Ulf Dahlsten gave a presentation at the Stockholm School of Economics on March 22nd, 2014 about combating debt addiction and stabilizing the financial system. He argued that more needs to be done as the system has issues like extreme pro-cyclicality, underestimating endogenous risks, excessive money creation, growing private debts, asset inflation, and complexity. He focused on these problems and asked questions about addressing excessive money creation, the danger of private debt buildup, curbing asset inflation without hurting the economy, and what central banks, regulators, and politicians can do to help.
Ed Groark presents State of the World 2014: Governing for sustainabilityGlobal Utmaning
Ed Groark, Chairman of the Worldwatch institute, presented the annual report State of the World, this year themed "Governing for sustainability" at a seminar hosted by Norden i Fokus and Global Utmaning on the 7th of May 2014.
Nordic Energy ways in Europe – Clean, Competitive and ConnectedGlobal Utmaning
Seminar: NORDIC ENERGY WAYS – WHAT‘S IN IT FOR US?
Monday, 2 June 2014
Anders Olsson, vice CEO E.ON Norden, presented the main conclusions of the report Nordic Energy Ways in Europe. Read the full report here: www.globalutmaning.se/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Nordic-Energy-Ways-in-Europe1.pdf
Ed Groark presents State of the World 2014: Governing for sustainabilityGlobal Utmaning
Ed Groark, Chairman of the Worldwatch institute, presented the annual report State of the World, this year themed "Governing for sustainability" at a seminar hosted by Norden i Fokus and Global Utmaning on the 7th of May 2014.
Nordic Energy ways in Europe – Clean, Competitive and ConnectedGlobal Utmaning
Seminar: NORDIC ENERGY WAYS – WHAT‘S IN IT FOR US?
Monday, 2 June 2014
Anders Olsson, vice CEO E.ON Norden, presented the main conclusions of the report Nordic Energy Ways in Europe. Read the full report here: www.globalutmaning.se/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Nordic-Energy-Ways-in-Europe1.pdf
Our lives are changing at an unprecedented pace. Transformational shifts in our economic, environmental, geopolitical, societal and technological systems offer unparalleled opportunities, but the interconnections among them also imply enhanced systemic risks. Stakeholders from across business, government and civil society face an evolving imperative in understanding and managing emerging global risks which, by definition, respect no national boundaries.
Zurich Insurance's Global Risks 2014 Report for the World Economic Forum in Davos 2014. Tied to United Nations Agenda 21 and the IPCC reports on global warming.
Global Risks 2014 - The World Economic Forumasafeiran
Objectives of the Global Risks 2014 Report:
The world faces risks that can be addressed only by
long-term thinking and collaboration among business,
governments and civil society. The Global Risks 2014
report aims to support this process by:
– exploring the nature of systemic risks
– mapping 31 global risks according to the level of
concern they arouse, their likelihood and potential
impact, as well as the strength of the
interconnections between them
– looking in-depth at the ways in which three
constellations of global risk – centred on youth,
cyberspace and geopolitics – could interplay and
have systemic impact
The Global Risks 2014 report highlights how global risks are
not only interconnected but also have systemic impacts. To
manage global risks effectively and build resilience to their
impacts, better efforts are needed to understand, measure
and foresee the evolution of interdependencies between
risks, supplementing traditional risk-management tools with
new concepts designed for uncertain environments.
Our lives are changing at an unprecedented pace. Transformational shifts in our economic, environmental, geopolitical, societal and technological systems offer unparalleled opportunities, but the interconnections among them also imply enhanced systemic risks.
Stakeholders from across business, government and civil society face an evolving imperative in understanding and managing emerging global risks which, by definition, respect no national boundaries. Conceptual models are needed to define, characterize and measure the potential negative impacts of interconnected global risks.
It is in this spirit that I present the Global Risks 2014 report, now in its ninth edition. This report aims to enhance our understanding of how a comprehensive set of global risks is evolving, how their interaction can lead to unexpected and often systemic impacts, and the trade-offs involved in managing them. Global Risks 2014 is a stimulus for reflection for policy-makers, chief executive officers, senior executives and thought leaders around the world.
It is also a call to action to improve international efforts at coordination and collaboration, going beyond the traditional roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors to equip institutions to understand, map, monitor, manage and mitigate global risks. The report emphasizes the importance of understanding systemic risks, long-term thinking to address and Preface mitigate them and the critical role of the younger generation. To do so, it offers deep-dive analytical insights into interconnected risks with the potential to have systemic consequences in the geopolitical, socio-economic and digital spheres.
The report features an analysis of a survey of over 700 leaders and decision-makers from the World Economic Forum’s global multistakeholder community on 31 selected global risks. For the first time, survey respondents were asked directly to nominate their risks of highest concern, which placed economic and social issues firmly at the top. I would like to thank the partners of the Global Risks 2014 report, without whose expert contributions this report would not have been possible: Marsh & McLennan Companies, Swiss Re and Zurich Insurance Group, as well as the National University of Singapore, Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford and the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the University of Pennsylvania. My appreciation also goes to the World Economic Forum’s Network of Global Agenda Councils for their important insights, under the leadership of Martina Gmür
Global Financial Crisis and its impact on economic growthKruti Kamdar
What is Financial Crisis?
Definition: A situation in which the supply of money is outpaced by the demand for money.
This means that liquidity is quickly evaporated because available money is withdrawn from banks, forcing banks either to sell other investments to make up for the shortfall or to collapse. A financial crisis is often associated with a panic or a run on the banks, in which investors sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts with the expectation that the value of those assets will drop if they remain at a financial institution...
Eton College Forum on the Global Financial Crisistutor2u
The title of this event is ‘No More Business As Usual: How to Avoid Another Financial Crash.’ The 2008 crisis marked a sea-change point.It was a fa ilure on three counts: 1. A failure of oversight from Governments and Central Banks alike, 2. A failure of modeling in not being able to predict the crash and 3. A failure of ideology. Underpinning the crisis was the fundamentally flawed neo-liberal ideologue which has dominated main-stream economic thinking.
Last year’s Global Risks Report warned of a world
that would not easily rebound from continued
shocks. As 2024 begins, the 19th edition of
the report is set against a backdrop of rapidly
accelerating technological change and economic
uncertainty, as the world is plagued by a duo of
dangerous crises: climate and conflict.
Underlying geopolitical tensions combined with the
eruption of active hostilities in multiple regions is
contributing to an unstable global order characterized
by polarizing narratives, eroding trust and insecurity.
At the same time, countries are grappling with the
impacts of record-breaking extreme weather, as
climate-change adaptation efforts and resources
fall short of the type, scale and intensity of climaterelated events already taking place. Cost-of-living
pressures continue to bite, amidst persistently
elevated inflation and interest rates and continued
economic uncertainty in much of the world.
Despondent headlines are borderless, shared
regularly and widely, and a sense of frustration at
the status quo is increasingly palpable. Together,
this leaves ample room for accelerating risks – like
misinformation and disinformation – to propagate
in societies that have already been politically and
economically weakened in recent years.
Just as natural ecosystems can be pushed to the
limit and become something fundamentally new;
such systemic shifts are also taking place across
other spheres: geostrategic, demographic and
technological. This year, we explore the rise of global
risks against the backdrop of these “structural
forces” as well as the tectonic clashes between
them. The next set of global conditions may not
necessarily be better or worse than the last, but the
transition will not be an easy one.
The report explores the global risk landscape in this
phase of transition and governance systems being
stretched beyond their limit. It analyses the most
severe perceived risks to economies and societies
over two and 10 years, in the context of these
influential forces. Could we catapult to a 3°C world
as the impacts of climate change intrinsically rewrite
the planet? Have we reached the peak of human
development for large parts of the global population,
given deteriorating debt and geo-economic
conditions? Could we face an explosion of criminality
and corruption that feeds on more fragile states and
more vulnerable populations? Will an “arms race” in
experimental technologies present existential threats
to humanity?
These transnational risks will become harder to
handle as global cooperation erodes. In this year’s
Global Risks Perception Survey, two-thirds of
respondents predict that a multipolar order will
dominate in the next 10 years, as middle and
great powers set and enforce – but also contest
- current rules and norms. The report considers
the implications of this fragmented world, where
preparedness for global risks is ever more critical but
is hindered by lack o
Cross-border cooperation in the electricity sector - the Nordic exampleGlobal Utmaning
Seminar
NORDIC ENERGY WAYS – WHAT‘S IN IT FOR US?
Monday, 2 June 2014
Arne Mogren, European Climate Foundation, gave a presentation on the history of electricity and Nordic electricity cooperation.
A presentation held by the Swedish Minister for Finance Anders Borg at Global Utmaning's and the Swedish House of Finance's seminar "Combating the Debt Addiction" at the Stockholm School of Economics, Thursday May 22, 2014.
Our lives are changing at an unprecedented pace. Transformational shifts in our economic, environmental, geopolitical, societal and technological systems offer unparalleled opportunities, but the interconnections among them also imply enhanced systemic risks. Stakeholders from across business, government and civil society face an evolving imperative in understanding and managing emerging global risks which, by definition, respect no national boundaries.
Zurich Insurance's Global Risks 2014 Report for the World Economic Forum in Davos 2014. Tied to United Nations Agenda 21 and the IPCC reports on global warming.
Global Risks 2014 - The World Economic Forumasafeiran
Objectives of the Global Risks 2014 Report:
The world faces risks that can be addressed only by
long-term thinking and collaboration among business,
governments and civil society. The Global Risks 2014
report aims to support this process by:
– exploring the nature of systemic risks
– mapping 31 global risks according to the level of
concern they arouse, their likelihood and potential
impact, as well as the strength of the
interconnections between them
– looking in-depth at the ways in which three
constellations of global risk – centred on youth,
cyberspace and geopolitics – could interplay and
have systemic impact
The Global Risks 2014 report highlights how global risks are
not only interconnected but also have systemic impacts. To
manage global risks effectively and build resilience to their
impacts, better efforts are needed to understand, measure
and foresee the evolution of interdependencies between
risks, supplementing traditional risk-management tools with
new concepts designed for uncertain environments.
Our lives are changing at an unprecedented pace. Transformational shifts in our economic, environmental, geopolitical, societal and technological systems offer unparalleled opportunities, but the interconnections among them also imply enhanced systemic risks.
Stakeholders from across business, government and civil society face an evolving imperative in understanding and managing emerging global risks which, by definition, respect no national boundaries. Conceptual models are needed to define, characterize and measure the potential negative impacts of interconnected global risks.
It is in this spirit that I present the Global Risks 2014 report, now in its ninth edition. This report aims to enhance our understanding of how a comprehensive set of global risks is evolving, how their interaction can lead to unexpected and often systemic impacts, and the trade-offs involved in managing them. Global Risks 2014 is a stimulus for reflection for policy-makers, chief executive officers, senior executives and thought leaders around the world.
It is also a call to action to improve international efforts at coordination and collaboration, going beyond the traditional roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors to equip institutions to understand, map, monitor, manage and mitigate global risks. The report emphasizes the importance of understanding systemic risks, long-term thinking to address and Preface mitigate them and the critical role of the younger generation. To do so, it offers deep-dive analytical insights into interconnected risks with the potential to have systemic consequences in the geopolitical, socio-economic and digital spheres.
The report features an analysis of a survey of over 700 leaders and decision-makers from the World Economic Forum’s global multistakeholder community on 31 selected global risks. For the first time, survey respondents were asked directly to nominate their risks of highest concern, which placed economic and social issues firmly at the top. I would like to thank the partners of the Global Risks 2014 report, without whose expert contributions this report would not have been possible: Marsh & McLennan Companies, Swiss Re and Zurich Insurance Group, as well as the National University of Singapore, Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford and the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the University of Pennsylvania. My appreciation also goes to the World Economic Forum’s Network of Global Agenda Councils for their important insights, under the leadership of Martina Gmür
Global Financial Crisis and its impact on economic growthKruti Kamdar
What is Financial Crisis?
Definition: A situation in which the supply of money is outpaced by the demand for money.
This means that liquidity is quickly evaporated because available money is withdrawn from banks, forcing banks either to sell other investments to make up for the shortfall or to collapse. A financial crisis is often associated with a panic or a run on the banks, in which investors sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts with the expectation that the value of those assets will drop if they remain at a financial institution...
Eton College Forum on the Global Financial Crisistutor2u
The title of this event is ‘No More Business As Usual: How to Avoid Another Financial Crash.’ The 2008 crisis marked a sea-change point.It was a fa ilure on three counts: 1. A failure of oversight from Governments and Central Banks alike, 2. A failure of modeling in not being able to predict the crash and 3. A failure of ideology. Underpinning the crisis was the fundamentally flawed neo-liberal ideologue which has dominated main-stream economic thinking.
Last year’s Global Risks Report warned of a world
that would not easily rebound from continued
shocks. As 2024 begins, the 19th edition of
the report is set against a backdrop of rapidly
accelerating technological change and economic
uncertainty, as the world is plagued by a duo of
dangerous crises: climate and conflict.
Underlying geopolitical tensions combined with the
eruption of active hostilities in multiple regions is
contributing to an unstable global order characterized
by polarizing narratives, eroding trust and insecurity.
At the same time, countries are grappling with the
impacts of record-breaking extreme weather, as
climate-change adaptation efforts and resources
fall short of the type, scale and intensity of climaterelated events already taking place. Cost-of-living
pressures continue to bite, amidst persistently
elevated inflation and interest rates and continued
economic uncertainty in much of the world.
Despondent headlines are borderless, shared
regularly and widely, and a sense of frustration at
the status quo is increasingly palpable. Together,
this leaves ample room for accelerating risks – like
misinformation and disinformation – to propagate
in societies that have already been politically and
economically weakened in recent years.
Just as natural ecosystems can be pushed to the
limit and become something fundamentally new;
such systemic shifts are also taking place across
other spheres: geostrategic, demographic and
technological. This year, we explore the rise of global
risks against the backdrop of these “structural
forces” as well as the tectonic clashes between
them. The next set of global conditions may not
necessarily be better or worse than the last, but the
transition will not be an easy one.
The report explores the global risk landscape in this
phase of transition and governance systems being
stretched beyond their limit. It analyses the most
severe perceived risks to economies and societies
over two and 10 years, in the context of these
influential forces. Could we catapult to a 3°C world
as the impacts of climate change intrinsically rewrite
the planet? Have we reached the peak of human
development for large parts of the global population,
given deteriorating debt and geo-economic
conditions? Could we face an explosion of criminality
and corruption that feeds on more fragile states and
more vulnerable populations? Will an “arms race” in
experimental technologies present existential threats
to humanity?
These transnational risks will become harder to
handle as global cooperation erodes. In this year’s
Global Risks Perception Survey, two-thirds of
respondents predict that a multipolar order will
dominate in the next 10 years, as middle and
great powers set and enforce – but also contest
- current rules and norms. The report considers
the implications of this fragmented world, where
preparedness for global risks is ever more critical but
is hindered by lack o
Cross-border cooperation in the electricity sector - the Nordic exampleGlobal Utmaning
Seminar
NORDIC ENERGY WAYS – WHAT‘S IN IT FOR US?
Monday, 2 June 2014
Arne Mogren, European Climate Foundation, gave a presentation on the history of electricity and Nordic electricity cooperation.
A presentation held by the Swedish Minister for Finance Anders Borg at Global Utmaning's and the Swedish House of Finance's seminar "Combating the Debt Addiction" at the Stockholm School of Economics, Thursday May 22, 2014.
Challenges with high household debt levels - a Swedish perspectiveGlobal Utmaning
A presentation held by Lord Adair Turner from INET at Global Utmaning's and the Swedish House of Finance's seminar "Combating the Debt Addiction" at the Stockholm School of Economics, Thursday May 22, 2014.
Energiewende - Status of the German Energy reformsGlobal Utmaning
A presentation given in Stockholm, March 20th 2014, by Dr. Ralf Bartels, Industriegewerkschaft Bergbau, Chemie, Energie
Head of Department Energy Reforms / Sustainability
at Global Challenge's and E.ON's seminar "A Nordic Energiewende?"
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. MUCH MORE NEEDS TO BE DONE
TO STABILIZE THE FINANCIAL
SYSTEM
Extreme pro-cyclicality
Endogenous risks are underestimated
Excessive money creation
Growing private debts
Asset inflation
The system has become extremely complex and
inter-connected
Lack of transparency, uncontrolled third-party-risks
Maturity mismatches
Too many incentives in favour of risk-taking
Global imbalances are not addressed
3. THE FOCUS TODAY IS ON
Extreme pro-cyclicality
Endogenous risks are underestimated
Excessive money creation
Growing private debts
Asset inflation
The system has become extremely complex and
inter-connected
Lack of transparency, uncontrolled third-party-risks
Maturity mismatches
Too many incentives in favour of risk-taking
Global imbalances are not addressed
4. QUESTIONS
Do we have an excessive money
creation?
How dangerous is the build-up of
private debt?
How to curb asset inflation without
depressing the economy?
What can the central bank, the macro-
prudential regulator
Finansinspektionen and the political
level do?