and values – which valuation method should be used?
• Not Too Simple ? Ashby’s (1952) ‘Law of Requisite Variety’ states that
any regulatory system needs as much variety in the actions it can take as
exists in the system it is regulating (i.e. complex environmental systems
can’t be reduced to simple valuation questions)
• Not too Complex ? Placing values on the environment is a cognitively
demanding task – people adopt simplistic choice heuristics
25. Example : Valuation of Forest Land for Compensatory
Payments, by Central Empowered Committee,
Supreme Court of India, 2006
23 (i) for non-forestry use / diversion of forest land, the NPV may
be directed to be deposited in the Compensatory Afforestation
Fund as per the rates given below:-
(in Rs.)
Eco-Value Very Dense Dense Open
class Forest Forest Forest
Class I 10,43,000 9,39,000 7,30,000
Class II 10,43,000 9,39,000 7,30,000
Class III 8,87,000 8,03,000 6,26,000
Class IV 6,26,000 5,63,000 4,38,000
Class V 9,39,000 8,45,000 6,57,000
Class VI 9,91,000 8,97,000 6,99,000
26. Example : Valuation of Forest Land for Compensatory
Payments, Central Empowered Committee,
Supreme Court of India, 2006
(iii) “the use of forest land falling in National Parks / Wildlife Sanctuaries
will be permissible only in totally unavoidable circumstances for
public interest projects and after obtaining permission from the Hon’ble
Court. Such permissions may be considered on payment of an amount
equal to ten times in the case of National Parks and five times in the case
of Sanctuaries respectively of the NPV payable for such areas.”
27. How to Choose how to Value
• The choice of valuation method will define the outcome of the valuation
process:
o Private good elements versus CPR and public good elements of ecosystems
o Simple versus complex systems
o Individual and egoistic versus social side of human behaviour and
rationality
o Instrumental versus communicative type of human interaction
• The how of valuation may be more important than the value we estimate
28. For Example….
Courtesy : Yann-Arthus Bertrand, GoodPlanet
29. How Certain are we? Is there Scientific Proof ?
Amazon Rainforest
“Water Pump”
Evapo-transpiration puts 20
billion tonnes of water into
the atmosphere daily, some
of which falls as rain in the
Rio Plata Basin…
(Global Canopy Programme
& Canopy Capital Ltd, 2008)
31. Valuation as a Feedback Mechanism
• Despite the forgoing criticisms of valuation it retains an important role in
calling attention to the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the
face of competing forces for resource use
• By applying values to nature, market forces can be confronted and incentives
for beneficial resource use change created
• In the long run, will the environment be internalised into economic thinking?
• Valuation therefore provides feedback in a system where production,
consumption etc. are distanced from the environment
32. Valuation as a Feedback Mechanism
• However, there may exist a critical time-lag in the valuation feedback
mechanism
• As values are an outcome of existing institutional, cultural and social
constructs then adaptation to environmental change is required
• As ecosystems are degraded and biodiversity lost, attitudes and values
towards nature will change, but the time-lag may be long
• Are there opportunities to ‘tunnel’ through the environmental Kuznets
curve?
• Is there a role of feelings and ethics to shorten this time-lag in the absence of
more objective evidence?
33. Checklist : “Is your valuation…..”
• Marginal : Marginal costs, Marginal benefits
• Context- Specific : Was the purpose of valuation defined beforehand ?
And was the valuation used for the right policy and human context ?
• Location Specific : Which biomes where, delivering which ecosystem
services, to which beneficiary population, where ?
• Scenario Based : What are the policy drivers of change at the margin ?
• Modeled with Care : If actual costs and benefits not available, were
benefit transfer and scaling up of values done with care ?
34. • TEEB is not about “Selling Mother Nature”
• TEEB is not some simple-minded cost-benefit-based
stewardship model for the whole Earth
• TEEB is about preventing the economic invisibility of
Nature from leading to bad policies & trade-offs
• TEEB is about recognizing, demonstrating, capturing
and rewarding the benefits that ecosystems and
biodiversity provide to society in general and to poor
people in particular