The document provides instructions for the multi-step process of constructing a wedding cake. It explains that the size and design must first be determined. Then the layers are baked one at a time, which for large cakes may take a full day. Once cooled, the layers are matched, frosted, and dowel rods are inserted for support. In under 3 sentences, it outlines the key preparatory steps and construction process for making a wedding cake.

11. A topic sentence is a
sentence whose main
idea claims control from
the rest of the paragraph.

13. Implied

14. Constructing a wedding cake is a complicated process.
Before any baking takes place, the size of the cake and the
decorative design to be used must be determined. Then the
layers are baked. On a large cake the bottom layers may be as
much as sixteen inches in diameter. Because of their size, these
layers must be baked one at a time, a process which may
actually take an entire day. Once the layers are cooled, same-
size pairs are matched and frosted. Since large wedding cakes
are surprisingly heavy, half-inch dowel rods must be measured,
cut, and carefully driven into the bottom layers.

15. People do it everyday. They log on to their favorite website and
browse for hours, checking out bargains. They dump every possible
wish into their shopping carts, knowing they can cast each one aside
before they finalize their purchases. On the way, they may enter a
sweepstakes in the hopes of winning a trip to Cabo San Lucas, or
maybe even a new SUV. And then, when they have decided on their
purchases, they enter private information without giving it a thought.
With a keystroke, they release their personal data into what may or
may not be a secure zone. Despite what much of the public believes,
internet shopping is not safe.

16. When a camera flash is used in a low-light environment, the subject's
eyes may appear red in the finished photograph. What is known as
"red-eye" is the result of light from the flash reflecting off the pupils of
the eyes. The phenomenon of red-eye can be lessened by using the
red-eye reduction feature found on many SLR cameras. This feature
activates a lamp which shines a small light directly into the subject's
eyes. When this happens, the diameter of the pupil is reduced, thus
tightening the opening in the iris. Since a smaller pupil means a
smaller host for the reflection, the chances of red-eye occurring are
greatly reduced.

17. Throwing a clay pot, the age old art of making pottery on a wheel, is a process
that requires many steps. Assuming the potter does not have to make his own clay, the
first step toward the finished product is wedging the clay. Here, the potter kneads the
clay to prepare it for throwing. Wedging cannot be rushed. A minimum of fifty turns is
required to rid the clay of air pockets and align its molecules. Once wedged and formed
into a ball, the clay is thrown onto the center of a potter's wheel. Now the material
must be centered. Now the shaping is completed and the pot is ready to be dried, fired,
and glazed. Thus, even though a clay pot may appear simple to make, fashioning one by
hand is a long and sometimes tedious process.

18. Although the building was amazing in its
architecture & outstanding in size, its
main feature was its beauty to the eye
of the beholder.
TS: The building is exceedingly
beautiful
- Implied Topic Sentence

19. - Implied Topic Sentence?
An implied topic sentence is one
where the topic is obvious by the
constant reference to the topic.
The topic sentence is indirectly
stated but shown through the
supporting sentence(s).

26. Change is a type of process which
involves passing from one state or phase to
another.
- BY DEFINITION

27. THE MEANING OF THE TERM IS
DEFINED.
- BY DEFINITION
Change is a type of process which
involves passing from one state or phase to
another.

28. TWO UNLIKE THINGS WITH
SIMILAR FEATURES ARE BEING
COMPARED.
- BY ANALOGY
“HUGOT”

29. Ant societies resemble those human beings.
People’s societies may be divided into four classes or
stages – the hunting, pastoral, agricultural and
industrial. Ants have stages of development
corresponding to the first three. The legionary ants
live solely by the products of their chase. Those
belonging to the pastoral class keep “domestic”
animals like plant, lice, scale insects, and caterpillars.
- BY ANALOGY

30. Air pollution is perhaps the most devastating form of
pollution since it destroys a resource that every life form as we
know it needs to sustain itself.
The effects of this menace, both immediate and far ranging, are
easy to summarize: unbreathable air.
The causes, however, need some more inspection. Every citizen
who drives a car that is not properly serviced and that does not
have emission control devices is contributing noxious gases into
the atmosphere. Large industries that do not have filtration
mechanisms on their smoke stacks are also contributors. Well,
there is an underlying cause which motivates all these
groups: money.
- BY CAUSE AND EFFECT

31. A SITUATION IS DESCRIBED
AND ITS CAUSE IS GIVEN.
- BY CAUSE AND EFFECT

32. Pictures really help us understand things better but many
people don't know how to take them! Today, I'd like to show you how
easy it is to take pictures with an automatic digital camera. You will
need a light or sunny place, a simple digital camera with good
batteries and a memory card in it, a little knowledge about the
controls, and a subject you want to photograph. As you can see, it is
pretty simple to take pictures with an automatic digital camera. If you
have all of these, then you are ready for the first step: go to the place
you have chosen for your picture. You will then need to find the on
and off button on your camera and turn it to the on position. As you
can see, it is pretty simple to take pictures with an automatic digital
camera.
- BY ANALYSIS

33. THE SUBJECT MATTER IS
DIVIDED INTO PARTS AND THEN
EACH PART IS DEVELOPED IN TURN.
- BY ANALYSIS
IT SHOWS A PROCESS OR
PROCEDURE AS TO HOW TO
DEVELOP A CERTAIN THING OR
IDEA.

34. My hometown and my college town have several
things in common. First, my hometown, Gridlock, is a small
town. It has a population of only about 10,000 people. As
for my college town, Subnormal, it too is small, having a
population of about 11,000 local residents, which swells to
15,000 people when students from the nearby college are
attending classes. Like Gridlock, Subnormal lies in the center
of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle.
- BY COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST

35. - BY COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
SIMILAR AND DIFFERENT
FEATURES OF THINGS AND IDEAS
BELONGING TO THE SAME CLASS
OR CATEGORY ARE POINTED OUT.

38. Supporting Sentences are
used to develop the main
ideas found in Topic
Sentence.

39. These are the sentences
that support the TOPIC.

41. Upon entering the grocery store, I headed directly for the flower
department, where I spotted yellow tulips. As I tenderly rested the
tulips in my rusty shopping cart, I caught a whiff of minty dried
eucalyptus, so I added the fragrant forest green bouquet of
eucalyptus to my cart. While heading for the meat department, I
smelled the stench of seafood, which made my appetite disappear.
I absently grabbed a bloody red hunk of NY Strip and tossed it into
my cart. Pushing my creaky shopping cart to the check-out line, I
heard an employee announce that there was a special on shrimp.
On the ride home, I realized I had forgotten to buy the crusty wheat
bread I like so much.
- SENSORY DETAILS

42. - SENSORY DETAILS
Sensory details include sight,
sound, touch, smell, and taste.
Writers employ the five senses to
engage a reader's interest.

43. The Sahara is hot because it is sunny. In Adrar out of some 4,
400 hours of annual daylight there are 3, 978 hours of direct sun,
on average. (Paris, home of the Great Saharan Colonizers, gets
1,728 hours of sun.) Elsewhere in the desert the count is equally
high. And this is steep-angle sunlight,powerful stuff.
- FACTS AND STATISTICS

44. - FACTS AND STATISTICS
A FACT is a statement that can be
proved true by concrete
information.
A STATISTIC is a fact based on
numbers.

45. Some time – honored local traditions have changed through
the years. The Ati-Atihan Festival in Aklan is an example. During the
Pre-Spanish Period in Philippine History, the atis of Panay Island
held this celebration as some kind of ritual after soliciting food
from the Datus of Borneo. When the Spaniards came, the Sto. Nino
was integrated into the Fiesta to give it a Christian meaning.
- EXAMPLE(S)

46. - EXAMPLE(S)
These are specific instances or
illustrations of a general idea.
It is used to mention and help
explain what is said and show a
general statement is true.

47. - ANECDOTE(S)
It is a short story about an
interesting or funny event or
occurrence.
It is usually short narrative
story.

50. • a Clincher Sentence can be
used at the end of a paragraph
to wrap it up with a final
thought.
• It summarizes the supporting
sentences and draw a
conclusion.

51. Throwing a clay pot, the age old art of making pottery on a wheel, is a process
that requires many steps. Assuming the potter does not have to make his own clay, the
first step toward the finished product is wedging the clay. Here, the potter kneads the
clay to prepare it for throwing. Wedging cannot be rushed. A minimum of fifty turns is
required to rid the clay of air pockets and align its molecules. Once wedged and formed
into a ball, the clay is thrown onto the center of a potter's wheel. Now the material
must be centered. Now the shaping is completed and the pot is ready to be dried, fired,
and glazed. Thus, even though a clay pot may appear simple to make, fashioning one by
hand is a long and sometimes tedious process.

53. CRITERIA
1. RELEVANCE TO THE TOPIC –
10pts.
2. ART OF WRITING – 10 pts.
20 pts.

54. Attractive
Substantial
Organized Well-Processed
Orderly Done

55. Coherence Unity

57. COHERENCE

58. COHERENCE
Coherence refers to the extent to which the
flow of ideas in a paragraph is easily
understood by the reader.
To achieve coherence, a writer should show
how all of the ideas contained in a paragraph
are relevant to the main topic.

59. "Schools should offer courses to help students with
the problems of unemployment. Such a course might
begin with a discussion of where to find employment,
then cover resume writing and interviewing. Algebra and
history don't help students with real-world needs. They
are required courses that students aren't interested in, and
this is frustrating for students who would rather learn
about other subjects. If schools offered job-skills courses,
students would be well prepared for the difficult task of
finding a job once they finish school."

61. UNITY

62. UNITY
Unity refers to the extent to which all of
the ideas contained within a given
paragraph "hang together" in a way that is
easy for the reader to understand.

63. "Employees' attitudes at Jonstone Electric Company
should be improved. The workers do not feel that they are a
working team instead of just individuals. If people felt they
were a part of a team, they would not misuse the tools, or
deliberately undermine the work of others. Management's
attitude toward its employees should also be improved.
Managers at Jonstone Electric act as though their
employees are incapable of making decisions or doing their
own work. Managers treat workers like objects, not human
beings."

64. ALL SENTENCES
RELATETOTHE
MAINTOPIC SENTENCE
ALL SENTENCES
RELATE TO THE
IMPLIED IDEA
ALL SENTENCES
RELATE TO THE
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

65. ORDER OF
IDEAS
CONNECTIONS
BETWEEN IDEAS
TRANSITIONAL WORDS
AND PHRASES

66. ORDER OF
IDEASWAYS OF ORDERING IDEAS
• CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER
• SPATIAL
ORDER
• ORDER OF
IMPORTANCE
• LOGICAL
ORDER
- Arrange the events in order they happen.
- Arrange the details in order that the eye sees
them.
- Arrange the ideas or details according to how
important they are.
- Arrange the details and ideas into related groups.

67. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
IDEAS
DIRECT REFERENCES TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND
PHRASES
- these are words that refer to a noun or
pronoun used earlier.
- repeat a word used earlier.
- use synonyms to recall words or
phrases used earlier.
- these refer to words and phrases that
connect by showing transitions.
- these include prepositions that show
chronological or spatial order and
conjunctions that connect ideas and
show relationship.

69. STRATEGIES OF
DEVELOPMENT
• DESCRIPTION
• NARRATION
• CLASSIFICATION
• EVALUATION
- LOOKING AT INDIVIDUAL FEATURES OF A
PERSON, PLACE OR THING.
- LOOKING AT CHANGES IN A SUBJECT OVER A
PERIOD OF TIME.
- LOOKING AT THE SUBJECT IN RELATION TO
THE OTHER SUBJECT.
- LOOKING AT THE SUNJECT’S VALUE.

70. DESCRIPTION
• DESCRIPTIONS REFERS TO
HOW PLACES AND OBJECTS
ARE FREQUENTLY
ORGANIZED BY SPATIAL
ORDER.

71. NARRATIO
N
EXPLAINING
A
TELLING A
STORY
EXPLAINING
CAUSES AND
EFFECTS

72. CLASSIFICATIO
N
DEFINING
DIVIDING COMPARING
AND
CONTRASTIN

73. EVALUATION
• WRITERS USE
EVALUATION TO
INFORM READERS OR
TO PERSUADE THEM TO