The document discusses the passive voice in Arabic translation. It begins by explaining the differences between the passive and active voices and how the passive voice focuses on the recipient of the action rather than the performer. It then provides the basic structure for passive voice in English and Arabic. The rest of the document provides examples of how to translate between the passive voice in English and Arabic, common mistakes to avoid, and differences between the passive and active voices.
"Reduced adverb clauses include present or past participles with or without prepositional (or adverbial) phrases and/or adverb clause markers, external/peripheral to the independent clause structure, for example, The professor looked at me, smiling broadly, or While walking to class that night, I noticed this poster, or After releasing her first CD, she made a hit movie. With full or reduced adverb clauses, the independent clause retains its structure and meaning if the subordinate construction is completely omitted. In academic texts, reduced adverb clauses integrate information compactly, while retaining the meanings and functions of full adverb clauses.
Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. Reduced relative clauses can modify the subject NOT the object of a sentence. Let's quickly review relative clauses to learn more. Once you understand the rules, take the reduced relative clauses quiz to test your understanding. Relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns much like adjectives.
Arabic grammar 2: ¨ Basics on verbs ¨ illustrates the necessary details that every Arabic learner should know, and serve beside the previous slides ¨ Arabic grammar 1: Basic son nouns ¨ as a good background to move towards deep knowledge in Arabic grammar.
You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
Active and passive sentences
Sentences in English are either active or passive. Teachers of English need to understand the grammar of each of them and to be clear under what circumstances it is appropriate to use either the passive or the active. Let's start with the grammar.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
"Reduced adverb clauses include present or past participles with or without prepositional (or adverbial) phrases and/or adverb clause markers, external/peripheral to the independent clause structure, for example, The professor looked at me, smiling broadly, or While walking to class that night, I noticed this poster, or After releasing her first CD, she made a hit movie. With full or reduced adverb clauses, the independent clause retains its structure and meaning if the subordinate construction is completely omitted. In academic texts, reduced adverb clauses integrate information compactly, while retaining the meanings and functions of full adverb clauses.
Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. Reduced relative clauses can modify the subject NOT the object of a sentence. Let's quickly review relative clauses to learn more. Once you understand the rules, take the reduced relative clauses quiz to test your understanding. Relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns much like adjectives.
Arabic grammar 2: ¨ Basics on verbs ¨ illustrates the necessary details that every Arabic learner should know, and serve beside the previous slides ¨ Arabic grammar 1: Basic son nouns ¨ as a good background to move towards deep knowledge in Arabic grammar.
You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
Active and passive sentences
Sentences in English are either active or passive. Teachers of English need to understand the grammar of each of them and to be clear under what circumstances it is appropriate to use either the passive or the active. Let's start with the grammar.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
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2. Passive and active voices are two contrastive
forms and styles. They have different functions.
Therefore, they should not be confused or ignored
in Arabic translation.
The passive voice is accepting or allowing what
happens or what others do, without active response
or resistance. It is used to show interest in the
person or object that experiences an action rather
than the person or object that performs the action.
In other words, the most important thing or person
becomes the subject of the sentence.
3. By using passive style, the subject (or the doer
of the action) is not mentioned, which helps
avoid embarrassing others or being
embarrassed.
We might find many difficulties in translating
this kind of voice; because it is very different
from Arabic Language . Here we will try to
explain how to make passive sentences and
how to translate them into Arabic Language
without falling in mistakes.
4. The Basic structure of passive voice:
When rewriting active sentences in passive
voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence.
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be +
past participle).
the subject of the active sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped).
So the typical structure of any passive voice
will be formed like the following:
5. Subject+ Auxiliary verbs +Main verb (past
participle)+ By+ Agent
The basic structure of passive voice in Arabic:
The passive voice is widely used in Arabic
without the negative associations regarding
style that the passive voice has in English.
American students are often uncomfortable with
the passive voice when reading Arabic texts
because the unvoweled passive conjugations
often look exactly like active voice conjugations.
Optional
6. Since many students often are horrified at the
thought of reading for meaning and
recognizing words in context, and since they
are usually very weak in grammar,
sentences in the passive often are totally
misunderstood.
Below are the passive voice conjugations for
the verb
َُصحَْفي,ََصحَف
(“to examine”) in the past tense.
8. Now we will see how the passive can be
used in Arabic and English sentences:
How to translate different tenses of passive
into Arabic:
Unlike Arabic language , English language has
many different types of structures. There are
many kinds of auxiliary verbs in passive and
active voices
1-لتَتَقالقطة.1- She killed the cat.
2-تلتُقالقطة.2- The cat was killed.
9. we must care about how to translate them
correctly. We are concerned about how to
translate the passive voices of them here:
1)- Present simple: ( The letters are written by
Sara) will be translated as:
(سارة ِلَبِق من كتبُت ُالرسائل)
We translate the verb ( is written) into
(الرسائل)then translate the object(كتبُت)
and continue the translating of the sentence.
10. 2)- Present progressive: (The letters are being
written by Sara) will be translated as (ُكتبُت
سارة بلِق من ُالرسائل) . We translate the verb
( are being written) into (ُكتبُت) then translate
the object (الرسائل) and continue the
translating of the sentence.
3)- Present perfect: (The letters have been
written by Sara) will be translated as ( ُكتبُت
سارة بواسطة .)الرسائل We translate the verb
( are being written) into (ُكتبُت) then translate
the object (الرسائل) and continue the
translating of the sentence.
11. 4)- Past simple: (The letters were written by
Sara) will be translated as (الرسائل بتِتُك
سارة )بواسطة . We translate the verb ( were
written) into (بتِتُك) then translate the object
(الرسائل) and continue the translating of the
sentence.
5)- Past progressive: (The letters were being
written by Sara) will be translated as (بتِتُك
سارة بواسطة الرسائل) . We translate the verb
( were being written) into (بتِتُك) then
translate the object (الرسائل) and continue
the translating of the sentence.
12. 6)- Past perfect: (The letters have been written
by Sara) will be translated as (الرسائل بتِتُك
سارة )بواسطة . We translate the verb ( have
been written) into (بتِتُك) then translate the
object (الرسائل) and continue the translating
of the sentence.
7)-Future: (The letters will be written by Sara)
will be translated as (َبِق من الرسائل َُبتكُت َسِل
)سارة . We translate the verb ( will be
written) into (َُبتكُت َس) then translate the
object (الرسائل) and continue the translating
of the sentence.
13. 8)- Modals: (The letters must be written by Sara)
will be translated as (الرسائل ََبتكُت أن يجب
سارة .)بواسطة We translate the verb ( must be
written) into (َُبتكُت أن يجب) then translate the
object (الرسائل) and continue the translating of
the sentence.
Common mistakes of translating passive voice
into Arabic:
There is a common mistake of changing the
passive into active by Arab and Arabic speaking
translators who claim that Arabic is an active
language, but English is not. This is absolutely
wrong and it is not confirmed by any Arabic
linguist.
14. The following example shows you how to
translate English passive into Arabic passive
correctly:
Six children were killed yesterday
The doer of the action is not mentioned so
we must be well sure that this sentence
should be translated into Arabic passive like:
(أمس يوم أطفال ستة لِتُق).
15. The passive can be changed into active in
one form which keeps the doer of the
action hidden like:
(تمأمس يوم أطفال ستة تلَق)
we must use the verb (تم) in this case.
16. We might consider that both active and passive
have the same meaning, at first sight. Yet,
careful consideration shows that they are totally
different. That is the active sentence states
clearly the doer of the action while the passive
sentence
hides him.
Unlike active voice, passive voice aims at
concentrating on the result of the action and the
action itself and it is not concerned with who
does that action. Caring about the differences
between passive and active functions in
translating texts into Arabic gives them more
accuracy.
17. Ghazala, H. (2012). Stylistic problems. In Translation as
problems and solutions. Dar El-ilm Lilmalayin.
Passive Voice. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-
up/grammar/passive .
Definition of passive in English:. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/passive .
English Grammar Tenses. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.lingolex.com/tensexp.htm .
The Passive Voice.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://allthearabicyouneverlearnedthefirsttimearound.co
m/p2/p2-ch3/the-passive-voice
Elewa, A. (2014). Level Of Translation.
