This document discusses verb tenses, specifically the past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses. It provides examples of how to form sentences using these tenses in statements, yes/no questions, short answers, and wh- questions. It also discusses time words and expressions that are commonly used with these tenses, such as "after", "before", "by the time", and "when". The purpose of these tenses is to indicate that one past action was completed before another past action occurred. The document provides exercises for readers to practice forming sentences using these tenses.

1. VERB TENSES:
PAST PERFECT &
PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

2. PAST PERFECT

3. Statements
Subject Had (not) Past participle
He
She
had (not) received/gotten awards.
Yes/No Questions
Had Subject Past participle
Had you
she
received/gotten awards by
then?

4. Short answers
affirmative Negative
Yes, You
I
he
had No, you
I
he
hadn't.
Wh- Questions
Wh-Word had subject Past
participle
When had he received Awards?

5. MAKE THE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE PAST PERFECT
1. When I arrived at the cinema, the film ….. (start).
2. She …..(live) in China before she went to
Thailand.
3. After they …..(eat) the shellfish, they began to
feel sick.
4. If you …..(listen) to me, you would have got the
job.
5. Julie didn't arrive until after I …..(leave).

6. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

7. statements
subject Had (not)
been
Present participle
I
We
had (not)
been
Working regularly.
Yes/No Questions
Had Subject been+Present
participle
Had I
you
she
been working Regularly?

8. Short answers
affirmative Negative
Yes, you
he
had No, you
he
Hadn't.
Wh- Questions
Wh-Word had subject Been + present
participle
How long had he been working?

9. • Use the past perfect to show that something
happened before another time in the past.
• The first past action is in the past perfect. The
second past action is in the simple past.
• The past perfect indicates that the first action was
finished before the second action started.
completely
When I got home, my roommate had already
cleaned the apartment.

10. • The past perfect usually occurs with the simple past,
but the past perfect can be the only tense in a
sentence if a specific past time is given.
By three o’clock, Professor Larson’s lecture had ended.
I had never heard him speak before last week.

11. TIME WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
• After, before
These words by themselves tell which action came
first. Therefore, in informal speech only the simple
past may be used if the action are in order and it is
clear which action happened first.
(1) (2)
After I finished reading the book, I lent it to Bob.
(1) (2)
The library closed before I arrived.

12. • If the actions are not in order, the first action is in
the past perfect.
(2) (1)
I lent the book to Bob after I had finished reading it.
(2) (1)
Before I arrived, the library had closed.

13. • In writing, it is best to use the past perfect with the
words “before” and “after” to be sure that the
reader clearly understands which action
happened first, even though the actions are in
order.

14. By the time, when
These words by themselves do not tell which action
came first; therefore, the first action must be in the
past perfect.
The exam had started by the time I got to class.
When I had told the instructor my reason for
coming late, I sat down.

15. Be careful!
In sentences with when, notice the difference in
meaning between:
a. The simple past and the past perfect
When the movie ended, she left.
When the movie ended, she had left.

16. b. The past progressive and the past perfect
progressive
When the filming started, it was raining.
When the filming started, it had been raining and
the streets were wet.

17. Just, already
These words are often used with the past perfect to
indicate recency.
I had just gotten into bed when someone knocked
on the door.
When I opened it, the person had already left.
* Notice the comma after a time clause when it
appears at the beginning of the sentence.

18. • Use the past perfect progressive to talk about an
action that was in progress before a specific time
in the past. It stresses the duration not the end
result.
• By 2000, Lee had been directing films for eight
years.

19. • The past perfect tense stresses the completion of
the earlier activity, while the past perfect
progressive stresses the duration.

20. PUT THE VERBS INTO THE CORRECT FORM (PAST
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
1. They ……………(wait) at the station for 90 minutes when
the train finally arrived.
2. We …………… (look for) her ring for two hours and then we
found it in the bathroom.
3. I …………… (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly
began to rain.
4. How long …………… (learn / she) English before she went
to London?
5. Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he …………… (sing)
in the rain too long.

21. Ex. 30 p. 55
Ex. 31 p. 56
Ex. 32 p. 57
Ex. 34 p. 58

22. HW
http://www.really-learn-english.com/past-perfect-exercises.html