This study investigated the use of low-cost agricultural waste materials as biosorbents for removing chromium (VI) from wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted using sweetlime fruit skin and bagasse to adsorb chromium (VI) at different concentrations, pH levels, and adsorbent amounts. The results showed that adsorption was most effective at lower chromium (VI) concentrations and acidic pH levels. Sweetlime fruit skin achieved 65% removal at 40 μg/L chromium (VI) and pH 2.5, while bagasse achieved 75% removal at the same concentration and pH 5. The study suggests that locally available agricultural wastes have potential as low-cost biosorbents for wastewater treatment.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, the effect of copper oxide coated kaolinite on mercury (II) removal based on initial metal concentration, particle concentration, and prolonged residence time have been investigated. Experimental methods involved batch mode techniques at ambient temperature. The content was analysed for Hg(II) adsorbed, using standard laboratory procedures. Here, using empirical models derived from Freundlich isotherm, adsorption capacity increased from 300 to 400 mg/kg over the range of initial metal concentration investigated. The complex behavior of existing reactive sites and the generation of new active sites accounted for these changes in adsorption capacity. Increase in particle concentration led to decrease in adsorption. This was over the range of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 gL-1 solid concentration. Higher Cp reduced the specific surface area for adsorption. Hg(II) ions removal increased with increase in residence time. The most efficient ratio of Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was at 0.002kgL-1 at 40mgL-1 mercury concentration. Values of between 600 to 900 mg/kg for Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was higher when compared with the uncoated kaolinite. As ageing was increased, hydroxylation probably increased thus leading to the formation of new reactive sites.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, the effect of copper oxide coated kaolinite on mercury (II) removal based on initial metal concentration, particle concentration, and prolonged residence time have been investigated. Experimental methods involved batch mode techniques at ambient temperature. The content was analysed for Hg(II) adsorbed, using standard laboratory procedures. Here, using empirical models derived from Freundlich isotherm, adsorption capacity increased from 300 to 400 mg/kg over the range of initial metal concentration investigated. The complex behavior of existing reactive sites and the generation of new active sites accounted for these changes in adsorption capacity. Increase in particle concentration led to decrease in adsorption. This was over the range of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 gL-1 solid concentration. Higher Cp reduced the specific surface area for adsorption. Hg(II) ions removal increased with increase in residence time. The most efficient ratio of Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was at 0.002kgL-1 at 40mgL-1 mercury concentration. Values of between 600 to 900 mg/kg for Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite was higher when compared with the uncoated kaolinite. As ageing was increased, hydroxylation probably increased thus leading to the formation of new reactive sites.
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluidsMutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Selected environmentally benign iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for oil-well steel (N-80) in 50 mg/l sulphide concentration at various pH ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 and at High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) conditions by the weight loss method. The test temperatures were 150 °F, 275 °F and 350 °F respectively for pressures of 3 000 psi, 5 000 psi and 6 000 psi. The ferrous complex was found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to the synthetic magnetite. It exhibited up to 99.2% inhibition efficiency (IE) when the dose of the scavenger was doubled (i.e. when the sulphide to scavenger ratio was 1:2) irrespective of other factors such as pH, temperature and pressure. Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) was observed to be up to 75.1% only when the ratio of the sulphide to scavenger was 1:4 at the lowest pH of the experiment (pH 5.5) which is not desirable for a drilling mud. As the pH increases, the inhibition efficiency of the magnetite decreases and found to be lowest at the alkaline pH of 11.5.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
El rendimiento comparativo del ferrato de potasio (VI), sulfato férrico y sulfato de aluminio para la eliminación de turbidez, química
Se evaluó la demanda de oxígeno (DQO), el color (como Vis400-abs) y las bacterias en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Para la coagulación y desinfección de aguas residuales,
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluidsMutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Selected environmentally benign iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for oil-well steel (N-80) in 50 mg/l sulphide concentration at various pH ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 and at High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) conditions by the weight loss method. The test temperatures were 150 °F, 275 °F and 350 °F respectively for pressures of 3 000 psi, 5 000 psi and 6 000 psi. The ferrous complex was found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to the synthetic magnetite. It exhibited up to 99.2% inhibition efficiency (IE) when the dose of the scavenger was doubled (i.e. when the sulphide to scavenger ratio was 1:2) irrespective of other factors such as pH, temperature and pressure. Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) was observed to be up to 75.1% only when the ratio of the sulphide to scavenger was 1:4 at the lowest pH of the experiment (pH 5.5) which is not desirable for a drilling mud. As the pH increases, the inhibition efficiency of the magnetite decreases and found to be lowest at the alkaline pH of 11.5.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
El rendimiento comparativo del ferrato de potasio (VI), sulfato férrico y sulfato de aluminio para la eliminación de turbidez, química
Se evaluó la demanda de oxígeno (DQO), el color (como Vis400-abs) y las bacterias en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Para la coagulación y desinfección de aguas residuales,
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Removal of Cr (VI) Using Low Cost Activated Carbon Developed By Agricultural ...IOSRJAC
Rice straw is find out as agricultural waste material labundantly in india. It is also used in paper industry due to it abundantly available in rice-producing countries. Activated carbon of rice straw (ACRS) was used to remove Cr(VI) from waste water. The Batch process were used to evaluate the effect activated carbon of rice straw for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption studies on pH effect, contact time, adsorbent dose were examined. The removal decreased from 74.2 to 47.2% by increasing the Cr(VI) concentration from 1.5 to 5.0 mg/l. Removal, however, decreased from 80.3 to 7.2% by increasing the adsorbent particle size from 100 µm to 200 µm. The adsorbed dose of Cr (VI) tend to increase with the increase of pH. It has been found that a low cost and high capabilities of the ACRS make it potentially attractive adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from wastewater.
Potato peels which are a low cost, renewable agroindustry by-product were used for the removal of hexavalent chromium from
aqueous effluents. Batch experiments were carried out with an artificial effluent comprising of potassium dichromate in deionised
water. The effects of the initial hexavalent chromium concentration, dose of biosorbent, and removal kinetics were explored. An
adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L was effective in complete removal of the metal ion, at pH 2.5, in 48 minutes. The kinetic process of
Cr(VI) adsorption onto potato peel powder was tested by applying pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models as well as
the Elovich kinetic equation to correlate the experimental data and to determine the kinetic parameters. The adsorption data were
correlated by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 3.28 mg/g was calculated
using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting a functional group limited adsorption process. The results confirmed that
potato peels are an effective biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from effluent.
Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using chemically modified oran...IOSR Journals
The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions onto chemically modified orange peel was studied at varying initial metal concentrations, adsorbent doses, pH and contact times. Batch experiments were carried out under optimized conditions to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the orange peel chemically modified with sodium hydroxide. The residual Cr (VI) concentrations after biosorption were analyzed by FAAS. The biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and BET. The characterization of the orange peel biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in Cr (VI) biosorption. Chemically modified orange peel exhibited more adsorption potential as compared to the raw orange peel. The biosorption efficiency of the orange peel was dependent on the pH of the Cr (VI) solution, with pH 2 being optimal. The removal rate of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in contact time and remained constant after an equilibrium time of 180 min. The removal of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in biosorbent concentration with the optimal adsorbent dosage at 4.0 mg/L. The increase in initial Cr (VI) ion concentration led to an increase in the percentage removal of Cr (VI). The adsorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with R2 = 0.987 for the raw orange peel and R2 = 0.995 for the modified orange peel. The Freundlich constants Kf and n were 97.07 [mg/g (L/mg)n] and 0.79 (g/L) for the raw orange peel and 139.0 [(mg/g)(L/mg)n] and 0.815 (g/L) for modified orange peel respectively. The present study revealed that orange peel which is a low cost agricultural material could be used as an efficient sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and that chemical modification of the biosorbent using sodium hydroxide enhanced adsorption capacity
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Biodegradation of Hexavalent Chromium from Paint Industry Effluent by Indigen...Scientific Review SR
Hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) is toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical, whereas its reduced trivalent form (Cr-III) is much less toxic. Cr-VI is widely used in paint industry, tannery industry, and so on. In the present study an attempt was made to isolate naturally occurring bacteria from paint industry effluent possessing high potentiality to reduce Cr-VI. Seven efficient chromium reducing bacterial strains were isolated as Bacillus korlensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus varians, Enterobacter intermedius and Tatumella terrea. These bacteria reduced chromium in culture media at maximum 5 mM concentration within a period of 24–72 h as determined by 1, 5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) colorimetric method. However, significant Cr-VI reduction or biodegradation was observed at 1.25 mM substrate concentration within 24 h at 37°C. The research was very promising for development of a microbiological process to be used in the removal of toxic hexavalent chromium from the environment.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Deconttamination of a solution of chromiumIV by marine algae (ulva-lactuca)AM Publications
Wastewater contaminated by heavy metals remains today one of the major problems to solve in industrialized
countries. Various conventional methods are used to remove heavy metals from the existent wastewater. They are based
on chemical precipitation phenomena, ion exchanges, and adsorption or bio-sorption.
The treatment by plants (phytopurification) is a natural treatment for a variety of aquatic or semi aquatic organized and
structured artificially to maximize their holding capacity for various pollution parameters. Many studies aim to increase
the removal of heavy metals by plants to clean up wastewater. In this study we are interested in the ability of the algae
"ulva-lactuca" to eliminate the chromium (Cr) from a previously prepared solution and the factors that may influence
the absorption [1,2,3].
The parameters studied were pH, mass, contact time between polluted water and algae (biomass and its impact on the
bio-sorption also other physico-chemical parameters).The results show the bio-sorption percentage R% = 84 % is
observed at pH = 5 and m = 4g amount of living biomass, and the elimination percentage of Cr is equal to 96% at pH =
5, m = 1g and C0 = 38.32 mg / l and the amount adsorbed can reach 1.81 mg / g for crushed algae. These results are
consistent with those obtained with the Langmuir model.
Removal of Cr (VI) Through the Use of the Agroindustrial Residue of the Perse...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
We analyzed the Chromium (VI) removal capacity in aqueous solution by the Persea americana biomass, using the diphenyl carbazide method to evaluate the metal concentration. Biosorption at different pH (1, 2, 3, and 4) was evaluate for different times. We too studied the effect of temperature in the range of 28 to 60 °C and the removal at different initial concentrations of Cr (VI) of 200 to 1000mg/L. Therefore, the highest biosorption of the metal (50mg/L) occurs within 270 minutes, at pH of 1.0 and 28 °C. According to temperature, the highest removal was observing at 60 °C, in 45 minutes, when the metal is completely adsorbed. At the analyzed concentrations of Cr (VI), fungal biomass, showed excellent removal capacity, besides it removes efficiently the metal in situ (100% removal in earth and water contaminated, after 5 and 6 days of incubation, 5 and 10g of biomass, 10g of earth and 100mL of water; so, it can be used to eliminate it from industrial wastewater.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000570.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of agronomy and crop science please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
1. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Biosorption Studies for Chromium (VI) Removal Using
413
Sweetlime Fruit Skin & Bagasse
Neetu Divya, Bidyut Mazumdar
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, Chattishgarh, INDIA
E Mail: neetudivya@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Heavy metals are released into the environment from a wide range of natural and anthropogenic
sources. As a result, there has been a great deal of attention given to effective and low cost technologies for
removal of heavy metal ions from polluted water. Biosorption is one such emerging technology which utilized
naturally occurring waste materials to remove heavy metals from different sources. The aim of the present study
was to utilize the locally available agricultural waste as biosorbent for heavy metal removal from wastewater.
The potential to remove Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions through biosorption using low-cost adsorbent such as
sweetlime fruit skin (SLFS) & bagasse (BG) was investigated in batch experiments. The concentration and pH
were the parameters used. Change in pH had appreciable effect on the adsorption of Cr (VI). The adsorption
process for the removal of Cr (VI) is more efficient in acidic medium for both adsorbents. SLFS gives better
adsorption capacity at 2.5 pH and baggase (BG) gives at 5 pH. The experiments were conducted for various
concentration of Cr(VI) and it was found the percentage removal efficiency was high with 40 μg/l Cr(VI)
solution.
Keywords: Biosorption, Low-cost biosorbent, Sweetlime fruit skins (SLFS), Bagasse (BG)
1. INTRODUCTION
The research on the utilization of agricultural waste as
adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from the
aqueous solution has become an interesting field for
researchers. The agricultural wastes are available at
low-cost. They are capable of binding to heavy metals
by adsorption.
The discharge of heavy metals in to the environment
has become a matter of concern over the last two
decades. There are many metals present in the
wastewater such as lead, chromium, mercury, zinc,
arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel etc. Chromium is a
toxic metal of widespread use and exists in several
oxidation states. Cr (VI) is one of those valuable
heavy metals, which comes out as pollutant,
discharged into natural water from various industries
including textile industries, electroplating, leather
tanning and metal finishing industries. Once
chromium is introduced into the environment it exists
in two stable oxidation states, Cr (III) and Cr (VI).
The trivalent form is relatively innocuous, but
hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic and
mutagenic in nature, highly mobile in soil and aquatic
system and also is a strong oxidant capable of being
adsorbed by the skin.1
Chromium (VI) considered being the most toxic of
chromium is usually associated with oxygen as
chromate (CrO4
2+) or dichromate (Cr2O7
2-) ions. The
tolerance limit of Cr (VI) for discharge into inland
surface water is 0.1 mg/l and in potable water is 0.05
mg/l. But the concentration of Cr (VI) in the industrial
wastewater ranges from 0.5 to 270.000 mg/l.2Dara
(2004) reports the tolerance limit for Cr (VI) into
industrial and sewage effluents is 0.1 mg/l and in
drinking water 0.01 mg/l. According to WHO
guidelines for Cr in drinking water is 50 μg/l.3 For
adsorption of Cr (VI), a number of biomass or bio
materials can be used such as lignocellulosic
agricultural waste ,Sargassum sp.,activated carbons
prepared from agricultural wastes ,Chitosan coated oil
plam shell charcoal ,kendu fruit gum dust ,london
plane leaves , rice husk ,conifewrous leaves, coconut
husk and palm pressed fibers,bengal gram husk have
been reported in the literature.4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 Many
other biomaterials were used for the adsorption of
other heavy metals.
In this study, sweet lime fruit skin (SLFS), bagasse
(BG) agricultural wastes are used as biosorbents to
remove Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Study was
carried out using pH and concentration as parameters.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Pretreatment of biosorbents
Sweetlime fruit skins (SLFS) and bagasses (BG) were
collected from different juice centers at Raipur,
Chattishgarh, India. The SLFS and BG were washed
in tap water and dried in open. The air dried SLFS and
BG has soaked in 0.3 N HNO3 for 24 hr, followed by
washing thoroughly with distilled water until a pH of
6.98 to 7 was attained. After that it dried in air and
finally in oven at 60 oC. The activated biomass was
grounded using a food processor (Maggi model
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414
medium 3000) and then screened through Tyler
screen to obtain the particular size (8/10 mesh size) of
biomass.
2.2. Preparation of stock solution
Chromium stock solution was prepared by dissolving
K2Cr2O7 in distilled water. 1.414 g of K2Cr2O7 was
dissolved in 1000 ml of distilled water.14 pH of the
solution was adjusted using 0.2 N H2SO4.
2.3. Biosorption Experiments
The batch experiments were conducted in 250 ml
borosil beakers containing 100 ml of Cr (VI) solution
of desired concentration (i.e. 40, 60 μg Cr (VI) /l). For
investigation of effect of pH the experiments are
repeated at different pH such as 2.5, 5, 7. The samples
were shaken continuously at room temperature with 5
g/l of each adsorbent (SLFS, BG, 8/10 mesh size).
The solutions were withdrawn at different time
intervals and filtered through a 41 Whatman filter
paper. From the filtered solution 10 ml sample was
pipette out and diluted up to 100 ml, the initial pH of
the sample was adjusted 1.0 ± 0.3 using 0.2 N H2SO4,
well mixed then 2.0 ml 1,5-diphenylcarbazide
solution was added and kept for 10 min for full color
development. After the coloration an appropriate
volume has taken in absorption cell and its absorbance
was measured at 540 nm (using microprocessor photo
colorimeter 1312 ELICO). The remaining
concentration of Cr (VI) in the sample was
determined. The above procedure was repeated for
different sets of experiments.
2.4. Analytical methods
Absorbance was measured at 540 nm using
microprocessor photo colorimeter 1312 ELICO. The
amount of Cr (VI) adsorbed in μg/g at time ‘t’ was
calculated using;
qt = [(Co-Ct)/m] x V
(1)
Where, Co and Ct are the concentration in μg Cr (VI)/l
initially and at time‘t’ respectively. ‘V’, ‘m’ and ‘qt’
is the volume of the Cr (VI) solution (ml), weight of
biosorbent (g) and the amount of metal uptake at time
t (μg Cr (VI)/g) respectively.
The percentage removal (% R) of Cr (VI) ions from
aqueous solution was calculated by;
% R = [(Co-Ct)/Co] x 100
(2)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Effect of Cr (VI) concentration
To investigate the effect of Cr (VI) concentration, two
solution of different concentration of Cr (VI) was
prepared i.e. 40 μg/l and 60 μg/l. SLFS and BG were
used as biosorbent. The experiments were conducted
with optimized pH for each biosorbent. It was found
that the Cr (VI) removal was fast in low concentrate
i.e. 40 μg/l Cr (VI) solution in comparison of 60 μg/l
Cr (VI) solution [Figure.1]. The percentage removal
of Cr (VI) was 65% with SLFS at 2.5 pH. Similarly
with BG biosorbent the percentage removal of Cr (VI)
was 75% at 5 pH [Figure.2]. Graph shows that the rate
of biosorption is a function of the initial concentration
of metal ions. This happens due to the increase in the
number of ions competing for the available binding
sites in the biosorbent and also due to the lack of
binding sites for the complexation of Cr ions at higher
concentration levels. At lower concentrations, all
metal ions present in the solution would interact with
the binding sites and thus facilitated higher
biosorption. At higher concentrations, more Cr ions
are left unabsorbed in solution due to the saturation of
binding sites of biosorbent.13Therefore, the
concentration of metal ions is a significant factor to be
considered for effective biosorption.
3.2. Effect of pH
To study the effect of pH, three different pH of Cr
(VI) solution was adjusted i.e. 2.5, 5 and 7 pH. The
effect was investigated for both concentrations i.e. 40
μg/l and 60 μg/l of Cr (VI) solution. The Cr (VI)
removal was observed with different pH of Cr (VI)
solution with two biosorbents i.e. ‘SLFS’ and ‘BG’
for 60 min biosorption process. It was observed that
the 2.5 pH was optimum pH for SLFS and 5 pH for
BG. Result shows that the biosorption process for the
removal of Cr (VI) is more efficient in acidic medium
for both biosorbents (Figure.3 and Figure.4). The
reason for this is, the pH of the aqueous phase is
lowered, a large number of hydrogen ions can easily
coordinate with the amino and carboxyl groups
present on the biomaterial surface. Thus, a low pH
makes the biomaterial surface more positive.15
3.3. Effect of adsorbent
The concentration of both the Cr (VI) metal ions and
the biosorbent is a significant factor for effective
biosorption. The rate of adsorption is a function of
the initial concentration of ions.
The effect of biosorbent on the removal of Cr (VI)
from aqueous solution was studied. For the
observation equal amount of each biosorbent was
used i.e. 5 g/l of 8/10 mesh size. It was found that the
SLFS and BG both biosorbent gives better Cr (VI)
removal efficiency with low concentrate Cr (VI)
solution. It was found that BG gives efficient removal
of Cr (VI) at 5 pH and it is 75% [Figure.5].
It may be the surface characteristic of BG is more
favorable for Cr (VI) removal. This requires further
study based on surface analysis such as Fourier
Transmission Infra-Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) etc.
4. CONCLUSION
Based on the present investigation, it is concluded that
the SLFS and BG biosorbent have efficient
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biosorption capacity for Cr (VI) removal from
aqueous solution. The removal is pH dependent. Both
biosorbent works efficiently in acidic medium. The
efficiency of SLFS was fairly high at 2.5 pH whereas
with BG at 5 pH.Biosorption is fast with low
concentration of initial Cr (VI) solution. It was found
that BG shows efficient capacity to remove Cr (VI) in
comparison to SLFS. Bagasse (BG) gives 75 %
removal of Cr (VI) instead of 65% with SLFS
biosorbent. Further study is required for more
clarification such as characterization of biosorbent
and kinetics.
5. REFERENCES
1. Bishnoi, N.R., M. Bajaj, N. Sharma and A.
Gupta. Adsorption of Cr (VI) on activated rice
husk carbon and activated alumina. Bioresour.
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2. Patterson, K.E., Coltheart, M., Marshall, J. C.
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3. Dara S. S. Text book of engineering chemistry. S.
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4. Krishnani, K.K., Parimala, V., & Meng, M.
Detoxification of Cr (VI) in coastal water using
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M.G., Ledingham, W.M., & Takos-Takaki, G.M.
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as a film support.for lipase immobilization.
Bioresource Technology.89, (2003) 35-39.
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T. Adsorption kinetics for the removal of
chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions on the
activated carbon prepared from agricultural
waste. Water SA. 30(4), (2004) 533-539.
7. Saifuddin M., Nomanb H., Kumaran P. Removal
of heavy metals from industrial waste watwater
using chitosan coated oil palm shell charcoal.
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20-30.
8. Samantaroy, S., Mohanty, A. K. &Misra M.,
Removal of hexavalent chromium by Kendu fruit
gum dust. Journal of Applied Polymer
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solution by London plane leaves. Journal of
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11. Cho, Nam-Seok., Masakazu A., Kazuto, S.,
Naotaka, H., & Shuichi, D. Adsorption by
coniferous leaves of chromium ions from
effluent. Journal of Wood Science,45(3), (1999)
266 – 270.
12. Tan, W.T., Ooi, S.T., & Lee, C.K. Removal of Cr
(VI) from solution by coconut husk and palm
pressed fibers. Environmental (Letters) ETLEDB,
14(3), (1993) 277-282.
13. Ahalya, N., Kanamadi, R.D., & Ramachandra,
T.V. Biosorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous
solutions by the husk by Bengle gram
(Cicerarientinum). Electronic journal of
biotechnology,8(3), (2005)258-264.
14. APHA (American public health association).
(19thedn). Standard methods for the examination
of water and wastewater. Washington D.C.
(1985) 3-60.
15. Park, D., Seong-Rin L., Yeoung-Sang, Y., &
Jong, M. Reliable evidences that the removal
mechanism of hexavalent chromium by natural
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Chemosphere, 70, (2007) 298-305.
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1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
SLFS 2.5 pH 40 microgm/l C/Co
SLFS 2.5 pH 60 microgm/l C/Co
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
t,min
C/Co
Figure 1. Effect of different concentration at 2.5 pH with SLFS biosorbent
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Bagasse 5 pH 40 microgm/l C/Co
Bagasse 5 pH 60 microgm/l C/Co
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
t,min
C/Co
Figure 2. Effect of different concentration at 5 pH with BG biosorbent
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50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
% metal uptake with SLFS
40 μg Cr(VI)/l
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
% metal uptake
pH
Figure 3. Effect of different pH with SLFS biosorbent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
% metal uptake with
BG 40 μg Cr(VI)/l
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
% metal uptake
pH
Figure 4. Effect of different pH with BG biosorbent
6. International Journal of Research in Advent
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E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Biosorbents
Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014
SLFS
Figure 5. Percentage Cr (VI) Removal efficiency of biosorbent for SLFS and BG
418