Patterns of Development -Narration -Description -Definition -Classification -Comparison & Contrast -Cause & Effect -Problem-Solution -Persuasion

1. PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT

3. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 Structures writers use to organize their
ideas.
 Use to connect your ideas and provide
enough details in your writing.
 Use to arrange ideas to achieve the writers
purpose in writing the text.

4. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
ACROSS DISCIPLINES
a) Narration
b) Description
c) Definition
d) Exemplification/
Classification
e) Comparison and
Contrast
f) Cause and Effect
g) Problem – Solution
h) Persuasion

5. NARRATION
It is used to tell a story or focus
on a set of events.

6. NARRATIVE TEXT
Any type of writing that relates a
series of events and includes
both fiction and nonfiction

7. PURPOSE OF NARRATIVE
TEXT
To entertain
To gain a reader’s interest
To hold a reader’s interest

8. ELEMENTS OF
NARRATIVE TEXT
1. Setting –time and location
2. Characters –significant part of the story
3. Plot –planned, logical series of events

9. PARTS OF PLOT
a)Exposition-characters and settings are revealed
b)Rising Action-events of the story become complicated
and the conflict is exposed
c)Climax-highest point of interest and the turning point
of the story
d)Falling Action-events and complications begins to
resolve
e)Point of View-perspective of the writer(1st, 2nd & 3rd)

10. DESCRIPTION
It states the details of what
something looks like and its
characteristics

11. KINDS OF DESCRIPTION
1) Objective Description
-it describes something without
conveying the writer’s own
emotions
-it is used in technical or scientific
writing

12. KINDS OF DESCRIPTION
2) Subjective Description
-it conveys feelings and emotions
about a person, place, or thing.
-it is conveying impressions and
contains specific details

13. DEFINITION
It explains what a term means.
You use this when you want
your readers to know exactly
how you are using a certain term
or an unfamiliar concept

14. TYPES OF DEFINITION
1) Formal Definition
-the definitions provided in dictionaries
-it as three (3) general elements:
a. term - the word being defined
b. class – refers to the group to which the term
belongs
c. differentiating features – the word or phrase that
makes it different with the others from the same

15. FORMAL DEFINITION
a) Scientific Writing -form of writing
based on actual and relevant studies
b) Science -the field of study which
attempts to describe and understand the
nature of the universe

16. TYPES OF DEFINITION
2) Informal Definition
a. Operational Definitions
b. Synonyms
c. Denotation
d. Connotation

17. TYPES OF INFORMAL
DEFINITION
a) Operational Definitions –give
the meaning of an abstract word
for one particular time and place.

18. TYPES OF INFORMAL
DEFINITION
b) Synonyms – words that mean
the same as another word

19. TYPES OF INFORMAL
DEFINITION
c) Denotation – exact meaning of
the word or thing

20. TYPES OF INFORMAL
DEFINITION
d) Connotation – an idea or
meaning suggested by or
associated with a word or thing

21. TYPES OF DEFINITION
3) Definition Paragraph
–is a definition sentence that is extended into a
paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions,
narrations
-starts with a definition sentence which is used
as a topic sentence then, a supporting and
concluding statement

22. CLASSIFICATION
- divide a topic into its
component parts
- categorize a group of related
items or events

23. • CLASSIFICATION
– is sorting
– focuses on similarities
• DIVISION
– is breaking into parts
– focuses on differences

24. COMPARISON &
CONTRAST
COMPARE – similar
CONTRAST – difference

27. CAUSE & EFFECT
CAUSE – is what makes a
particular thing happen
EFFECT – is what the results
from a particular situation,
activity, or behavior

28. CAUSE & EFFECT
STRUCTURE
1. BLOCK –all of the causes are listed first,
and all the effects are listed afterwards
2. CHAIN –each cause is followed by
the effect

29. CAUSE & EFFECT
PURPOSE
- is to help readers understand why
something happened or is happening
- when you want to show readers how
one thing affects something else

30. CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
- one event caused another event
and did not just precede in time

31. CAUSE & EFFECT
ORANIZATION
1. Identify the effect in the topic
sentence and write its cause; or
2. Write about the cause in the topic
sentence and write about its

32. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
- it consider the problems of a
particular situation and give
solutions to those problems

33. FOUR COMPONENTS
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• Situation - introduction
• Problem
• Solution
• Evaluation - conclusion

34. Introduction
(including 'situation')
Problem 1 & Solution to Problem 1
Problem 2 & Solution to Problem 2
Problem 3 & Solution to Problem 3
...
Conclusion
(including 'evaluation')
STRUCTURE PROBLEM-SOLUTION
Introduction
(including 'situation')
Problem 1
Problem 2
...
Transition sentence/paragraph
Solution 1
Solution 2
...
Conclusion
CHAIN
Block
BLOCK

35. PERSUASION
- means to convince someone that
your opinion on a subject is the
right one

36. Methods of Persuasion
• FACTS - A statement of what is.
• REFERRING TO AUTHORITY - An
expert who can be relied on to give
unbiased facts and information.

37. Methods of Persuasion
• EXAMPLES - An example should
clearly relate to the argument and
should be typical enough to support
it.

38. Methods of Persuasion
• PREDICTING THE CONSEQUENCE -
Helps the reader visualize what will
occur if something does or does not
happen.

39. Methods of Persuasion
• ANSWERING THE OPPOSITION-
Answering possible critics shows you
are aware of the opposing opinion
and are able to respond to it.