Abstract: The traditional Taguchi method is widely used for optimizing the process parameters of a single response problem. Optimization of a single response results the non-optimum values for remaining. But, the performance of a machining process is often evaluated by several quality responses. Under such circumstances, multi-characteristics response optimization may be the solution to optimize multi-responses simultaneously. In the present work, a multi-characteristics response optimization model based on Taguchi and Utility concept is used to optimize process parameters, such as magnetic flux, rotational speed of CFG rod, shape of CFG rod, number of cycles, abrasive-to-iron ratio and abrasive particle size on multiple performance characteristics, namely, surface roughness (Ra) and material removal (MR) during polishing of hollow cylindrical brass work-pieces with Centrifugal-Magnetic Force Assisted Abrasive Flow Machining (CMA2FM) Process. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array (OA) is selected for experimental planning. The ANOVA and F-tests are used to analyze the results. It is found that all the input parameters significantly improve the Utility function comprising of two quality characteristics (MR and %ΔRa). Further, the confirmation tests are conducted and the results are found to be within the confidence interval.
Keywords: Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Centrifugal Force, Magnetic Force, CFG Rod, CMA2FM, Utility Concept,TaguchiMethod,MultiResponseOptimization
Experimental study on Use of Waste Glass as admixture in ConcreteIJSRD
Glass is utilized as a part of numerous structures in everyday life. It has restricted life and after use it is either stock heaped or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills don't give a situation well-disposed arrangement. Thus, there is solid need to use waste glasses. Many efforts has already been made in concrete engineering as a partial replacement of cement or fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. In this experiment we use waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement and a comparative study has been made with other admixture such as fly ash and silica fume. A series of test were conducted with partial replacement of glass by 15% and 30% to weight of cement where as we have used only 15% of partial replacement in case of fly ash and silica fume just to compare the results with glass at 15% and 30%. The present study demonstrates that waste glass, if ground finer than 100µm demonstrates a pozzolanic conduct. It responds with lime at early time phase of hydration forming extra CSH gel along these lines shaping denser bond matrix. The early utilization of alkalis by glass particles moderate alkali silica reaction consequently expands durability of cement.
Experimental study on Use of Waste Glass as admixture in ConcreteIJSRD
Glass is utilized as a part of numerous structures in everyday life. It has restricted life and after use it is either stock heaped or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills don't give a situation well-disposed arrangement. Thus, there is solid need to use waste glasses. Many efforts has already been made in concrete engineering as a partial replacement of cement or fine aggregate or coarse aggregate. In this experiment we use waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement and a comparative study has been made with other admixture such as fly ash and silica fume. A series of test were conducted with partial replacement of glass by 15% and 30% to weight of cement where as we have used only 15% of partial replacement in case of fly ash and silica fume just to compare the results with glass at 15% and 30%. The present study demonstrates that waste glass, if ground finer than 100µm demonstrates a pozzolanic conduct. It responds with lime at early time phase of hydration forming extra CSH gel along these lines shaping denser bond matrix. The early utilization of alkalis by glass particles moderate alkali silica reaction consequently expands durability of cement.
Bagasse ash as a partial replacement to cement. This replacement can improve the properties of cement as well as, it reduces the effects over the environment.
Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18445.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/18445/use-of-waste-material-in-concrete/salman
Green concrete is environmental friendly concrete
Concrete that uses less energy in its production and produces less carbon dioxide than normal concrete is green concrete
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
M-Sand is manufactured sand
M-sand is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone which is cubically shaped with grounded edges, washed and graded with consistency to be used as a substitute of river sand.
Globally, natural sand and gravel extraction is becoming less of an option. New pit location opportunities are fewer, further from the marketplace and harder to secure. In the past, natural sand and gravel extraction has been the backbone of the aggregate industry; this is increasingly less the case. Operators now wish to produce high-quality manufactured sand.
Bagasse ash as a partial replacement to cement. This replacement can improve the properties of cement as well as, it reduces the effects over the environment.
Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18445.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/18445/use-of-waste-material-in-concrete/salman
Green concrete is environmental friendly concrete
Concrete that uses less energy in its production and produces less carbon dioxide than normal concrete is green concrete
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
M-Sand is manufactured sand
M-sand is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone which is cubically shaped with grounded edges, washed and graded with consistency to be used as a substitute of river sand.
Globally, natural sand and gravel extraction is becoming less of an option. New pit location opportunities are fewer, further from the marketplace and harder to secure. In the past, natural sand and gravel extraction has been the backbone of the aggregate industry; this is increasingly less the case. Operators now wish to produce high-quality manufactured sand.
Study of Properties of Concrete when its Fine Aggregate is replaced by Glass ...ijsrd.com
Use of waste material in concrete achieves a new height in the present construction world. In concrete all their ingredients are partially or fully replaced by many waste materials like Cement is replaced by Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Wheat Straw Ash, etc., Fine aggregate is replaced by Saw Dust Ash, Quarry Fines, and Glass Powder etc. And coarse aggregate is replaced by cockle shell, tire rubber, recycle aggregate etc. In this paper study of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Workability and water absorption of concrete is done when its fine aggregate is replaced by Glass Powder. 150 * 150 * 150 mm cube and 150 * 300 mm cylinders are cased of M 25 grade of concrete.
this ppt contains all drying method of egg powder and starter culture powder. the problems exist in manufacturing of it and what are the recent advances in it.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH MANUFACTURED SAND AS REPLACEMENT TO NAT...IAEME Publication
In the present investigation work ability, strength and durability of concrete with manufactured sand as replacement to natural sand in proportions of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% is studied. The experiments were conducted on M20 and M30 concrete grade with 450 specimens. Slump cone, compaction factor and vee-bee time tests were conducted to determine work ability. Results showed that as replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand is increased, there is a decrease in the work ability. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted to determine strength of concrete. The 60% replacement showed an increase in strength of about 20% and other replacements to an order of minimum 0.93% in both the grades. The durability study is conducted by treating specimens for 30 days with 5% concentrated Hydro Chloric Acid and the concrete mix with 60% replacement has given good durable properties.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Effective Utilisation of Waste Glass in ConcreteIJERA Editor
Glass is a widely used product throughout the world; it is versatile, durable and reliable. The uses of glass
ranges drastically, therefore waste glass is discarded, stockpiled or land filled. About million tons of waste glass
is generated and around large percent of this glass is disposed of in landfills. This pattern has influenced
environmental organizations to pressure the professional community to lower the amount of glass being
discarded as well as find use to the non-recycled glass in new applications. In relation, the recycling of waste
glass as a component in concrete gives waste glass a sustainable alternative to land filling and therefore makes it
economically viable.The proposed study of utilising waste glass powder(GLP) in concrete as partial replacement
of cement as well as the use of crushed glass particles(CGP) retained on 1.18mm & 2.36mm IS sieve as a partial
replacement to sand, which offers important benefits related to strength of concrete as well as it is eco-friendly.
Recycling of mixed-colour waste glass possesses major problems for municipalities, and this problem can be
greatly eliminated by re-using waste glass as sand/cement replacement in concrete. Moreover, re-using waste
materials in construction can reduce the demand on the sources of primary materials.In this project the attempts
have been made to partially replace the cement as well as sand by waste glass powder and crushed glass
particles with equal combination by 5% interval up to 20% replacement and observe its effect on the strength of
concrete after 7 days and 28 days of curing.
Physical and mechanical properties of composite brick from cement mortar, fly...eSAT Journals
Abstract Responding to the need of minimizing the extraction of natural resources like sand and lime, this study attempted to use industrial wastes such as fly ash and rubber crumbs as substitute materials in making composite brick. A composite brick was produced by varying the rubber crumbs composition, as sand substitute in the mixture, from 1030 wt.% relative to total aggregate weight. Fly ash, 20 wt.% relative to cement and fly ash weight, was used as binder substitute. After 28 days of curing, composite brick was tested in terms of compressive strength, density and water absorption capacity. Compressive test showed that the brick can only be used in less impacted area considering that it does not meet the minimum standard to be considered as substitute to the commercially available brick. A decreasing trend of its compressive strength is observed as the amount of rubber crumbs increases from 10 to 30% of the total aggregate weight. The addition of light rubber crumbs and fly ash desirably decrease the density of the composite brick when compared to those commercially sold in the market. Water absorption test revealed that the produced composite brick is more efficient in minimizing water absorption. This study demonstrated that composite brick can be made using industrial wastes as substitute for aggregate and binder, with huge implication in brick concrete making. Keywords: Composite brick, rubber crumbs, fly ash, and concrete brick
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate by using fly ash and glass a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Glass is a transparent material produced by melting a mixture of materials such as silica, soda ash and Calcium carbonate at high
temperature followed by cooling during which solidification occurs without crystallization. Glass is a unique inert material that could
be recycled many times without changing its chemical properties. Using glass in concrete is an interesting possibility for economy on
wastage disposals. The inclusion of fly ash in glass concrete reduces the alkali silica reaction and improves the workability and
durability properties of concrete. Sheet glass aggregate used in concrete making leads to green environment.
The objective of Present work is to find out the effectiveness of the fly ash and glass aggregate based concrete. In this investigation it
was proposed that the use fly ash as cement replacement material and glass aggregate as fine aggregate material partially in
concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced (10% 20% 30%) with sheet glass aggregate. Compressive strength of cubes at 3days,
7days and 28 days of duration were studied. Fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture content, water absorption was also studied.
Based on the test results, the ideal percentage of mix which shows maximum compressive strength was identified.
Keywords: Fly ash, Glass aggregate, Concrete Mix
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
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Partial replacement of cement in concrete using waste glass powder and m sand as fine aggregate
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 133
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING
WASTE GLASS POWDER AND M-SAND AS FINE AGGREGATE
Shruthi.S1
, Chandrakala S2
, G Narayana3
1
Post graduate student, Department of civil engineering, SJCIT Chickaballapur, Karnataka, India
2
Assistant professor, Department of civil engineering, SJCIT College Chickaballapur, Karnataka, India
3
Head of the Department, Department of Civil Engineering, SJCIT, Karnataka, India
Abstract
A huge amount of concrete is consumed by the construction industry. About 35% volume of concrete is comprised of sand. A good
quality concrete is produced by careful mixing of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures as needed to obtain
an optimum quality and economy. Generally cement and coarse aggregates is factory made products and their quality and
standards can be easily controlled and maintained. Water used for mixing of concrete is usually tap water. The fine aggregates or
sand used is usually obtained from natural sources specially river beds or river banks. Now-a-days due to constant sand mining
the natural sand is depleting at an alarming rate. Sand dragging from river beds has led to several environmental issues. Due to
various environmental issues Government has banned the dragging of sand from rivers. This has led to a scarcity and significant
increase in the cost of natural sand. There is an urgent need to find an alternative to river sand. The only long term replacement
for sand is manufactured sand. Glass is used in many forms in day-to-day life. It has limited life span and after use it is either
stock piled or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills do not provide an environment friendly solution. Hence,
there is strong need to utilize waste glasses. Many efforts have been made to use waste glass in concrete industry as a
replacement of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. Concrete is a construction material composed of cement,
aggregates ( fine and coarse aggregates) water and admixtures, Today many researches are going into the use of Portland cement
replacements, using many waste materials like pulverized fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) etc. Like ways a
waste glass powder (GLP) is also used as a binder with partial replacement of cement which take some part of reaction at the
time of hydration, also acts as a filler material. In this study, waste glass powders have been used as a partial replacements to the
concrete ingredient i.e. cement and the mechanical properties like compressive strength and split tensile strength are measured.
For checking strength effect of replacement of cement by glass powder, the cement is replaced at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%.
Generally cement and coarse aggregates is factory made products and their quality and standards can be easily controlled and
maintained, water usually is a tap water. Fine aggregates are usually natural sand. Now days due to constant sand mining the
natural sand is depleting at an alarming rate. Due to various environmental issues government has banned the dragging of sand
and has led to scarcity and cost effective. The only long term replacement for sand is manufacture sand. It is found that up to 15%
addition of GLP gives higher strength. And also GLP size less than 90 micron is very effective in enhancement of strength.
Keywords: Cement, Waste glass powder, M-sand, Natural Sand.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Natural resources are of two types- the renewable and the
non-renewable. Renewable resources which can be recycled
again and again which are utilized for our benefits. But non-
renewable resources are those, which once removed and
utilized are lost forever. The major problem facing by
mankind today is about the utilization of natural resources in
order to meet the human needs and maintain the economic
growth without exhausting the resources and endangering
the environmental integral on which life economic
prosperity and our security depend. The worldwide
utilization of regular sand is high because of the broad
utilization of cement. Specifically, the interest for regular
sand is high in creating nations inferable from quick
infrastructural development, buildings and different
structures since cement assumes the critical part and a
substantial quantum of its being used. The primary driver of
substitution and less utilization of common sand is because
of the non-renewable nature of characteristics sand the
relating expanding interest of development industry. In this
manner searching for a substitution to stream sand has turn
into a need and major issue. The least expensive and
simplest distinct option for normal sand is assembling sand
by pulverizing rocks/stones in coveted size and grade by
suitable strategy. Sand delivered by such means is known as
produced/crusher/simulated sand.
Like PFA and GGBS, a glass powder (GLP) is additionally
utilized as a cover with halfway substitution of bond which
takes some piece of response at the season of hydration;
likewise it go about as a filler material. Today numerous
explores are continuous into the utilization of Portland
concrete substitutions, utilizing numerous waste materials
and mechanical by items, for instance, pummeled fly cinder
(PFA) and ground granulated impact heater slag (GGBS).
The term glass contains a few substance mixtures including
parallel antacid silicate glass, boro-silicate glass, and ternary
pop lime silicate glass: fractional supplanting of bond with
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 134
processed waste glass advantages the microstructure and
solidness of cementitious materials. A denser (not so much
permeable) but rather more homogenous structure is created
when processed waste glass is utilized as halfway trade for
bond, which advantages the imperviousness to dampness
retention and accordingly the long haul strength of
cementitious materials.
Fractional supplanting of bond with processed waste glass
likewise advantages the soundness of cementitious materials
when possibly pernicious responses between concrete
hydrates and the responsive aggregates is a worry.
Broad studies were attempted to take care of issues, for
example, the salt silica response (ASR), major natural,
vitality, and expense funds can be acknowledged by
fractional supplanting of concrete with processed blended
shading waste glass. Supplanting concrete by pozzolanic
material like waste glass powder in cement, not just expands
the quality furthermore presents economy additionally
upgrades the toughness. Assembling procedures,
administrations commercial enterprises and civil strong
squanders are the wellsprings of creation of various waste
materials. Issues related with transfer of the produced
squanders have colossally expanded with the expanding
mindfulness about the earth. Strong waste administration is
one of the major natural issues confronting by the world
today. Waste usage has turn into one of the best alluring
distinct options for transfer as a result of the shortage of
space for area filling and because of its constantly
expanding expense. Subsequently, because of utilization of
such waste items in cement makes it efficient, as well as
aides in diminishing transfer issues. Reuse of cumbersome
squanders is viewed as the best ecological option for taking
care of the issue of transfer in today’s cutting edge life.
2. MATERIALS
A gigantic measure of cement is devoured by the
development business. It has supplanted old development
materials, for example, block and stone brick work, because
of its capacity to get cast in any structure and shape. The
quality and solidness of solid can be changed by rolling out
fitting improvements in its fixings like cementitious
materials, total and water furthermore by including some
uncommon fixings. Henceforth concrete is exceptionally
appropriate for an extensive variety of utilizations. Yet,
cement has a few lacks, for example, low elasticity, low post
breaking limit, brittleness and low malleability, constrained
weariness life, not fit for obliging huge disfigurements, low
effect quality.
2.1 Cement
Cement is a binding material in concrete with adhesive and
strong properties and it is to an extraordinary degree fine
grounded material. 53 grade ordinary Portland cement is
utilized in the present examination.
2.2 Waste Glass Powder
Waste glasses are accumulated from exchange region
territory and granulated it to powder or into cementitious
frame as to procure certain degree of concrete substitution.
After that, glass powder was procured by squashing waste
glass pieces in a cone crusher factory. The 90 micron
passing parts were used for the experimentations as shown
in FIG 1. Chemical composition of glass powder is
demonstrated in Table 1 and oxide substance of waste glass
powder is indicated in Table 2. It has been developed that
extension of finely grained glass to Portland concrete
cement revives the coupling strategy amid preinduction time
of hydration (2-4 min) yet blocks it in the midst of inciting
period. Notwithstanding, this does not impact the
mechanical strength of the concrete examples after first day
of solidifying. The quality of tests with glass is higher as
stood out from the control tests, because, as communicated
earlier, glass included substances change cement stone
structure. The execution of solid containing glass powder as
incomplete substitution of Portland cement was halfway
supplanted with 0-25% glass powder. Specific gravity
property of waste glass powder is basic in the concrete
outline.
Fig-1: fine grounded waste glass powder of 900 micron
sieve size
Table 1 Chemical Composition of Waste Glass Powder
COMPOSITION GLASS
POWDER
SiO2 72.42
Al2O3 0.44
TiO2 0.035
Cr2O3 0.002
Fe2O3 0.07
CaO 11.50
MgO 0.32
Na2O 13.64
K2O 0.35
SO3 0.21
Table 2 Oxide Content of Glass Powder
Oxide Content (%)
SiO2 72
Na2O 14
CaO 9
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 135
Al2O3 2
MgO 2.2
K2O 0.5
Fe2O3 0.2
Cr, S, Co 0.1
2.3 Coarse Aggregates
Aggregates are one of the imperative constituents of
concrete and they constitute about 75 to 80% of total
volume of concrete. They help in decrease of shrinkage and
influence economy as it were. Following are some of
properties of aggregates, which the impact concrete. Coarse
aggregate is the most grounded and scarcest penetrable part
of concrete. It is all around that pounded stone aggregate
lead to higher qualities than adjusted ones. In the present
examination, provincially accessible smashed rock of size
20 and 1.5mm in the degree of 67% and 33% exclusively by
volume were used.
2.4 Fine Aggregate (Natural Sand)
By regional standards accessible stream sand has been
utilized as fine aggregate as a part of the present
investigation. Sand was tried for their physical attributes as
indicated in Table 4.5 which were directed in laboratory.
2.5 Fine Aggregate (M-Sand)
M-sand available from a local quarry was selected in this
investigation and the following results for laboratory tests
were obtained as mentioned in Table 4.7. The M-sand used
for preparation of concrete moulds falls in zone II as per IS
383-1970.
2.6 Water
Water is an crucial component of concrete as it is viably
included in chemical responses with cement, particularly
hydration. In the present examination consumable water is
used according to IS 456: 2000 was used for preparation of
cement, the water concrete proportion chooses the quality of
cement. It is an adequately taking an interest constituent
material in the synthetic response with bond. The
workability of the concrete is controlled by various
components, for instance, the beginning measure of water,
the reactivity of cement, the measure of superplasticizer and
its level of comparability with the particular concrete.
2.7 Superplasticizer
Master Rheobulid 1125 is utilized which is made out of
engineered polymers that is basically intended impressive
diminishment in blending of water while keeping up control
on reach out of hindrance. It serves to accomplish elite
cement with longer workability maintenance.
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
In this experimental investigation an attempt has been made
to find out the strength of concrete produced by replacing
the cement with waste glass powder in various percentages
ranging from 5% to 25% in increments of 5% [0%, 5%,
10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%]. Ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) 53 grade, locally available M-sand and coarse
aggregates were used in this experiments. The sand used
was a Zone II had the specific gravity 2.6. the specific
gravity of the coarse aggregate was 2.59. the coarse
aggregate used were of 12mm and down size. To impart
workability to the mix, a superplasiticizer (rheobuild 1125)
from a reputed company was used with the dosage of 0.8%
by weight of cement. The glass powder was obtained by
crushing waste glass pieces in a cone crusher mill. The 900
micron passing fraction was used for the experimentation.
Mix design carried out for M30 as per IS 10262:2009
yielded a mix proportion of 1: 1.7: 2.7 with water cement
ratio of 0.45. Specimens were prepared according to the mix
proportion and by replacing cement with glass powder in
different proportion and use of M-sand. An increasing trend
in compressive strength and flexural strength was observed
with increasing replacement of cement. To find out
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength specimens of dimensions 150x150x150mm,
150x300mm and 150x150x700mm were cast and tested as
per IS 516:1959. Details of mix content with constant coarse
aggregate, superplasticizer and w/c ratio I s shown in Table
3.
Table 3 Mix content with constant CA, Superplasticizer and
w/c ratio
WGP and
M-sand
replaceme
nt
Mix Proportion (kg/m3
)
W/C SP
(%)
C WG
P
M-
sand
CA
0% 40
0
0 683.
69
1111.
22
0.45 0.8
5% 38
0
20 683.
69
1111.
22
0.45 0.8
10% 36
0
40 683.
69
1111.
22
0.45 0.8
15% 34
0
60 683.
69
1111.
22
0.45 0.8
20% 32
0
80 683.
69
1111.
22
0.45 0.8
25% 30
0
100 683.
69
1111.
22
0.45 0.8
4. TEST RESULTS
Table 4 Slump Test results
% replacement of WGP Slump value
Conventional concrete 75
5% 74
10% 72
15% 69
20% 67
25% 64
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 136
Table 5 Compressive Strength results
SL.NO %
VARIATION
OF WGP
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH(N/mm2
)
7 days 14 days 28 days
1. 0% 18.23 22.45 33.34
2. 5% 25.62 36.47 40.67
3. 10% 37.18 39.38 44.47
4. 15% 40.29 42.23 44.59
5. 20% 36.47 39.11 40.59
6. 25% 26.88 31.24 35.43
Table 6 Split Tensile Strength results
SL.NO %
VARIATION
OF WGP
TENSILE
STRENGTH(N/mm2
)
7 days 14 days 28 days
1. 0% 1.72 1.98 2.26
2. 5% 2.04 2.31 2.73
3. 10% 2.41 2.54 2.96
4. 15% 2.61 2.78 3.15
5. 20% 2.26 2.41 2.54
6. 25% 1.98 2.13 2.31
Table 7 Flexural Strength results
SL.NO % VARIATION
OF WGP
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH (N/mm2
)
28 days 56 days
1. 0% 2.92 4.34
2. 5% 3.39 5.56
3. 10% 4.61 6.37
4. 15% 5.63 7.59
5. 20% 4.14 5.68
6. 25% 3.79 4.01
5. DISCUSSION ON TEST RESULTS
Thus, there is improvement in compressive strength because
of continuous increase of waste glass powder. The strength
increases with addition of waste glass powder at 5%, 10%
15% and after that declines at 20% and 25% gradually
because of more alkali silica reaction freed during hydration
of cement.
The aftereffects of split tensile strength of concrete mixes by
partial substitution of cement by waste glass powder and
utilizing of M-sand as fine aggregate was tested at 7, 14 and
28 days. Thus result tensile of concrete increases with
expansion in rate of waste glass powder which can be
supplanted up to 20% as indicated in graphical
representation.
The consequences of flexural strength of concrete mix M30
by fractional supplanting of cement with waste glass powder
were tested at 28 and 56 days, the concrete with addition of
5%, 10% and 15% of waste glass powder demonstrated
most extreme strength when contrasted to conventional
concrete.
The increase in strength up to 15% replacement of cement
by waste glass powder may be due to pozzolanic reaction of
glass powder and it may be due to the glass powder
effectively filling the voids and giving rise to dense concrete
microstructure. However, beyond 20% the dilution effect
takes over and the strength starts to drop. Thus it concludes
that 20% was the optimum level for replacement of cement
with glass powder. The following figures represents
graphical comparison of strength obtained by the
experimentation.
Fig- 2: Slump value of M30 grade concrete
Fig-3: Comparison of compressive strength for 7, 14, and 28
days
Fig-4: comparison of tensile strength of concrete
75 74 72 69 67 65
60
70
80
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
slumpvalue(mm)
% replacement of waste glass powder
slump vaue
slump vaue
0
10
20
30
40
50
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
compressivestrength
in(N/mm²)
% waste glass powder replacement
Compressive
strength (N/mm²)
7 days
Compressive
strength (N/mm²)
14 days
Compressive
strength (N/mm²)
28 days
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Tensilestrengthin(N/mm²)
% waste glass powder replacement
Tensile strength
in (N/mm²) 7
Days
Tensile strength
in (N/mm²) 14
Days
Tensile strength
in (N/mm²) 28
Days
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 137
Fig-5: comparison of flexural strength of concrete
6. CONCLUSION
1. Utilizing waste glass powder it is conceivable to diminish
the utilization of concrete and the related vitality interest
effect on air contamination and Co2 emanation. The slump
of concrete appears to increment in glass powder in the
concrete mix. At 10% glass powder content, the
compressive strength of concrete is higher than that of the
control. Over 20% glass powder the quality significantly
decreases.
2. As a conclusion, all the destinations of this study are
accomplished; concrete with utilizing waste glass powder
has a high workability from control test. The outcome
accomplished from the slump test clarifies that by utilizing
waste glass powder will expand the workability of concrete.
In term strength, concrete with using waste glass powder
averagely have higher strength at 14 days yet once the
concrete reached at 28 days the control mix give more
higher worth contrast with mix that contained waste glass
powder yet at the same time give high value for M30.
3. From this study, it can be concluded that utilizing waste
glass powder is giving positive esteem notwithstanding
when worth is contrasted with standard mix it only less
about 1N/mm2
.
FUTURE RECOMMENDATION
1. Strength can be analyzed by partially supplanting cement
and fine aggregate by waste glass powder and M-sand.
2. Utilization of waste glass powder finer than 75micron as
fractional substitution with cement and analyzing strength.
3. Strength can be dissected by partially supplanting cement
and fine aggregate by waste glass powder finer than
90micron and holding on 150micron separately.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My humble and heartfelt thanks to my guide Chandrakala S,
Assistant professor Department of civil engineering, S J C
Institute of Technology. Chickaballapur. Thanks to my dear
friends who have supported me to complete this work.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0% 5% 10%15%20%25%
Flexuralstrengthin(N/mm²)
% waste glass powder replacement
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
(N/mm²) 28 dyas
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
(N/mm²) 56 days
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 138
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and Practice”, S.Chand and company ltd. New Delhi, India,
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BIOGRAPHIES
Ms Shruthi S, Pursuing Final year
M.Tech in SJC Institute of Technology
Chickaballapu. Completed my Under
Graduation in Government Engineering
College, Kushalnagar under VTU.
Mrs. Chandrakala S, Asst Prof, SJC
Institute of Technology Chickaballapur.
Under Graduation under VTU. Post
graduation(Structural Engineering) at
SJCIT Chickaballapur. She had very wide
Experience over 6 years in Technology.
Dr. G Narayana, Professor and Head of
Department, Department of Civil
Engineering SJC Institute of
Technology-Chickaballapur. He had very
wide experience of Teaching and
Research in the Field of Structural
Engineering, also a structure designed
consultant for many projects.