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Parking Management Opens Wider Opportunities
Parking is traditionally planned like restrooms, with each development expected to provide enough parking to meet its own demand. However, parking could also be planned like transit or restaurants, with parking supply determined at an area level by the market. The document advocates an "adaptive parking" approach that expands areas where parking is planned like transit or restaurants through strategies like abolishing minimum parking requirements, improving on-street parking management through measures like occupancy-based pricing, encouraging shared parking through park-once-and-walk districts, and engaging local stakeholders. This could lead to benefits like reduced traffic, more housing affordability, and unleashing underused urban space.
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Parking Management Opens Wider Opportunities
- 1. PARKING MANAGEMENT OPENS WIDEROPPORTUNITIES Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org @ReinventParking Keynote Presentation for PIE 2017
- 2. Mindset matters Mindsets matter! PaulBarter www.reinventingparking.org
- 3. Parking is usuallyplanned like … Can you guess what’s coming? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 4. Parking is usuallyplanned like … Restrooms Every development expected to provide enough on-site to meet its own demand Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 5. But is parkingreally like restrooms? Do people do it in the streets without embarrassment? Does off-street provision easily prevent a mess in the street? Does everyone need it, or only motorists? Do some users occupy it for hours on end? Can we predict long-term demand, even if the use changes? How much space and cost does it take to have enough? Does oversupply encourage excessive use? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 6. Parking is alsooften planned like … Transit As a public service/infrastructure that serves an area Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 7. Parking supply canALSO be determined like … Restaurants A real-estate service serving an area and provided by a competitive market at market- responsive prices Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo: Matthew Roth
- 8. Off-street parking ~~ restaurants On-streetparking ~~ sidewalk vendors Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 9. Off-street parking ~~ restaurants On-streetparking ~~ sidewalk vendors (which the city needs to regulate) Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 10. like restrooms incar-oriented suburbs Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Parking is usually planned …
- 11. like restrooms like transit incar-oriented suburbs in many urban districts Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Parking is usually planned …
- 12. like restrooms like transit likerestaurants in car-oriented suburbs in many urban districts in some downtowns Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Parking is usually planned …
- 13. Can we EXPANDthe zones in which parking supply is determined like transit or like restaurants? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 14. And can weshrink the area in which it is planned like restrooms? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia
- 15. Which of these yieldsmost value from urban space? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Urban success Like restrooms? Like restaurants? Like local streets? Which is most responsive to change? Which is most adaptable to local context?
- 16. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org DonaldShoup’s most prominent three proposals for municipal parking policy i. Price on-street parking for 85% occupancy ii. Use revenue as desired by local stakeholders iii. Abolish minimum parking requirements
- 17. Adaptive Parking Towards municipal parking policythat delivers: - success without excess - responsiveness to local conditions and to change - more value from urban space Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 18. THE PRIZE Freedom, Choices,Options! Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 19. Traffic reduced Housing affordability Unleashpart of parking ‘land bank’ Transit-oriented development boost Infill boost Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 20. Fiscally healthy development Fargo(as highlighted by Strong Towns) Renaissance zone: zero parking minimums Enormous increase in assessed value of the area Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image via https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/23/ robust-growth-and-development-without-mandating-parking
- 21. “Future proof” theparking ecosystem Adaptive Parking thrusts aim to increase market- responsiveness in local parking Photo by Grendelkhan CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikipedia Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 22. RELAX! Success without Excess PaulBarter www.reinventingparking.org
- 23. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Theplace where my elementary school used to be
- 24. Enough yet? Urbansuccess? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Photo: Paul Barter Noarlunga, South Australia (via Google Maps)
- 25. Stop boosting supply Solong as on-street parking is very well managed Photo by Flickr user gregwake Photo by Mariordo - CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Sao Paulo in Brazil completely abolished parking minimums in 2014 Paul Barter
- 26. Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical: exampleLondon No non-residentialminimums since 1974 (maximums instead) Similarly for residential minimums since 2004 Average 40% fewer spaces with new residential buildings (steepest drops in transit-rich areas) (Zhan Guo) London PTAL (public transport accessiility level) scores Photo by Rept0n1x CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Beaufort Park Apartments, Colindale, London Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 27. Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical: exampleBerlin 0.25 €/ per 15 min 0.50 € / per 15 min 0.75 € / per 15 min Off-street parking deregulation was complemented by improved on-street management (Image source: Dr Friedemann Kunst) In the 1990s: Berlin abolished ALL parking minimums No maximums Result: less parking in transit-oriented locations but little change elsewhere (according to Dr Kunst, former head of transport for the Berlin Senate) Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 28. Abolishingparkingminimumsis notradical: exampleUSA cities Source:Strong Towns, http://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/18/a- map-of-cities-that-got-rid-of-parking-minimums Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 29. At least makeparking minimums less harmful: Japan Simple land-use categories (only 2 main ones) for parking minimums Zero parking minimums for small and medium-sized buildings <1500 m2 Low minimums generally (applying in full only for buildings with 6,000 m2 or more): Office: 0.3 spaces per 100 m2 Retail: 0.4 spaces per 100 m2 Residential: 0.2 to 0.3 spaces per 100 m2 (Gradually rises to these levels between 1500 and 6000 m2) Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 30. Fix more thanjust the minimums Tax and zoning anomalies Parking usually doesn’t count as floor area in zoning codes Dubious evaluation practices for city parking investments Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 31. SHARE! “Walkable Parking” Towards morewidespread park-once-and-walk districts where most parking is open to the public Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 32. Each site requiredto provide enough on- site parking for its own peak parking demand Visitors to a site expected to park on site Graphic by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 33. Graphics by PatrickSiegman of Nelson/Nygaard Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 34. Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Source:ITDP, Shared Parking, 2015.
- 35. Park-once-and-walkdistricts Encourage parking tobe open to the public Stop requiring on-site parking Focus on design quality not quantity Manage on-street parking well Parking guidance Walkability Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 36. Avoid permit- holder ONLY zones Preferpermit zones that give priority to permit holders Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.orgImage by DeFacto [CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
- 37. ON-STREET PARKING UNDER CONTROL PaulBarter www.reinventingparking.org
- 38.
- 39. Weak on-street parking management Obstruction, double parking,cruising On-street parking panic Excessive parking supply Undermining urban success Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 40. Many cities haveimproved their on-street parking management recently Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 41. PRICE! Responsive rationing both on-streetand off Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 42. GOAL: new arrivalsfind a space PRICE-SETTING PRACTICE: occupancy targets For city-owned parking BOTH on-street AND off-street Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image source: Donald Shoup, ‘Cruising for Parking’, Access Magazine, Spring 2007. http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/spring-2007/cruising-parking/
- 43. Price zones: howbig? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org LosAngeles Express Park Calgary
- 44. Discourage bundling ofparking costs Unbundle parking in commercial space leases Unbundle residential parking costs Discourage employer-provided free parking Avoid the oversupply that prompts bundling
- 45. ENGAGE! Engage with localstakeholders who feel a strong sense of ownership over local parking Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 46. Canwegetthatsnowballrolling? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org ByKamyar Adl (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0] via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGiant_snowball_Oxford.jpg
- 47. COULD THIS WORKFOR YOU? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
- 48. Benefits from even smallsteps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Wicker Park, Chicago, IL Image via Google Maps
- 49. Benefits from even smallsteps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia Part of central Detroit Image via Google Maps
- 50. Benefits from evensmall steps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia Image via Google Maps
- 51. Benefits from evensmall steps on each Adaptive Parking thrust? Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Blackwood, South Australia Image via Google Maps
- 52.
Editor's Notes
- #2 Keynote #2: Wednesday 8.30-9.30 so 60 minutes. Aim to speak for 45 to allow for Q and A. I will be making a case FOR ADAPTIVE PARKING, with on-street PM as its foundation. This is Shoup extended. And Walkable Parking idea highlights how this takes Shoup a bit further.
- #4 Can you guess what is coming?
- #5 Reasoning behind both cases is similar. And the municipal regulations for both look very similar … Certain number per 100 square metres or 1000 square feet or such like.
- #6 Here is a series of questions for which the answers for parking and restrooms are DIFFERENT
- #7 Like transit … something that is for the whole area. With fees often. But often also with public subsidy. And public planning based on meeting policy goals.
- #8 Or meeting rooms … With demand and supply mediated by market price signals Low demand signals low prices and prompts lower investment Oversupply similarly High demand/low supply prompts high prices and new investment (either in parking or in subsitutes)
- #10 Regulation to allocate space and avoid too much conflict with other street purposes And make sure they don’t have unfair advantage over bricks-and-mortar stores
- #16 Both of the bottom ones are more compatible with “urban” styles of development Value for locals, owners, and for society generally … Not to mention parking owners, operators, vendors
- #17 This points towards treating parking like restaurants… as a market-responsive good.
- #18 Parking Success: Does defuse parking problems (such as spillover and parking conflict) Inspirations: Donald Shoup and other Shoupistas, Todd Litman, ITDP, people at Nelson/Nygaard especially Jeffrey Tumlin, and the parking policies of Japanese cities. RELAX is a slightly wider version of Shoup’s abolish minimums. ENGAGE is wider version of Shoup’s ‘spend surplus locally’ PRICE is wider version of Shoup’s price for 85% occupancy. ALSO NEW ONES: two essential and one an optional extra
- #19 The benefits in this section should come even without the last, optional, thrust. The aim is to foster a market-responsive parking ecosystem. And to gradually ease away from artificially protecting parking from market discipline. But it doesn’t happen naturally because of on-street parking
- #21 The assessed value in the Renaissance Zone (which encompasses a portion of the downtown) was $190 million in 2003; it recently topped $600 million thanks to improvements and new development. UNFORTUNATELY, North Dakota has a state-wide ban on on-street parking fees!!So some public parking investments have been made … but Walkable Parking is better than on-site private parking A huge opportunity if your downtown still has minimums. Hands up if you know anything about the parking requirements in your downtown? Keep up if the parking standards are still minumums there!
- #22 Adaptive Parking aims to help the parking ecosystem become more able to adapt to change and respond to shocks in a smooth market-responsive way This is just one of many possible changes which affect parking demand in any particular area. Less sexy but also important: New transportation investments, such as a new transit station. Unexpected closures of bridges, viaducts or transit systems ups and downs in local economic fortunes. New buildings or building closures Etc.
- #24 Often have whole slide images with only brief tweetable text
- #29 ASK: Is there any debate about lowering or abolishing parking minimums in YOUR municipality? Hand up!
- #32 Share is an essential addition to Shoup’s package.
- #35 This is a little too neat and tidy! But the point is, you need less parking to meet demand if there is sharing … or ideally parking open to the public.
- #36 Notice that even if Adaptive Parking means somewhat less plentiful parking (gradually), it also means much more parking that is actively managed and priced … good for the industry AND for urban success at the same time! Can you think of any area in your city/town that could become more of a park-once-and-walk area (with a little help)
- #38 This was a key theme in my talk on Monday morning. This Adaptive Parking thrust emphasises that effective control of on-street parking is a key foundation!
- #43 Easy with modern digital pricing. And with new data collection tactics For on-street. AND for city-owned off-street. Private sector ALREADY usually avoids full facilities by various means, including pricing. But some retailers allow queues. If private-sector off-street public parking is allowing queuing into the street on a regular basis, maybe city should impose penalties? Would encourage this kind of pricing.
- #44 Tiny zones like SFPark, LA’s Express Park or Washington DC’s new trial? Image of Washington DC case or LAExpress Calgary: Relatively simple, like Seattle Annual rates reviews using ParkPlus occupancy data Time of day pricing (Weekdays: 09:00 – 11:00, Weekdays: 11:00 – 13:30; Weekdays: 13:30– 15:30; Weekdays 15:30 – 18:00; and Saturdays 9:00 – 18:00)
- #47 Key stakeholders are highly local: especially local residents and local businesses Acknowledge reality that locals feel some claim or some sense of ownership over parking in “their” streets. Both residents and businesses to some extent.
- #48 Ways this might work in several different contexts … and why it is not as scary as it may sound. Everything is incremental. Eg abolishing parking mins does NOT mean no on-site parking built
- #49 An old area seeing development and economic activity. Engage obviously crucial. Resident permit zones near a street like this should not be permit-user only (at least not before bed time). Manage the non-resident street parking in those streets to ensure vacancies so residents can return.