Jim Zullo Ignite! presentation at Redevelopment Forum 2019.

1. Parking Planning for Smart Growth
New Jersey Future
March 8, 2019
Jim Zullo, AICP,CAPP

2. Parking Planning for Smart Growth
New Jersey Future
March 8, 2019
Jim Zullo, AICP,CAPP

3. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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SMART GROWTH, TOD, URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND PARKING
 Surface parking is not the highest and best use
 Surface lots are development opportunities
 Structured parking is necessary to achieve density
 CRITICAL economic feasibility factor
 Primary planning / design concern
 Right sizing critical
 Affordable housing factor
Costs
 $70- $75 / SF for structured parking
 Efficient design – 325 SF / space
 $20K - $25K / space
 1.5 spaces per unit: $33K per unit
 Operating cost - $400 / month
 $200-225 per space / month

4. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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APPROPRIATE PARKING RATIOS – RIGHT SIZE PARKING
Establish Flexible Parking Requirements Based On:
 Availability of other modes
 Census data
 Demographics (age, income, HH size, other auto-ownership factors)
 Rental vs. Own
 Parking studies of similar projects
 Unbundled parking fees
 Establish maximums vs. minimums
 Allow phased development to inform future requirements
 Different incomes - different car ownership rates - Car ownership = $9k / year

5. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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Geographic Location: Vehicle ownership and use rates
in an area
 Adjust parking requirements to reflect
variations identified in census and travel
survey data
Residential Density: Number of residents or housing
units per acre/hectare
 Reduce requirements for each resident per
acre
 Reduce requirements where there are 15
residents per acre
 Reduce requirements where there are 30
residents per acre
Employment Density: Number of employees per acre
 Reduce requirements in areas with 50 or
more employees per gross acre
PARKING RATIOS - ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER
*Source: Victoria Transportation Policy Institute

6. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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PARKING ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER
Land Use Mix: Range of land uses located within
convenient walking distance
 Reduce requirements in mixed-use
developments
 Additional reductions with shared
parking
Transit Accessibility: Nearby transit service
frequency and quality
 Reduce requirements for housing and
employment within ¼ mile of frequent
bus service
 Reduce requirements for housing and
employment within ¼ mile of a rail
station
Car-Sharing: Whether a car-sharing service is
located nearby
 Reduce residential requirements if a
car-sharing service is located nearby
 Reduce requirements for each car-
share vehicle in a residential building
*Source: Victoria Transportation Policy Institute

7. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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PARKING ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER
Walkability: Walking environment quality
 Reduce requirements in walkable
communities
 Additional reductions if walkability
allows for more shared and off-site
parking
Income: Averaged income of residents or
commuters
 Reduce requirements for the low
income households
Housing Tenure: Whether housing is owned or
rented
 Reduce requirements for rental
occupied housing versus owner
occupied housing
*Source: Victoria Transportation Policy Institute
Scores: Walk | Transit
No. Municipality Walk Score Transit Score
1 Hoboken 95 75
2 Union City 94 81
3 West New York 94 73
4 Jersey City 87 71
5 Cliffside Park 84 54
6 New Brunswick 74 39
7 Trenton 72 45
8 Atlantic City 71 48
9 Morristown 71 32
10 Camden 70 47
11 Long Branch 62 26
12 Lakewood 55 N/A
13 Point Pleasant 51 N/A
14 Avenel 50 31
15 South Plainfield 43 28
16 Glassboro 39 N/A
17 Old Bridge 28 37

8. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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PARKING ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER
Pricing: Parking is priced, unbundled or cashed out
 Reduce requirements for cost recovery pricing
 Parking priced to pay the full cost of parking facilities*
Unbundling Parking: Parking sold or rented separately from
building space
 Unbundling parking typically reduces vehicle
ownership and parking demand by 10-20%
Parking and Mobility Management:
Parking and Mobility Management Programs are implemented
 Reduce requirements at worksites that implement
effective Parking and Mobility Management Programs
Contingency Based Planning: Use lower requirements and
implement additional strategies if needed
 Additional reduction requirements if a
comprehensive Parking Management Program is
implemented
 Overflow parking
*Source: Victoria Transportation Policy Institute

9. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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Uber and Lyft
Taking a bite out parking
 Valet Service
 Hotel
 Airports
 Restaurants
 Nightclubs
 Transit!
Curb Management
Who gets to use the curb
 Driving
 Biking
 Paid parking
 Free parking
 Drop-off zones
 Valet areas
IMPACT OF UBER AND LYFT

10. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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Adjacent, complementary uses share parking and
reduce the amount that would be built independently
Interaction of uses where internal trips can be made
without a car
 Improves financial feasibility
 Maximizes land value
 Shared capital cost
 Shared operational costs
 Increased parking revenue
 Enhanced activity / security
SHARED PARKING

11. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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RSIS PARKING RATIO STANDARDS AND NJ PROJECT EXAMPLES
Municipality Area/ Project Parking Ratio
Newark: If within 1200’ of Train Station 0/unit
Jersey City:
McGinley Square 0.4-1.0/unit (max)
Journal Square 0.5/unit (max)
New Brunswick:
Residential in Mixed Use
with Car Share
0.5/1bd
0.8/2bd
1.15/3bd
New Brunswick:
Residential in Mixed Use
with No Car Share
0.8/1bd
1.1/2bd
1.4/3bd
New Brunswick: Stand Alone High-Rise Apartment
0.8/1bd
1.3/2bd
1.9/3bd
Rahway:
Lower Main St Urban Renewal Plan |
CBD Redevelopment Plan
0.8 -1.0/unit
Harrison: Waterfront Redevelopment Plan 1.0/unit
Hoboken: After First 5 Units 1.0/unit
Montclair: Eastern Gateway Redevelopment Plan 1.0/unit
Hackensack:
Continental Plaza Redevelopment Plan 1.0/unit
Anderson Street Redevelopment Project 1.0-1.25/unit
Metuchen: Downtown Development Area 1.0-1.25/unit
Rahway: Mixed Use Project in TOD 1.0-1.25/unit
North Bergen: Avalon Bay 1.10/unit
Somerville:
Downtown/TOD Redevelopment Area
(Stacked Towns, Multi-Family Units)
1.2/unit
West New York: 1.25/unit
Woodbridge: Downtown Woodbridge Area 1 1.25/unit
Bloomfield: Base Parking Calculation 1.4/unit
Garwood: South Avenue II Redevelopment Plan 1.5/unit
Woodbridge: Avenel Arts Village 1.5 - 2/unit
North Bergen: 53 Plaza 1.87/unit
RSIS Housing Unit Type/Size Parking Ratio
1
Single-Family Detached and Two
Family (Duplex)
1.5/2bd unit
2.0/3bd unit
2.5/4bd unit
3.0/5bd unit
2 Garden Apartment
1.8/1bd unit
2.0/2bd unit
2.1/3bd unit
3 Townhouse
1.8/1bd unit
2.3/2bd unit
2.4/3bd unit
4 High Rise
0.8/1bd unit
1.3/2bd unit
1.9/3bd unit
5 Mobile Home
1.8/1bd unit
2.0/2bd unit

12. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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 Allow on-street parking to meet development requirements
 Convenient, high turnover parking
 Slows traffic / buffers sidewalk activities
 Contributes to street level vibrancy
 Eliminate highways in downtowns
 Investigate opportunities for angled parking
 New Rochelle / Oklahoma City
 Price accordingly
 Keep merchants out of the spaces.
 “Each parking space removed from downtown costs
adjacent businesses $10K in sales.”
Nat’l Main Street Center
MAXIMIZE USE OF ON-STREET PARKING

13. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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SMART PARKING MANAGEMENT
Manage Parking as a System and Asset
 Maximize utilization of existing assets
 Regulate the street : friendly – not free!
 Leadership, training, planning
 Employ technology for convenience
 Reinvest parking revenues to support:
 Economic Development
 Parking Demand Management – Bike
Share, Car Share, Scooters
 New Facilities
 Downtown Improvements

14. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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NJPI - SINGLE RESPONSIBILITY CENTERS
Authority/Utility Name:
1. Asbury Park Transportation and Parking
2. Bayonne Parking Authority
3. Bloomfield Parking Authority
4. Boonton Police Department
5. Camden Parking Authority
6. City of Englewood
7. Dunellen Parking Authority
8. East Brunswick Parking Authority
9. East Orange Parking Authority
10. Elizabeth Parking Authority
11. Fort Lee Parking Authority
12. Hackensack Parking Authority
13. Hackettstown Parking Authority
14. Hoboken Parking Authority
15. Jersey City Parking Authority
16. Long Branch Parking Authority
17. Metuchen Parking Authority
18. Montclair Parking Utility
19. Morristown Parking Authority
20. New Brunswick Parking Authority
21. Newark Parking Authority
22. Newtown Parking Authority
23. Nexus Parking System
24. North Bergen Parking Authority
25. North Plainfield Parking Authority
26. Old Bridge Parking Authority
27. Passaic Parking Authority
28. Paterson Parking Authority
29. Perth Amboy Parking Utility
30. Phillipsburg Parking Authority
31. Point Pleasant Parking Authority
32. Woodbridge Township Redevelopment Agency
33. Princeton Parking Utility
34. Rahway Parking Authority
35. Red Bank Parking Utility
36. South Orange Parking Authority
37. South River Parking Utility
38. Somerville Parking Utility
39. Summit Parking Department
40. Toms River Parking Authority
41. Trenton Parking Authority
42. Union City Parking Authority
43. Weehawken Parking Authority
44. West New York Parking Authority
45. West Windsor Parking Authority
46. Westwood Parking Authority
47. Freehold Parking Utility

15. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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PARKING TECHNOLOGY – USER COMFORT
 Parking Guidance System
 Dynamic rate changing
 Payment Options - Convenience
 Pre purchase - Park Whiz / Spot Hero
 Guidance systems
 Mobile Apps to find, reserve / pay for
parking
 Frictionless / gateless parking

16. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
FACILITY OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
Convenient To Use, Well Managed And Maintained
 Best Practices approach and systems for control and management.
 Evaluation and selection appropriate technology - optimize user
comfort, cost efficiency, and flexibility.
 Access control systems– AVI, LPR, Bluetooth, Gateless
 Validation and permit systems for visitors
 Parking reservations / permits for special events / visitors
 User nesting
 Guidance systems and facility and level counting
 Digital signage for community messaging and special events
 Parking payment options
 Real time occupancy info
 Refined operations plan
 Operating Budget
 Capital Maintenance Costs
 Proactive Maintenance Program

17. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
AUTOMATED / STACKED PARKING
Best Applications
 Constrained sites / Infill development
 Residential / Hotel
 High density / Urban
 High land value!
Considerations
 Throughput requirements
 Redundancy / Operating costs
 Problems / Slow adaption

18. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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STRUCTURED PARKING - PLANNING AND DESIGN
 “Parking is part of the mosaic of the city.”
Tom Murphy – Former Mayor of Pittsburg
 Parking is often the gateway to a
community
 Sustainable
 Design Matters!

19. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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STRUCTURED PARKING CREATIVE FINANCING
 Revenue Bonds – Project Revenues
 System Financing – All Parking Revenues
 Public / Private Partnerships
 Public / Public Partnerships
 Payment in Lieu of Parking - PILOP
 Tax Increment Financing - PILOT

20. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
REPURPOSING SCENARIOS
Technical Solutions
*Note: All of these technical
solutions combined have a
premium of approximately
25% to 30%
Create flat slab in occupied areas
Increase floor-to-floor height on each level to be
converted
Adjust window openings
Provide environmental envelope
Provide larger utility rooms
Make ramp removable
Enhance occupied slab structurally
Provide opportunities for additional stairs/elevators
in accordance with use
Enlarge utility rooms
Provide opportunities for vertical utility runs
Total Cost
Percentage of Overall Construction Cost
Parking Spaces Reduced
Parking Spaces Remaining
Scenarios
 Ground Tier Conversion
 Top Tier Overbuild
 Intermediate Tier Conversion
 Whole Building Conversion
 Partial Demolition with New Liner Building
 Total Demolition with New Building
 Investment in Technology to respond to Trends in Changes in
Mobility
Adaptability: “Preserve flexibility to accommodate long
term changes.”

21. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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THE FUTURE OF PARKING?

22. Parking Strategies for High Density, Downtown, and Transit-Oriented Development
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THE FUTURE OF PARKING?
CRDA “The Wave” Garage, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Gateway Transit Village, New Brunswick, New JerseyMiami Courthouse Garage, Miami, Florida
Wellness Plaza , New Brunswick, New JerseyDisney World Lime Garage, Orlando, Florida
Spiral Deck Garage, Allentown, Pennsylvania