Selected environmentally benign iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for oil-well steel (N-80) in 50 mg/l sulphide concentration at various pH ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 and at High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) conditions by the weight loss method. The test temperatures were 150 °F, 275 °F and 350 °F respectively for pressures of 3 000 psi, 5 000 psi and 6 000 psi. The ferrous complex was found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to the synthetic magnetite. It exhibited up to 99.2% inhibition efficiency (IE) when the dose of the scavenger was doubled (i.e. when the sulphide to scavenger ratio was 1:2) irrespective of other factors such as pH, temperature and pressure. Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) was observed to be up to 75.1% only when the ratio of the sulphide to scavenger was 1:4 at the lowest pH of the experiment (pH 5.5) which is not desirable for a drilling mud. As the pH increases, the inhibition efficiency of the magnetite decreases and found to be lowest at the alkaline pH of 11.5.
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a colourless gas that smells like rotten eggs (from the sulphur). Often referred to as "sewer gas," hydrogen sulphide is highly poisonous as well as corrosive. Small concentrations in air may be fatal in minutes. Hydrogen sulphide can be found as a component of formation gases, dissolved in water, hydrocarbons, or even liquid sulphur (King, 1974). Thermal degradation of organic materials and sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can create hydrogen sulphide along with other gases. Although hydrogen sulphide can have adverse effects on viscosity, fluid loss, and fluid chemistry.
Towards environmental – friendly additives for sulphide scavenging in oil and...Mutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Two environmentally safe iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as sulphide scavengers at temperature conditions of 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C at pH of 12 in a sulphide-contaminated drilling mud. The ferrous complex was found to be a better scavenger than synthetic magnetite. It exhibited 100 % scavenging efficiency within the first 40 minutes of agitation. The same concentration of the reagents, which is 700 mg/l scavenger vs. 700 mg/l sulphide, was employed (i.e. sulphide concentration to scavenger concentration ratio was 1:1). Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s scavenging efficiency was only about 30% even after 2 hours of agitation. Addition of the ferrous complex to the drilling mud was not found to be detrimental to the rheological properties of the mud. Its inclusion brought about the stabilization of mud’s rheological properties.
Done by: Sukari group
School name; Omar Bin Khattab secondary school for boys.
The project aimed to study how the investigated triazole derivative controls the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid solutions. The corrosion rates in absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitor will be measured using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Also, the effect of inhibitor on surface morphology of carbon steel will be investigated using scanning electron microscope.
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a colourless gas that smells like rotten eggs (from the sulphur). Often referred to as "sewer gas," hydrogen sulphide is highly poisonous as well as corrosive. Small concentrations in air may be fatal in minutes. Hydrogen sulphide can be found as a component of formation gases, dissolved in water, hydrocarbons, or even liquid sulphur (King, 1974). Thermal degradation of organic materials and sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can create hydrogen sulphide along with other gases. Although hydrogen sulphide can have adverse effects on viscosity, fluid loss, and fluid chemistry.
Towards environmental – friendly additives for sulphide scavenging in oil and...Mutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Two environmentally safe iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as sulphide scavengers at temperature conditions of 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C at pH of 12 in a sulphide-contaminated drilling mud. The ferrous complex was found to be a better scavenger than synthetic magnetite. It exhibited 100 % scavenging efficiency within the first 40 minutes of agitation. The same concentration of the reagents, which is 700 mg/l scavenger vs. 700 mg/l sulphide, was employed (i.e. sulphide concentration to scavenger concentration ratio was 1:1). Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s scavenging efficiency was only about 30% even after 2 hours of agitation. Addition of the ferrous complex to the drilling mud was not found to be detrimental to the rheological properties of the mud. Its inclusion brought about the stabilization of mud’s rheological properties.
Done by: Sukari group
School name; Omar Bin Khattab secondary school for boys.
The project aimed to study how the investigated triazole derivative controls the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid solutions. The corrosion rates in absence and presence of different concentrations of inhibitor will be measured using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Also, the effect of inhibitor on surface morphology of carbon steel will be investigated using scanning electron microscope.
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
2. evaluation of remediation in heavy metal tolerance and removal by comamona...Darshan Rudakiya
Comamonas acidovorans has vital role in degradation of natural as well as complex organic compounds. Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 is mainly used for bioconversion of different steroids but now it is a novel approach on bioremediation. In heavy metals hexavalent chromium, mercury and lead is very toxic and carcinogenic for human health. Organism can tolerate heavy metals like hexavalent chromium, mercury, lead and aluminium with high efficiency. Removal of hexavalent chromium is major problem to textile as well as different industries. Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 removed 99% of the hexavalent chromium from the medium and it can tolerate up to 600 ppm of chromium and 200 ppm of mercury in solidified medium. This organism shows high tolerance against salt i.e. it can tolerate up to 10% of salt. Chromium removal was also observed by using biosorption studies and MIC method. This bacteria increases pH during removal of chromium and makes chromium oxide which is trivalent chromium; it is a non-toxic compound. High salt tolerance, heavy metal tolerance and removal of hexavalent chromium make applicability in the treatment of waste water technology and treatment of industrial effluent which contain high amount of salt and heavy metals.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Worked with different particle size of coffee as an antioxidant to find which size creates a reaction at a faster rate in the reduction of Chromium IV to Chromium III.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Ac...ijtsrd
The Schiff base 2 3,4 dihydroxy 5 nitrophenyl methylidene hydrazine 1 carbothioamide DHNPMHC synthesized by condensation of 3,4 dihydroxcy 5 nitro benzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide. The structure of Schiff base was characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR and UV – Vis methods. The inhibition efficiency of DHNPMHC towards the corrosion of iron in 0.5M HCl was investigated using weight loss measurement technique. Results showed that DHNPMHC is an effective inhibitor for iron corrosion in 0.5M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency also increased with concentration of inhibitor increased. The maximum corrosion inhibition e ciency of inhibitor reported at 5 5X10 5M inhibitor concentration is 89.52 . Adsorption of the inhibitor on the iron surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Sanjay Kumar | Dr. Yogesh Chahar | Dr. V. K. Swami "A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Acidic Medium" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/45226/a-study-of-newly-schiff-base-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-metal-corrosion-in-acidic-medium/sanjay-kumar
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
IRJET-Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous ...IRJET Journal
Subitha V , Vanathi M " Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous Solution by using Denolix Regia Pods (Flamboyant Pods) ",International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The contamination of chromium (VI) in water posed severe health issues throughout the world. Several methods are available to remove chromium from aqueous environment but they are not feasible in all places and conditions due to various reasons. Some of the processes are electrochemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, etc from contaminated water. The development of low cost adsorbent is essential for benefit of the society. In present work, the study on performance of low cost adsorbent such as Denolix regia pods were used in removal of toxic heavy metal hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was performed. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be efficient media for removal of Chromium (VI) using fixed bed column which was having the total column height of 40cm, diameter of 7cm and a bed height of 30cm. The removal percentage has achieved 49% at optimum condition with the initial concentration of Cr (VI) as 500 mg/ml. The extend of adsorption was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and adsorption of Cr (VI) was found to be time and concentration dependent.
Use of iron oxide magnetic nanosorbents for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solu...IJERA Editor
This review paper focuses on the use of iron oxide nanosorbents for the removal of hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)], from aqueous media. Cr(VI) is a well-known toxic heavy metal, which can cause severe damages to the human health even with the presence of trace levels. Chromium continuously enters into water streams from different sources. Several methods are available for Cr(VI) removal and some of them are well established in industrial scale whilst some are still in laboratory scale. Reduction followed by chemical precipitation, adsorption, electro-kinetic remediation, membrane separation processes and bioremediation are some of the removal techniques. Each method is associated with both advantages and disadvantages. Currently, the use of nanosorbents for the aqueous chromium removal is popular among researchers and iron oxide nanoparticles are the most frequently used nanosorbents. This review paper summarizes the performance of different iron oxide nanosorbents studied on the last decade. The direct comparison of these results is difficult due to different experimental conditions used in each study. Adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics models are also discussed in this review paper. The effect of solution pH, temperature, initial Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage and other coexisting ions are also briefly discussed. From the results it is evident that, more attention needs to be paid on the industrial application of the technologies which were successful in the laboratory scale.
Gas Liquid Engineering - Presentation BrazilSistema FIEB
Apresentação de Peter Griffin, da Gas Liquid Engineering, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
STUDY THE CORROSION INHIBITION OF UREA FERTILIZER –Sn+2 FORMULATION ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Combination of urea-Sn +2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamic polarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn +2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn +2 was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn +2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (I F) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn +2 provided 82.3% IF , and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn +2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn +2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
2. evaluation of remediation in heavy metal tolerance and removal by comamona...Darshan Rudakiya
Comamonas acidovorans has vital role in degradation of natural as well as complex organic compounds. Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 is mainly used for bioconversion of different steroids but now it is a novel approach on bioremediation. In heavy metals hexavalent chromium, mercury and lead is very toxic and carcinogenic for human health. Organism can tolerate heavy metals like hexavalent chromium, mercury, lead and aluminium with high efficiency. Removal of hexavalent chromium is major problem to textile as well as different industries. Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 removed 99% of the hexavalent chromium from the medium and it can tolerate up to 600 ppm of chromium and 200 ppm of mercury in solidified medium. This organism shows high tolerance against salt i.e. it can tolerate up to 10% of salt. Chromium removal was also observed by using biosorption studies and MIC method. This bacteria increases pH during removal of chromium and makes chromium oxide which is trivalent chromium; it is a non-toxic compound. High salt tolerance, heavy metal tolerance and removal of hexavalent chromium make applicability in the treatment of waste water technology and treatment of industrial effluent which contain high amount of salt and heavy metals.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Worked with different particle size of coffee as an antioxidant to find which size creates a reaction at a faster rate in the reduction of Chromium IV to Chromium III.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Ac...ijtsrd
The Schiff base 2 3,4 dihydroxy 5 nitrophenyl methylidene hydrazine 1 carbothioamide DHNPMHC synthesized by condensation of 3,4 dihydroxcy 5 nitro benzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide. The structure of Schiff base was characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR and UV – Vis methods. The inhibition efficiency of DHNPMHC towards the corrosion of iron in 0.5M HCl was investigated using weight loss measurement technique. Results showed that DHNPMHC is an effective inhibitor for iron corrosion in 0.5M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency also increased with concentration of inhibitor increased. The maximum corrosion inhibition e ciency of inhibitor reported at 5 5X10 5M inhibitor concentration is 89.52 . Adsorption of the inhibitor on the iron surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Sanjay Kumar | Dr. Yogesh Chahar | Dr. V. K. Swami "A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Acidic Medium" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/45226/a-study-of-newly-schiff-base-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-metal-corrosion-in-acidic-medium/sanjay-kumar
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
IRJET-Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous ...IRJET Journal
Subitha V , Vanathi M " Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous Solution by using Denolix Regia Pods (Flamboyant Pods) ",International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The contamination of chromium (VI) in water posed severe health issues throughout the world. Several methods are available to remove chromium from aqueous environment but they are not feasible in all places and conditions due to various reasons. Some of the processes are electrochemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, etc from contaminated water. The development of low cost adsorbent is essential for benefit of the society. In present work, the study on performance of low cost adsorbent such as Denolix regia pods were used in removal of toxic heavy metal hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was performed. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be efficient media for removal of Chromium (VI) using fixed bed column which was having the total column height of 40cm, diameter of 7cm and a bed height of 30cm. The removal percentage has achieved 49% at optimum condition with the initial concentration of Cr (VI) as 500 mg/ml. The extend of adsorption was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and adsorption of Cr (VI) was found to be time and concentration dependent.
Use of iron oxide magnetic nanosorbents for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solu...IJERA Editor
This review paper focuses on the use of iron oxide nanosorbents for the removal of hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)], from aqueous media. Cr(VI) is a well-known toxic heavy metal, which can cause severe damages to the human health even with the presence of trace levels. Chromium continuously enters into water streams from different sources. Several methods are available for Cr(VI) removal and some of them are well established in industrial scale whilst some are still in laboratory scale. Reduction followed by chemical precipitation, adsorption, electro-kinetic remediation, membrane separation processes and bioremediation are some of the removal techniques. Each method is associated with both advantages and disadvantages. Currently, the use of nanosorbents for the aqueous chromium removal is popular among researchers and iron oxide nanoparticles are the most frequently used nanosorbents. This review paper summarizes the performance of different iron oxide nanosorbents studied on the last decade. The direct comparison of these results is difficult due to different experimental conditions used in each study. Adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics models are also discussed in this review paper. The effect of solution pH, temperature, initial Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage and other coexisting ions are also briefly discussed. From the results it is evident that, more attention needs to be paid on the industrial application of the technologies which were successful in the laboratory scale.
Gas Liquid Engineering - Presentation BrazilSistema FIEB
Apresentação de Peter Griffin, da Gas Liquid Engineering, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
STUDY THE CORROSION INHIBITION OF UREA FERTILIZER –Sn+2 FORMULATION ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Combination of urea-Sn +2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamic polarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn +2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn +2 was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn +2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (I F) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn +2 provided 82.3% IF , and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn +2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn +2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
An overview on Safety Audit | ConsultivoConsultivo
This overview on Safety Audit covers the key concepts of safety audit, audit feature, why it is required, the right approach and the requirements and standards for Safety Audit.
You may check here http://www.consultivo.in/audit/ for more information.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
It contains introduction, homogeneous, heterogenous, transition metal, organometallic, enzymatic and phase transfer catalysis part with certain aspect of greener approach.
It cover approximately all topic according to M.pharm Organic chemistry syllabus, not in advance but for general and basic purpose of understanding.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
Ad hoc & sensor networks, Adaptive applications, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering
Agricultural Engineering, AI and Image Recognition, Allied engineering materials, Applied mechanics,
Architecture & Planning, Artificial intelligence, Audio Engineering, Automation and Mobile Robots
Automotive Engineering….
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Similar to Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluids (20)
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluids
1. STUDY OF CORROSION CONTROL EFFECT OF H2S
SCAVENGERS IN DRILLING FLUIDS
BY
Mutiu K. Amosa
Guest Consultant
Yusran Technical Services Limited
Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
3. Introduction (Contd.)
Corrosion
• The destruction of a metal by chemical or
electrochemical reaction.
• Most drilling muds are corrosive. OBM's are the least
corrosive.
• The elevated temperatures and pressures encountered
downhole promote corrosion.
• Electrolytes and inorganic materials are more
corrosive than organic material.
5. Theory
Sour gas has been reported in old fields where the
presence of hydrogen sulphide had not been
previously reported (Carter et al, 1979).
The most HSE compliant scavenger in drilling fluids so far
is magnetite. This scavenger has a limitation of low
reaction rates in high pH but faster rates in low pH muds
(Garrett et al, 1979, KMC Oiltools, 2006).
Whereas muds’ pH are not usually allowed to go below 9.5.
It is usually between 10 and 11.5 (M-I, LLC, 2001).
Although commercial Zinc-containing compounds (ZCCs)
are very effective but pose rheological and environmental
problems (Ray et al, 1979).
Zinc metal has been classified as a toxic substance,
concentrations as low as 0.15 ppm contamination could be
potentially hazardous, hence, rendering the ZCCs as
environmentally non-viable (Martin, 2005).
6. Theory (Contd.)
Efficiencies of some organic compounds like Acrolein,
Formaldehyde, and chelates like EDTA, NTA etc as
sulphide scavengers have been reported. Their
reactions with H2S are too complex to be predicted,
and besides, there are outstanding questions
concerning HSE, especially the health aspects of
reactants and reaction products of the organic
compounds/chelates. Formaldehyde has been clearly
confirmed to be carcinogen (Nasr-El-Din et al, 2002).
These organic compounds and chelates usually
renders themselves easily for sweetening purposes
rather than application in muds (Sitz et al, 2003).
7. Theory (contd.)
Description of An Ideal Scavenger
An Ideal Scavenger has to meet the following
requirements (Garrett et al, 1979):
Complete, fast, and irreversible reaction with H2S
under all mud conditions;
Should be able to undergo a quantitative reaction with
sulphide;
pH stability of up to and beyond 11.5;
Non-corrosive to metals;
Easy and safe to handle and non-polluting to the
environment;
Non detrimental to mud’s rheology;
Must have a good environmental acceptability before
and after reaction with sulphide.
8. Theory (Contd.)
Controlling Corrosion
• The fluid should be non corrosive to the:
– Drill string
– Casing
– Surface equipment
• Corrosion can lead to:
– Wash outs
– Twist offs
– Pump failure
– Surface Leaks
Corrosion leads to loss of
&
9. Theory (Contd.)
Complexes of iron in the Fe2+ oxidation state are usually
less sensitive to pH values (Shriver et al, 1999).
Fe2+, ferrous ion is a necessary trace element used by all
known living organisms. It is also used in fertilizing aquatic
plants (Anonymous, 2007).
Gluconic acid is generally recognised as safe (GRAS). Also,
sodium, calcium and iron salts of gluconic acid have been
confirmed mild, non-volatile, non-corrosive and non-toxic.
They are stable up to alkaline pH values and are also stable
at high temperatures. A metal gluconate is comparatively
better than EDTA, NTA and other chelators
(Ramachandran et al, 2006).
Most metal gluconates are confirmed HSE compliant
materials especially the iron, sodium, zinc and calcium
salts of gluconic acids which are used for medicinal
purposes in both humans and animals (Ramachandran et
al, 2006).
The inhibitive effect of calcium gluconate on carbon steel
in neutral aqueous media has been put to test due to its
non-toxic and eco-friendly nature and found satisfactory
(Shibli and Kumary, 2004).
10. Theory (Contd.)
H2S Stability and pH
H2S H+ + HS- 2H+ + S2-
……………….……..………………..….(1)
Effects of H2S on Oil-well steel
H2S + Fe2+ → FeS + 2H+..............................................................(2)
At the anode: Fe → Fe2+ + 2e- …………………………………….…….. (3)
At the cathode: 2H+ + 2e- → H2 …………………………..………………..(4)
Probable reactions of the scavengers with sulphides:
Synthetic Magnetite (Fe3O4)
Fe3O4 + 6S2- → 3FeS2 + 4O2- …………………………………………………..(5)
Ferrous Gluconate
Fe (C6H12O7)2 + S2- → FeS + 2 [C6H12O7]- …(6)
Ferrous gluconate + Sulphide →Ferrous sulphide + gluconate
11. Experimental
Materials and Instruments
Commercially available ferrous gluconate and magnetite
were used as scavengers. The water based mud used is
saturated brine mud. Analar grade reagents of Potassium
hydroxide, HCl, sodium sulphide pellets were used.
Instruments such as pH meter (model OMEGA PHH-3X),
Precision Weighing Balance (model GD-503), Corrosion
Autoclave (model CORTEST 12.45) were used. Oil-well steel
coupon (N80 Steel) specimens of specification 50 x 12 x 2
mm were used for the corrosion tests using the weight loss
method. (Chemical Composition of the N80 steel (%): Fe –
97.237, C – 0.44, Mn – 1.74, P – 0.019, S – 0.014, Si –
0.24, Cr – 0.12, Ni – 0.02, Mo – 0.20)
12. Experimental (Contd.)
Procedure for Corrosion Inhibition Tests
Figure 3: Procedure for corrosion inhibition tests
Pre-Weighed
Polished
Coupons
Sulphide
Contaminated
Mud (with different
pH values)
Time-frame for
Corrosion processes
At different conditions
Coupon Removal
& Analysis
Washing &
Re-Weighing Drying
13. Results and Discussion
Control
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Control at pH 5.5 Magnetite at pH 5.5 Control at pH 7.5 Magnetite at pH 7.5
Control at pH 9.5 Magnetite at pH 9.5 Control at pH 11.5 Magnetite at pH 11.5
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Corrosion Rate, mm/y
Temperature, deg. C
Figure 4: Dependency of corrosion rate on temperature and pH in 50 mg/l sulphide and 50 mg/l of
magnetite.
14. Control (Contd.)
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Control at pH 5.5 Fe Gluconate at pH 5.5 Control at pH 7.5 Fe Gluconate at pH 7.5
Control at pH 9.5 Fe Gluconate at pH 9.5 Control at pH 11.5 Fe Gluconate at pH 11.5
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Corrosion Rate, mm/y
Temperature, deg. C
Figure 5: Dependency of corrosion rate on temperature and pH in 50 mg/l sulphide and 50 mg/l of ferrous gluconate.
20. Conclusions
The investigated corrosion rate of N-80 steel in the H2S
contaminated mud is very rapid; it can reach 2.5 mm/y (100
mpy).
The corrosion rate is dependent on the hydrogen sulphide
concentration, pH of the medium and the temperature
condition of the environment.
Ferrous gluconate can reduce the corrosion of drill string
and mud lines. Its corrosion inhibition efficiency reached
almost 100% when the dose was doubled, thus preventing
drill strings from pitting corrosion, hydrogen
embrittlement and sulphide stress cracking. Magnetite had
its highest inhibition efficiency (about 70 %) at the lowest
pH when the magnetite to sulphide ratio 4:1.
Ferrous gluconate has the advantages of being more readily
available and cheaper than synthetic magnetite.
21. Recommendations
This information needs to be translated into the
realistic rig-site corrosion inhibition tests.
More research should be conducted on the existing
organic products to identify their true corrosion
inhibition capabilities under realistic wellbore drilling
conditions.
Optimization of the corrosion inhibition processes of
the ferrous gluconate should be looked into.