This document discusses managing forests in the Congo Basin for multiple uses. It notes that timber extraction currently dominates management but that forests also provide non-timber forest products, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Managing forests actively for some combinations of these uses is possible, though there may be tradeoffs. An integrated landscape approach that combines different land use types like protected areas, logging concessions, and community forests may help balance multiple objectives. Research is needed to better understand interactions between different forest uses and how to implement multiple-use management.
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?CIFOR-ICRAF
Robert Nasi gave this presentation on 22 May 2013 at a discussion forum during the two-day policy and science conference entitled "Sustainable forest management in Central Africa: Yesterday, today and tomorrow", organized by CIFOR and its partners and held in Yaounde, Cameroon.
Managing for high value timber and biodiversity in the Congo BasinRobert Nasi
Multiple-use forest management is considered by many as a preferable alternative to single-use, generally timber-dominant, management models to ensure a greater biodiversity. In this presentation we will briefly explore the major land-uses in the Congo Basin and their actual or potential for sustaining biodiversity in a production context. We then focus on the most extant production systems (shifting cultivation, industrial logging concessions and main commodity crops) to analyze the existing issues and options for managing actively both valuable timber species and biodiversity with a special emphasis timber stands, wildlife and the potential role of certification.
We highlight a few promising but yet ‘unfinished’ examples in the region and we review these cases to draw lessons and recommendations. We contend however that true multiple-use could only be realized by expanding beyond boundaries of formal management units through new innovative land-use units, allowing a spatial cohabitation of the interests of local people, of conservation proponents and of extractive industries in the same management unit.
The evolving role of tropical forests for local livelihoods in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Locals along Malinau River in East Kalimantan say village life is improving, thanks to development projects, logging and mining activities, but they are concerned about the declining quality of their forests and the environment. The trade-off is negative to their livelihoods, especially in the long-term. Forest communities, often living in remote areas, support both development and conservation efforts. Giving greater control to local people in managing tropical forests, e.g. through adaptive and collaborative management, therefore offers both environmental and development benefits. CIFOR scientist Imam Basuki gave a presentation on these findings in a parallel session of the inaugral International Conference of Indonesian Forestry Researchers (INAFOR), held from 5 – 7 December 2011 in Bogor, Indonesia. INAFOR aims to provide a knowledge-sharing forum for Indonesia’s forestry scientists from governmental agencies or the private sector, and is planned as a preparatory forum for Indonesia’s increased involvement in IUFRO (the International Union of Forest Research Organisations).
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, delivered by Anne Larson and Iliana Monterroso, draws on experiences in Brazil and China to suggest lessons for implementing land tenure reform.
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne M Larson and Iliana Monterroro at Megaflorestais in Peru.
Topics discussed include framing questions, case studies and lessons for forest tenure reform.
Learn more about the event here: http://www.megaflorestais.org/content/megaflorestais-2015
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?CIFOR-ICRAF
Robert Nasi gave this presentation on 22 May 2013 at a discussion forum during the two-day policy and science conference entitled "Sustainable forest management in Central Africa: Yesterday, today and tomorrow", organized by CIFOR and its partners and held in Yaounde, Cameroon.
Managing for high value timber and biodiversity in the Congo BasinRobert Nasi
Multiple-use forest management is considered by many as a preferable alternative to single-use, generally timber-dominant, management models to ensure a greater biodiversity. In this presentation we will briefly explore the major land-uses in the Congo Basin and their actual or potential for sustaining biodiversity in a production context. We then focus on the most extant production systems (shifting cultivation, industrial logging concessions and main commodity crops) to analyze the existing issues and options for managing actively both valuable timber species and biodiversity with a special emphasis timber stands, wildlife and the potential role of certification.
We highlight a few promising but yet ‘unfinished’ examples in the region and we review these cases to draw lessons and recommendations. We contend however that true multiple-use could only be realized by expanding beyond boundaries of formal management units through new innovative land-use units, allowing a spatial cohabitation of the interests of local people, of conservation proponents and of extractive industries in the same management unit.
The evolving role of tropical forests for local livelihoods in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Locals along Malinau River in East Kalimantan say village life is improving, thanks to development projects, logging and mining activities, but they are concerned about the declining quality of their forests and the environment. The trade-off is negative to their livelihoods, especially in the long-term. Forest communities, often living in remote areas, support both development and conservation efforts. Giving greater control to local people in managing tropical forests, e.g. through adaptive and collaborative management, therefore offers both environmental and development benefits. CIFOR scientist Imam Basuki gave a presentation on these findings in a parallel session of the inaugral International Conference of Indonesian Forestry Researchers (INAFOR), held from 5 – 7 December 2011 in Bogor, Indonesia. INAFOR aims to provide a knowledge-sharing forum for Indonesia’s forestry scientists from governmental agencies or the private sector, and is planned as a preparatory forum for Indonesia’s increased involvement in IUFRO (the International Union of Forest Research Organisations).
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, delivered by Anne Larson and Iliana Monterroso, draws on experiences in Brazil and China to suggest lessons for implementing land tenure reform.
Lessons from implementing tenure reforms in major forested countriesCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne M Larson and Iliana Monterroro at Megaflorestais in Peru.
Topics discussed include framing questions, case studies and lessons for forest tenure reform.
Learn more about the event here: http://www.megaflorestais.org/content/megaflorestais-2015
Taking the long view USAID, USFS, USGS investment in smallholder and communit...CIFOR-ICRAF
Jordan Kimball, Scott Bode, Nicodème Tchamou, Boubacar Thiam, Diane Russell, Gray Tappan and Dan Whyner with inspiration from Tim Resch and Mike McGahuey
Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry Montpellier, 24-26 March 2010
Promoting best practices for joint forest management of forest resources in t...CIFOR-ICRAF
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Presentation for the conference on
Taking stock of smallholders and community forestry
Montpellier France
March 24-26, 2010
Lessons learned from government initiatives to implement community rights in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne Larson at the Workshop on Securing Community Rights, Forest Protection and Climate Mitigation at Scale in Oslo. It provides the history and context of community rights initiatives, and suggests lessons from experiences in Brazil and China.
Lessons learned from government initiatives to implement community rights in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne M Larson and Iliana Monterroro at the Workshop on Securing Community Rights, Forest Protection and Climate Mitigation at Scale.
Topics discussed include the history, context and lessons for tenure reform.
Learn more about the event here: http://www.rightsandresources.org/en/event/securing-collective-land-rights-forest-protection-and-climate-mitigation-at-scale-status-opportunities-and-priorities/
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
The Economics of Restoration: Costs, benefits, scale and spatial aspectsCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Bernardo Strassburg, IIS, discusses the pact for the restoration of the atlantic rainforest, how to develop a restoration economy and also large scale restoration & the landscape.
Landscape Approach Initiatives and Traditional Village Systems: Leaning for S...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
The Challenges of Decentralized Management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif...AI Publications
This research is based on the participatory appraisal of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Resources Conservation and Sustainable Use Project. It allows the various stakeholders met to take stock of the success factors of the decentralized forest management project implemented in their region and the constraints related to its ownership. The grid for this participatory assessment is based on the framework for assessing the effectiveness of the management of protected areas developed by Hockings et al (2006) on behalf of the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA). This involves measuring the following six key aspects: the context for creating a protected area (potential and threats); site management planning; inputs (inputs - resources or means of action); the management process; the outputs in terms of immediate effects (outputs) and finally, the results in terms of sustainability (outcomes). The choice of this evaluation framework is justified by the fact that it has become the world benchmark for the management of protected areas and fits well with the purpose of this study. This reflection is based on data from secondary and primary sources. The main results obtained show that the impacts of the Ngoyla-Mintom Project are globally positive in ecological and socio-economic terms. As for the impacts on the living environment, we are witnessing the regeneration of flora and the repopulation of wildlife species.
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Taking the long view USAID, USFS, USGS investment in smallholder and communit...CIFOR-ICRAF
Jordan Kimball, Scott Bode, Nicodème Tchamou, Boubacar Thiam, Diane Russell, Gray Tappan and Dan Whyner with inspiration from Tim Resch and Mike McGahuey
Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry Montpellier, 24-26 March 2010
Promoting best practices for joint forest management of forest resources in t...CIFOR-ICRAF
Michael Balinga, Terry Sunderland, Serge Ngendakumana, Abdon Awono, Zida Mathurin and Bouda Henri Noel
Presentation for the conference on
Taking stock of smallholders and community forestry
Montpellier France
March 24-26, 2010
Lessons learned from government initiatives to implement community rights in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne Larson at the Workshop on Securing Community Rights, Forest Protection and Climate Mitigation at Scale in Oslo. It provides the history and context of community rights initiatives, and suggests lessons from experiences in Brazil and China.
Lessons learned from government initiatives to implement community rights in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne M Larson and Iliana Monterroro at the Workshop on Securing Community Rights, Forest Protection and Climate Mitigation at Scale.
Topics discussed include the history, context and lessons for tenure reform.
Learn more about the event here: http://www.rightsandresources.org/en/event/securing-collective-land-rights-forest-protection-and-climate-mitigation-at-scale-status-opportunities-and-priorities/
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
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Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
The Economics of Restoration: Costs, benefits, scale and spatial aspectsCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Bernardo Strassburg, IIS, discusses the pact for the restoration of the atlantic rainforest, how to develop a restoration economy and also large scale restoration & the landscape.
Landscape Approach Initiatives and Traditional Village Systems: Leaning for S...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
The Challenges of Decentralized Management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif...AI Publications
This research is based on the participatory appraisal of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Resources Conservation and Sustainable Use Project. It allows the various stakeholders met to take stock of the success factors of the decentralized forest management project implemented in their region and the constraints related to its ownership. The grid for this participatory assessment is based on the framework for assessing the effectiveness of the management of protected areas developed by Hockings et al (2006) on behalf of the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA). This involves measuring the following six key aspects: the context for creating a protected area (potential and threats); site management planning; inputs (inputs - resources or means of action); the management process; the outputs in terms of immediate effects (outputs) and finally, the results in terms of sustainability (outcomes). The choice of this evaluation framework is justified by the fact that it has become the world benchmark for the management of protected areas and fits well with the purpose of this study. This reflection is based on data from secondary and primary sources. The main results obtained show that the impacts of the Ngoyla-Mintom Project are globally positive in ecological and socio-economic terms. As for the impacts on the living environment, we are witnessing the regeneration of flora and the repopulation of wildlife species.
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Luxe Botanics is a botanic skin care range for the wellness conscious woman. The range consists of marula oil from Kenya, camu camu from Brazil, and Kigelia africana from Malawi, all scientifically formulated with botanic and natural ingredients to hydrate, nourish and clarify your skin naturally.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
We are sharing all the slides following our Webinar hosted on October 28, 2015. Learn more about all the health benefits of Glutathione and how it can help you.
For any questions, drop us a line @ info@nutraxis.com
Firmax 3 cream a hormone balancing cream it increases functions of our metabolism with side effect on rejuvenating, lifting and firming our skin, Firmax3 cream stands for healthy, beauty and luxury. For more information please contact Chef Rey Layola 09368733221
Glutathione is a natural antioxidant found in the body that prevents many signs of aging such as Alzheimer's, cancer and more. Discover three ways you can get the produce the most glutathione possible in your everyday life.
For more information on glutathione, go here: https://www.drvitaminsolutions.com/blog/the-glutathione-pipeline/
What is Glutathione? This is a science-based e-book backed by clinical studies and peer reviewed medical journals that reveal what Glutathione really is and how you can take advantage of it's health benefits.
Glutathione - This Master Antioxidant is Anti-Agingwheymania
Glutathione is the master antioxidant, the 'food' for your immune system, and a major detoxifier of of your body. It also holds incredible anti-aging secrets. So, where do you get Glutathione? It's important to realize that glutathione is produced within your cells from three amino acids. Non-denatured whey protein is one the the most effective ways for your body to get the necessary building blocks, amino acids, to synthesize Glutathione.
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Action Whey by Emerald Express is a 100% natural whey protein. When looking for a whey protein, it's important to know what to look for. The human body was not designed to consume protein in an isolated form devoid of its nutritional cofactors. Most isolates are over-processed, thus destroying the fragile protein structure and rendering them deficient in key amino acids and immune-supporting nutrients.
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Managing for high value timber and biodiversity in the Congo BasinCIFOR-ICRAF
This session of the 2014 IUFRO World Congress explored how biodiversity positively impacts management of high-value timber species, (e.g., protection from pests and pathogens) and, conversely, how management for high-value species helps conserve biodiversity (e.g., how planted forests can conserve biodiversity).
Why managing and restoring tropical forests matterCIFOR-ICRAF
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Facilitated by SNV, this event was held on April 24 to coincide with the Asia Pacific Forestry Week (APFW), which occured over April 21-26. The event featured a special Guest speaker - David Huberman - who was visiting Hanoi for the APFW - and focussed on REDD, the forestry mechanism proposed for the post-2012 UNFCCC protocol. Click on the link below to read his presentation.
Presentation by David Huberman
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Similar to Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin? (20)
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Protein from forest wildlife (including fish) is crucial to food security, nutrition and health across the tropics. The harvest of duikers, antelopes, pigs, primates, rodents, birds, reptiles and fish provides invaluable benefits to local people both in terms of income and of improved nutritious diets. It also creates, often linked with commercialization, some very important health issues with the spread of several life-threatening diseases (Ebola, SARS).
Vulnerability of the resource to harvest varies, with some species sustaining populations in heavily hunted secondary habitats, while others require intact forests with minimal harvesting to maintain healthy populations. Global attention has been drawn to biodiversity loss through debates regarding bushmeat, the “empty forest” syndrome and their ecological importance.
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Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
1. Can we manage forests for
multiple uses in the Congo
Basin?
Robert Nasi, Alain Billand, Manuel Guariguata
Yaoundé, 22/05/2013
2. Timber
•
RIL and beyond…
+ Biodiversity
•
Use ecology, life history, consider
wildlife…
+ Non Timber Forest Products
• Trade-offs but possible
+ Ecosystem services
•
Trade-offs but possible; appears in
certification schemes (HCV); serious
accountability issues…
+ Carbone
•
Several risks, trade-offs and issues
…Against threats?
•
Climate change, invasive species, land
conversion….
3. The “Compatibility Continuum”
Inactive
Active
Coincident
Timber management
tools mitigates
damage to other uses
(roads, skid trails,
timber inventorying)
Timber extraction
benefits other values
(logging gaps,
directional felling)
Explicitly manage for
both timber and NTFP
values
4. Modes of Interaction
Independent (spatially segregated, or when there is
no conflict of use for tree species with NTFP value)
Competitive—e.g., extraction of tree species with
both NTFP value for different stakeholders or
exclusion of a given group of stakeholders
Complementary—e.g., logging enhances
growth/regeneration of NTFP (all else being equal)
5. Main Issues
Many tropical tree species have both timber and
non-timber values that accrue to different
stakeholders
Current certification schemes diverge for timber
and NTFPs
Forestry education and training biased towards
timber
Legal and regulatory frameworks dictated
separately for timber and NTFPs
Best harvesting practices/management protocols
for NTFPs have little validation
11. Selective logging in the Congo
Basin
Timber remains the sole managed commodity
Highly selective, few individuals (less than 2) of few
commercial species (less than 5) represent more than
75% of the volume harvested (less than 10m3/ha)
Rotation cycles of about 25-30 years; Minimum cutting
diameter rules; No post-harvest silviculture
The area under proper management and certification is
increasing
Nasi et al. 2006; OFAC, State of Forest 2008, 2010
12.
13. Impact of certification on harvest intensity
Certified concessions
have a significantly
reduced harvesting
intensity
Cerutti et al. 2011
14. Harvesting intensity and residual stands
Area impacted (%)
30
20
Nasi & Forni, 2006
10
0
Rsq = 0.9427
0
1
2
3
Number of trees harvested/ha
4
5
15. Pro-biodiversity activities in logging
concessions
Graphique symétrique
More Biodiversity
(axes F1 et F2 : 54.36 %)
- activities
Actions concrètes +
Sust. Mangt Plan under way
Basic
Aménagement en cours
1.5
Only certified
concessions
show significant
activities in favor
of biodiversity
++
intentions, Limit
ed results
Pas encore
de résultats
Activities limited to
legal requirement
Limited results
1
2
23
More problems
expressed
F2 (10.12 %)
20
3
4
International
5
0
No methods
- Ni les méthodes
No capacities
- Ni les capacités
Limited activities
actuellement
7
Indépendant
9
- Malgré
quelques actions
-0.5
14
11
Groupe
Certifié
13
Vise la and
Motivated --CEOcertification
Souhaite maintenir
some staffses efforts
- > 30 essences
Long term exploitéees
efforts
Effective field activities
Non aménagé
22
No Plan
-1
10
1
26
Billand et al. 2009
Certified
8
With Plan
Aménagé
21
+
Difficultés rencontrées
12
6
0.5
++
-1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
F1 (44.24 %)
0.5
1
1.5
16. Bushmeat hunting
in Congo Basin
Estimates of the value of the
bushmeat trade range from US$42
to US$205 million per year in
West-Central Africa.
Current harvest in Central Africa
alone may well be in excess of 5
million tons annually, could
represent more than 20 million ha
deforested for pasture!
30 to 80% of the protein intake of
many rural populations
17. Why a landscape approach?
High mobility of wildlife (migration, dispersal, extensive
territories…)
Conserving Protected areas alone, will not be enough to
conserve large sized/highly mobile species with huge
ranges (e.g. Elephants) or locally rare plant species
The contribution of production forests to biodiversity
conservation is increasingly recognized (e.g. North Congo where
gorilla densities are higher in logging concessions than in the neighbouring
NP)
18. Protected areas and logging
concessions : surprisingly
close neighbors
OFAC, State of Forest 2008
19. Parks, Concessions, Hunting areas : where are flagship species ?
Some surprising assessments
National Parks
Logging Concessions
Hunting areas
Number of ape nests/km2
OFAC, State of Forest 2008
20. New land-use
types
Combine several land use
types (e.g. logging
concession, protected area,
CBFM…) in one land-use
management unit that would
become an:
Integrated
production/conservation
landscape
21. Environmental
services
Urban, social space
Local incomes
Certified
logging
concession
Protected
Area
Mixed area : protected area and
conservation enterprise
Community
forest
Municipal
forest
Agroindustry
Hunting,
Gathering,
Informal
sectors
Taxes, fiscal
revenues
Sustain rural
population
Billand & Nasi 2006
22. Basic rules
Realize the economic potential of the
conservation side
Manage informal sectors like hunting, fishing or
NTFP extraction for local livelihoods
Use part of the income generated by the
industrial production side for the conservation
area for reciprocal benefits
Foster certification (not limited to timber
considerations)
23. Enabling conditions
Starting funds are needed to cover initial transaction
costs
The willingness of the production sector to engage
into certification or other biodiversity friendly practices
The willingness of the conservation community to
collaborate, share experiences and support the
private sector in integrating conservation concerns in
management practices
A proactive political support (creating specific landuse units with specific instances for decision making)
or, at least, neutral (no undue interference from the
State).
25. Management principles
Maintain landscape heterogeneity
Maintain large structurally complex patches of
natural vegetation
Create buffers around sensitive areas
Maintain or create corridors and stepping stones
Use appropriate disturbance regimes in
management
Maintain functional diversity
Manage for keystone species
Consider endemic, rare and threatened species
26. The Congo Basin has identified 12 Landscapes designed for shared
production and conservation management of forests
Actors
(public, private
sectors) are
aware about the
necessity to
improve
collaboration for
concerted or
integrated
management
But experiences
at field level
remain limited
Source : Carpe
28. “Our major disciplines have long ago ceased
to be effective as separate, have in fact
searched for ways of coming together…but
are restrained by institutional resistance and
lack of vision” (Ron Burnett 2005)
29. New disciplines
“CONSILIENCE: the methods and assumptions of any field of study
should be consistent with the known and accepted facts in other
disciplines” E.J. Wilson.
Social
Sciences
Anthropology
Economy
Policy
Sociology
…
Transdisciplinary
Sciences
Landscape ecology
Ecological economy
Political ecology
Land use change
Human ecology
Biological
Sciences
Botany
Ecology
Genetics
Zoology
…
30.
31. Some final comments
Search for a globally accepted definition of sustainable
forest management is pointless
Management should be defined by societal demands
Outcomes and results should be monitored based on
agreed objectives for management; unrealistic,
unachievable or vague targets are of little use
Good management can never be attained through
bureaucratic procedures alone.
Best practices require able and motivated managers are
available on site to address concerns on a day-to-day basis:
capacity building and training are keys!
Sound judgment remains the foundation of good
management. Data can inform this judgment, but is not an
end in itself
32. Research /Science
Search for universally agreed definitions is pointless
(forests or sustainability)
Strive for continuous improvement to better outcomes
when the “best” is unachievable
Scale research appropriately to the research question
Classical forest science has peaked!
Grainger (2009) calls for a “new global forest science’”
Burley (2004) believes that forest science can be
“restored” with “new interdisciplinary approaches that
integrate the work of biophysical scientists and socioeconomic researchers”