The document describes a novel Wang-shaped patch antenna designed to achieve stable radiation patterns and cross-polarization levels over a wide operational bandwidth. The antenna aims to obtain desired average gain, return loss, and efficiency across the bandwidth to serve modern wireless communication standards simultaneously. It discusses patch antennas, introduces the Wang-shaped patch antenna design which merges two mirrored E-shaped patches, and describes L-probe feeding which can increase the antenna's relative bandwidth.

1. WANG-SHAPED PATCH ANTENNA FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

2. CONTENTS:
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS
PATCH ANTENNA
WANG-SHAPED PATCH ANTENNA
TYPES OF FEED
L-PROBE FEEDING
APPLICATIONS

3. ABSTRACT:
A novel Wang-shaped patch antenna with a small
aperture is presented in this project. Stable radiation patterns
and cross-polarization levels to be achieved at a wide
operational bandwidth and to obtain desired average gain,
return loss, and efficiency across the bandwidth. The antenna
to serve simultaneously most of the modern wireless
communication standards.

4. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION:
Wireless communication is transfer of information between two
or more points that are not connected by electrical conductor.
It permits services such as long range communication that are
impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires.
It offers higher data rates and sensitivity.
Information is transferred over short and long distances.
Applications are point-to-point, point-to-multipoint
communication, broadcasting, cellular networks, Wi-Fi technology.

5. INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS:
An antenna is a specialized transducer which is used to convert
radio frequency fields into alternating current(AC) or vice-versa.
Antennas, which sends and receives the electromagnetic waves
through space plays a vital role in wireless communications.
It is the basic element used to establish a wireless link between
communicating devices.
In today’s communication industry microstrip antenna is the
most important component used due to its several attractive
features.

6. FREQUENCY BAND ANTENNA TYPE APPLICATIONS
VLF(3KHZ-30KHZ) Vertically grounded
wire.
World wide
telegraphy.
LF(30KHZ_300KHZ) Wave antennas. Long distance point
to point service.
MF(300KHZ-3MHZ) Vertical radiators. National
broadcasting.
HF(3MHZ-30MHZ) Folded dipole, TWT. Short wave
broadcasting.
VHF(30MHZ-
300MHZ)
Yagi-uda, Patch
antennas.
RADAR, TV, Radio
UHF(300MHZ-
3000MHZ)
Helical, Horn
antennas.
Short distance
communication.
SHF(3000MHZ-
30000MHZ)
Parabolic reflect.ors Satellites, RADAR.
CONT….

7. PATCH ANTENNA:
A Patch antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile
which can mounted on flat surface.
A Patch antenna is also called as rectangular microstrip
antenna.
They are the original type of microstrip antenna described by
Howell in 1972.
It consists of a flat rectangular sheet or patch of metal,
mounted over a large sheet of metal called ground plane.
A patch antenna is usually constructed on dielectric substrate.
The impedance bandwidth of patch antenna is strongly
influenced by spacing between patch and ground plane.

8. WANG-SHAPED PATCH ANTENNA:
The Wang-shaped patch is designed by merging two E-shaped
patches, one mirrored to the other, as a single patch that leads to
symmetrical geometry with respect to both axes.
The topological shape of the patch resembles the well-known
Chinese character, hence the shape Wang-shaped patch antenna.

9. TYPES OF FEEDS:
There are four types of feeds. They are:
• Rectangular or Edge feeding.
• Probe feeding.
• Aperture feeding.
• Proximity feeding.
Rectangular and probe feeding come under direct contact
methods where as aperture and proximity feeding come under
indirect contact indirect.
Generally rectangular feeding and probe feeding are used.

10. L-PROBE FEEDING:
L-probe feeding is a hybrid representation of probe and
proximity coupled versions.
Microstrip patch antennas are usually designed to have
small relative bandwidth.
L-probe driving technique is able to increase relative
bandwidth more than 30%.
Fig:L-probe feeding.

11. APPLICATIONS:
Wang-shaped patch antenna meets the requirements of
multiple wireless communication standards such as
Wi-Fi.
WiMAX.
Wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA).
GSM.