The document summarizes research on paper batteries. It describes three types of paper batteries: 1) Glucose-activated laminated batteries that use glucose oxidase and magnesium/copper electrodes sandwiched between plastic films. 2) Polymer-based paper batteries that use conducting polymers as electrode materials for fast redox switching. 3) Lithium-ion paper batteries that integrate lithium-ion battery components like anodes, cathodes, and separators directly onto paper for flexibility. The document also discusses fabrication methods like doctor blading and lamination, and explores optimizing battery performance through electrode thickness and material selection.

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Seminar Report on
PAPER BATTERY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DECEMBER 2014

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ABSTRACT
In this paper the use of self-rechargeble paper thin film batteries, their performance and
applications has been presented. The Glucose activated paper battery based on glucose
oxidised enzyme using a simple and cheap plastic laminating technology has been
demonstrated. The enzyme and glucose concentration can be optimized to gear up the power
requirement. Ultra fast all polymer paper based batteries are an option with some short
comings yet such as low cycling stabilities and functional discharge rate. Also integration
secondary battery with the paper battery is also shown to improve the power.

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CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………..…………………………6
2 LITERATURE SURVEY....................................................................................7
2.1 Literature Survey............................................................................................7
2.2 Objectives......................................................................................................7
3 PAPER BATTERY………………………………………………………………8
3.1 Glucose activated Laminated Battery……………………………………….9
3.2 Polymer based paper battery……………………………………..…………11
3.3 Li-ion paper battery…………………………………………..…………….13.
4 FABRICATION METHODS ………………………………….………………17..
4.1 Doctor blade process……………………………………….………………17
4.2 Lamination……………………………………………..…………………..18
5 DURABILITY………………………………………………………………….19
6 USE………………………………………………..……………………………20
7 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………21
REFERENCES

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LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title Page no.
Figures
3.1.1 Fabrication 10
3.1.2 Glucose-activated laminated battery 11
3.2.1 Cell voltage vs time graph, 12
3.2.2 Charge capacity vs charge current 12
3.3.1 Fabrication of li ion battery on paper 14
3.3.2
Cycling performance of LTO nanopowder (C/5, 0.063ma)
half cells
15
3.3.3
Li ion paper battery energy increased through stacking
16
4.1 Doctor blade 17
4.2 Roll laminator 18
Tables
3 Influence of electrode thickness in electrical
characteristics of devices
9

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Paper can turn quite an interesting material to produce very cheap disposable electronic
devices with the great advantage of being environment friendly. The possibility to produce
large scale low cost disposable electronic devices has been opened like never before with
revolution of paper transistors, transparent thin film transistors based on semiconductor
oxides and paper memory. The common material of all these recent electronic devices is
cellulose fibre-based paper as active material in opposition to other Ink-jet printed active
matrix display. This emphasises the need of the use of cheap yet reliable material for the
fabrication of electronic devices. Many modifications of the prime model have been brought
out from time to time to keep up with the challenges and demands of the present world.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
The literature survey conducted are as follows
1.Gustav Nystro¨M, Aamir Razaq, Maria Strømme, Leif Nyholm, AND Albert Mihranyan
studied ultrafast all-polymer paper-based batteries. In the process they tried to replace the
metal/metal oxide with polymer. The preparation of novel redox polymer and electronically
conducting polymer-based electrode materials is essential.Conducting polymers are
particularly interesting materials as devices based on these materials could be used as
adaptable energy storage devices due to their inherent fast redox switching, high
conductivity, mechanical flexibility, low weight and possibility to be integrated into existing
production processes.
2. Liangbing Hu, Hui Wu, Fabio La Mantia, Yuan Yang, and Yi Cui investigated about Thin
Flexible Secondary Li-Ion Paper Batteries”. They tried to integrate Li-ion battery onto a
paper battery. They integrated all of the components of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of
paper with a simple lamination process. Due to the intrinsic porous structure of the paper, it
functions effectively as both a separator with lower impedance than commercial separators
and has good cyclability.
3. Ki Bang Lee studied about the Urine Activated Paper Batteries. A simple and cheap
fabrication process for the paper batteries, compatible to the existing plastic laminating
technologies or plastic moulding techniques was developed by him. A paper battery is tested
and it can deliver a power greater than 1.5mw.
2.2 OBJECTIVES
To study the following:
1. The use of self-rechargeable paper thin film batteries, their performance and
application.
2. The Glucose activated paper battery based on glucose oxidised enzyme.
3. Ultra fast all polymer paper based batteries.

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CHAPTER 3
PAPER BATTERY
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotube with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper
battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor , combining two components
that are separate in traditional electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide
both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper
batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and
hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any
loss of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking
them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of
electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.
The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes
that are each approximately one millionth of a centimetre thick. The carbon is what gives the
batteries their black colour.
Cellulose based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable, light, and recyclable
with a well-known consolidated manufacturing process. Here, we expect to contribute to the
first step of an incoming disruptive concept related to the production of self-sustained paper
electronic systems where the power supply is integrated in the electronic circuits to fabricate
fully self sustained disposable, flexible, low cost and low electrical consumption systems
such as tags, games or displays.
In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial paper as electrolyte and
physical support of thin film electrodes. A thin film layer of a metal or metal oxide is
deposited in one side of a commercial paper sheet while in the opposite face a metal or metal
oxide with opposite electrochemical potential is also deposited. The simplest structure
produced is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such as Al paper WO3/ TCO were also tested,
leading to batteries with open circuit voltages varying between 0.50 and 1.10 V. On the other
hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the relative humidity (RH), whose
presence is important to recharge the battery. The set of batteries characterized show stable
performance after being tested by more than 115 hours, under standard atmospheric
conditions [room temperature, RT (22 C) and 60% air humidity, RH].
The thicknesses of the metal electrodes varied between 100 and 500 nm. The Al/paper/Cu
thin batteries studied involved the use of three different classes of paper: commercial copy
white paper (WP: 0.68 g/cm , 0.118 mm thick); recycled paper (RP:0.70 g/cm , 0.115 mm
thick); tracing paper (TP: 0.58 g/cm ,0.065 mm thick). The role of the type of paper and
electrodes thickness on the electrical parameters of the battery, such as the Voc and Jsc are
indicated in Table I

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The thickness of the metal layer does not play a remarkable role on electrical characteristics
of the batteries. Considering that the tracing paper is less dense and thinner than white and
recycled paper, the difference on the current density observed can be related to ions
recombination either due to impurities inside the foam/mesh-like paper structure or charge
annihilation by vacant sites associated to the surface of the paper fibers, existing in thicker
papers. Other possible explanation is that the adsorption of water vapor is favored in less
dense paper. We conclude that this type of battery is a mixture of a secondary battery and a
fuel cell where the fuel is the water vapor and so its application requires environment with
40%.
Batteries able to supply a Voc=.70V and Jsc > 100 nA/cm at Relative humidity=60% were
fabricated using respectively as anode and cathode thin metal films of Al and Cu as thin as
100 nm.
3.1 Glucose activated Laminated Battery
Now lets consider the case of glucose activated laminated, which is the modification of the
previous work.
Fabrication of above is shown below.

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Figure2.1.1: Fabrication
Fabrication process for the paper battery: the whole assembly consisting of copper, enzyme-
doped special paper, Magnesium sandwiched between two laminating plastics is bound
together while passing through rollers.
In order to obtain a glucose-activated battery, we modify the urine-activated paper batteries
that include Copper Chloride (CuC1) as the cathode in paper. Instead of Copper Chloride in
the paper, we tried to use the glucose-oxidase (GOD) for the glucose-activated battery.
Fig. 1 shows the detailed lamination process for the fabrication of battery. This whole stack
consisting of the magnesium, enzyme-doped special paper, copper sandwiched between two
plastic films into a roller which bounds the whole assembly together is laminated into a paper
battery. A 0.10mm-thick lower transparent plastic film with an adhesive (Fig. la) is used as a
substrate to fabricate the battery. A 0.2”-thick copper layer are deposited (or taped) and

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patterned for the positive electrode (Fig. la). After taping a 0.2”-thick aluminium layer (Fig. 1
b), the aluminium layer is patterned to provide electrical connection and electrodes. In Figs.
l(c) and (d), 0.2”-thick glucose-oxidase enzyme doped paper and magnesium layer are
stacked on the copper layer. After placing the upper transparent plastic film with an adhesive
layer on the stack (Fig. le), the whole layers are laminated into the micro-battery while
passing through the heating rollers. Glucose supply slit and air exhalation slit are made on the
upper plastic film in Fig. l(e).
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram of a glucose-activated laminated battery consisting of a
glucose-oxidase coated paper sandwiched between magnesium and copper layers.
FIGURE 2.1.2 Glucose-activated laminated battery
We can conclude that higher enzyme concentration results in faster oxidation of glucose, and
hence better voltage and power are achieved. Thus we prefer for that. The first glucose-
activated battery fabricated by a plastic lamination technology has been demonstrated for
ondemand bio-applications and disposal usages. Basic concept of the battery is presented and
the prototype battery can be fabricated by simple lamination processes using thin plastic film.
3.2 Polymer based paper battery
Now we try to replace the metal/metal oxide with polymer. In this process, the preparation of
novel redox polymer and electronically conducting polymer-based electrode materials is
essential. While it has recently been shown that it is possible to manufacture redox polymer
based electrodes and batteries with high-capacities and very good cycling performances, the
corresponding development within the field of electronically conducting polymers is
ongoing. Conducting polymers are particularly interesting materials as devices based on these
materials could be used as adaptable energy storage devices due to their inherent fast redox
switching, high conductivity, mechanical flexibility, low weight and possibility to be

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integrated into existing production processes. While conductive polymers are more
environmentally friendly and cost-efficient than most metal containing electrode materials,
the insufficient cycle stabilities and the high self-discharge rates have so far been limiting
their applicability in commercial battery systems.
In the past, several attempts have been made to produce energy storage devices consisting of
entirely non-metal components. One way to improve the performance of nonmetal-based
energy storage devices would be to use composite electrode materials of conductive
polymers, for example, polypyrrole (PPy).
Figure 3.2.1 Cell voltage vs time graph, Figure 3.2.2 charge capacity vs charge current
In Figure 1a, the galvanostatic charge-discharge curves are shown for the battery based on the
use of different charge and discharge currents. In these experiments, the cell was cycled for
10 cycles at each current, and the results of the seventh of these cycles are depicted in the
figure. To avoid problems due to overoxidation27 of the PPy coating, the charging of the cell
was interrupted at a voltage just below the potential where this was found to take place for
the different currents.The results in Figure 1a clearly show that the PPy coatings could be
reversibly oxidized and reduced continuously even at very high rates. It can thus be seen that
it was possible to decrease the charging time from 8 min at 10 mA to only 11.3 s at a current
of 320 mA . As these currents correspond to rates of 7.5 and 320 C (i.e., charge/discharge
within 1/7.5 and 1/320 of an hour), respectively, the results are in excellent agreement with
the expected behaviour for an electrode material composed of a thin electro active layer on a
large surface area substrate.
Figure 1b shows the charge capacities calculated from the charge curves in Figure 2a, after
normalizing with respect to the total weight of the composite material. It is seen that 72% of
the electrode capacity obtained with a current of 10 mA was maintained when increasing the
current to 320 mA.This demonstrates the outstanding ability of the material to undergo rapid
oxidation and reduction. For comparison, most currently employed commercial rechargeable
batteries generally require at least an hour to completely recharge because hastened charging
increases the demands on the robustness of electrode reactions and shortens the cycling
lifetime of the electrode.28 As is seen in Figure 2b, the charge capacities obtained at 10 and

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320 mA were about 33 and 25 mAh g-1.This means that the capacity for this particular cell
containing 37.5 mg conductive paper was approximately 1.2 and 0.9 mAh, respectively.
Thus,the presented PPy-cellulose composite material is mechanically robust, lightweight, and
flexible. It can be molded into various shapes and its thin sheets can be rolled to make very
compact energy storage devices. The widespread availability of cellulose and the
straightforward manufacturing of the composite are key factors for producing cost-efficient
and fully recyclable paper-based batteries on a large industrial scale. Whereas the system
described herein is limited in terms of the delivered cell potential, at least when compared
with Li-ion batteries, the present battery holds great promise for applications in areas where
Li-ion batteries are difficult to use, for example, in inexpensive large-scale devices or flexible
energy storage devices to be integrated into textiles or packaging materials. The present
paper-based battery system has also been shown to be compatible with very high charging
rates. Together with the good cycling stability this makes the PPy-cellulose composite highly
suitable for inclusion in future high-performance energy storage systems.
3.3 Li-ion paper battery
Secondary Li-ion batteries are key components in portable electronics due to their high
powerand energy density and long cycle life. So we are trying to integrate Li-ion battery onto
a paper battery.
We integrated all of the components of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of paper with a
simple lamination process. Free-standing, lightweight CNT thin films (0.2 mg/cm2) were
used as current collectors for both the anode and cathode and were integrated with battery
electrode materials through a simple coating and peeling process. The double layer films
were laminated onto commercial paper, and the paper functions as both the mechanical
support and Li-ion battery membrane Due to the intrinsic porous structure of the paper, it
functions effectively as both a separator with lower impedance than commercial separators
and has good cyclability (no degradation of Li-ion battery after 300 cycles of recharging).
After polymer sealing, the secondary Li-ion battery is thin (300 um), mechanically flexible,
and has a high energy density. Such flexible secondary batteries will meet many application
needs in applications such as interactive packaging, radio frequency sensing, and electronic
paper. The CNT ink was applied to the SS substrate with a doctor blade method. A dried film
with a thickness of 2.0 um was formed after drying the CNT ink on the SS substrate at 80 °C
for 5 min. Slurries of battery materials, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and LiCoO2 (LCO) (Predmaterials
& LICO), were prepared. The battery slurries were applied to CNT/SS with the same doctor
blade method. The slurries were dried at 100 °C for 0.5 h. The battery electrode material on
the CNT film forms a double layer film, where CNT films function as the current collectors.
As shown in Figure 2a, the double layer LCO/CNT or LTO/CNT film was lifted off by
immersing the SS in DI water followed by peeling with tweezers. Figure 2b shows a
LTO/CNT film with a size of 7.5 cm *12.5 cm on a SS substrate (left) being peeled off in
water (middle) and in a free-standing form (right). Previously, CNT thin films have been
coated mainly on plastic substrate for use as transparent electrodes in various device
applications, including solar cells and light emitting diodes. In this study, we found that

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CNTs have weaker interaction with metal substrates when compared with plastic or paper
substrates, which allows us to fabricate free-standing films with integrated current collector
and battery electrodes. The double layer films obtained with this method are lightweight, with
0.2 mg/cm2 CNT and 2~10 mg/cm2 electrode material. The free-standing double layer film
shows a low sheet resistance (~5 Ohm/sq) and excellent flexibility, without any change in
morphology or conductivity after bending down to 6 mm (Mandrel). Due to the excellent
mechanical integrity of the double layer film and the loose interaction between the CNT film
and SS, peeling off the double layer film from the SS is highly reproducible. After integrating
the battery electrode materials on the lightweight CNT current collectors, a lamination
process was used to fabricate the Li-ion paper batteries on paper. A solution of
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer was coated on the paper substrate with an effective
thickness of 10 um. The wet PVDF functions as a glue to stick the double layer films on
paper. As shown in Figure 2c, the double layer films were laminated on the paper while the
PVDF/ NMP was still wet. During this process, a metal rod rolls over the films to remove air
bubbles trapped between films and the paper separator. After laminating LTO/CNT on one
side of the paper, the same process was used to put LCO/CNT on the opposite side of the
paper to complete the Li-ion battery fabrication. Figure 3.3.3 shows the scheme and a final
device of the Li-ion paper battery prior to encapsulation and cell testing.
Figure 3.3.1 Fabrication of li ion battery on paper

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Although a paper-like membrane has been used as the separator for other energy storage
systems including supercapacitors, it is the first demonstration of the use of commercial paper
in Li-ion batteries, where paper is used as both separator and mechanical support. Xerox
paper lacks microsize holes, which makes it an excellent separator for Li-ion batteries with
the laminated electrode films. We tried coating battery electrode materials with the same
slurries directly onto either side of Xerox paper, and we found occasional shorting of the
device due to the leakage of battery electrode materials through paper. The lamination
process provides an efficient approach for solving the leakage problem by using Xerox paper
as a separator because the battery electrode forms a solid film and is integrated with the CNT
film. CNT thin films form continuous mechanical supports and serve as electrical current
collectors for the electrodes. The sheet resistance of the CNT thin film can be further
decreased with acid doping such as with HNO3 or SOCl2.
To evaluate the performance of paper as an effective separator membrane for Li-ion batteries,
its stability in the electrolyte and the effect of the impurities. cells were fabricated with CNT
films as cathodes, Li-metal as anodes, and Xerox paper as the separators. Cells were
fabricated with CNT films as cathodes, Li-metal as anodes, and Xerox paper as the
separators. paper shows low resistivity in the electrolyte.
Figure3.3.2 Cycling performance of LTO nanopowder (C/5, 0.063ma) half cells
To test the feasibility of using Xerox paper as the separator in Li-ion batteries with the
lamination process, half cells were made with CNT/LTO or CNT/LCO with lithium foil as a
counter electrode. Voltage profiles closely match those with metal current collectors and no
apparent voltage drop was observed.
Full cells with integrated current collectors and battery electrodes onto a single sheet or paper
are fabricated with the lamination process. The laminated Li-ion paper battery has the
structure illustrated in Figure 3.3.3. After the CNT/LCO and CNT/LTO films were laminated
onto the two sides of Xerox paper, the whole device was sealed. The Li-ion paper battery
is thin.

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Due to the small thickness and the great flexibilities of current collectors using CNT thin
films, the whole device shows excellent flexibility. No failure was observed for the paper
battery after manually bending the device down to 6 mm for 50 times. The self-discharge
performance could be further improved through device fabrication process modifications
such as better sealing, longer vacuum baking times, and lower moisture levels by using
standard dry rooms.
Figure 3.3.3 Li ion paper battery energy increased through stacking
The CNT weight in our device is less, therefore, the CNT cost is negligible. One method for
increasing the total energy for the Li-ion paper battery is through stacking layer upon layer,
as in Figure 4, where conductive CNT films function as current collectors, and extended
metal strips at the edge serve as connections to the external circuit.

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CHAPTER 4
FABRICATION METHODS
Doctor blade and lamination process were termed quite often. Now lets discuss about the two
process:
4.1 DOCTOR BLADE PROCESS
Generic term for any steel, rubber, plastic, or other type of blade used to apply or remove a
liquid substance from another surface, such as those blades used in coating paper. The term
"doctor blade" is believed to be derived from the name of a blade used in conjunction with
ductor rolls on letterpress presses. The term "ductor blade" eventually mutated into the term
"doctor blade."
Figure 4.1: Doctor Blade
The doctor blade is fixed firmly in place by a doctor blade assembly, the amount of blade
protruding from the holder being known as the blade extension—generally recommended to
be K:H inch. It is set at certain optimum angles to ensure minimal blade and/or cylinder wear.
The angle at which the blade contacts the cylinder (called the contact angle) is generally
55:65º, with 60º being most manufacturers' specified contact angle. The angle can be varied
to correct various cylinder defects and/or inking problems. The contact angle also affects the
distance between the blade and the nip between the gravure cylinder and the impression
roller. This distance needs to be small enough to prevent drying-in, the undesirable drying of
ink in the gravure cylinder cells. Many doctor blades oscillate across the width of the cylinder
as a means of preventing cylinder wear and to remove solid bits of debris that can collect on
the surface of the cylinder of the rear of the blade itself. The force or pressure with which the
blade contacts the cylinder should be as minimal as possible, or should wipe the cylinder
effectively but not contribute to blade and/or cylinder wear. (The process of setting the

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contact angle and blade contact pressure is known as running in or toning in.) A related
consideration is the unavoidable deflection of the blade during the print run, or, in other
words, a slight curvature of the blade caused by the rotating cylinder. The contact angle and
blade pressure should take into account deflection. The edge of the blade itself comes in a
variety of configurations, either pre-honed by the manufacturer or honed in-house by the
printer. Regardless of the configuration, the important considerations are effective wiping and
the minimization of wear. Surface roughness of the cylinder is important for doctor blade
lubrication. Gravure cylinders that are too smooth will increase doctor blade wear and
cylinder damage. On some packaging presses, scavenger marks are deliberately etched into
non-image areas corresponding to non-printing regions of the substrate (and which can be
removed during finishing operations, such as trimming) to facilitate the removal of particles
of ink or other debris from beneath the doctor blade.
4.2 LAMINATION
Lamination is the technique of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the
composite material achieves improved strength, stability, appearance or other properties from
the use of differing materials. A laminate is usually permanently assembled by heat, pressure,
welding, or adhesives.
Roll laminator is used as high speed laminating machine. Lamination supplies for these
laminators should be in roller form. This lamination process is very cost effective and time
for making laminate is less. Bulk lamination is done by roll laminating machines.
Laminating film passes over a big roller. Roll
laminators can be divided into two types
based on lamination process.
 Hot roll laminator
 Cold roll laminator
Thermal laminating films are used in hot roll
laminator. These lamination supplies have one
side heat sensitive. This film is passed over
heated roll and laminating adhesive starts
melting. In the next step film with print goes
between nip rolls and due to pressure and
temperature it laminates. Figure 4.2 Roll Laminator
Cold roll laminator don't use heat in lamination process. Laminating is done due to the effect
of pressure. Film has one side with pressure sensitive adhesive. We use cold roll laminators
where media have some heat sensitive characteristics. Laminate can be given different look
like matte, glossy or satin finish by using various lamination supplies.

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CHAPTER 5
DURABILITY
The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility, the sheets can
be rolled, twisted, folded or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or
efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper(or a voltaic pile),to boost total output. As well,
they can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet. It is essentially
a regular piece of paper, but it is made in a very intelligent way, ”said Linhardt, ”We are
not putting pieces together-it is a single, integrated device,” he said. “The components
are molecularly attached to each other .The carbon nanotube is embedded in the paper,
and the electrolyte is soaked into the paper. The end result is a device that looks, feels,
and weighs the same as paper.”

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CHAPTER 6
USE
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes embedded
within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them attractive for portable
electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys, while their ability to use electrolytes in blood make
them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers. The medical uses are
particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable;
a major drawback of chemical cells. However, Professor Sperling cautions that commercial
applications may be a long way away, because nanotubes are still relatively expensive to
fabricate. Currently they are making devices a few inches in size. In order to be commercially
viable, they would like to be able to make them newspaper size; a size which, taken all together
would be powerful enough to power a car.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The Glucose activated battery fabricated by a plastic lamination technology has been
demonstrated for on demand bio-application and disposal usages. Many different techniques
are available to harvest raw energy to power wearable electronics, but the amount of raw
energy and surface area or net mass that the wearable device permits limit the power yield.
Thus all the different aspects of paper based battery fabrication technology with a
modification like glucose based paper battery, polymer based paper battery, Li based paper
battery have been studied.

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REFERENCE
1. Gustav Nystro¨m, Aamir Razaq, Maria Strømme, Leif Nyholm, and Albert
Mihranyan; Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering
Sciences, The Ångstro¨m Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden,
and Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångstro¨m Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden: “Ultrafast All-Polymer Paper-Based Batteries”.
2. Ki Bang Lee, Institute Of Bioengineering And Nanotechnology, “Urine Activated Paper
Batteries”
3. Liangbing Hu, Hui Wu, Fabio La Mantia, Yuan Yang, and Yi Cui; Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. †These
authors contributed equally to this work: “Thin, Flexible Secondary Li-Ion Paper
Batteries”.
4. www.wikipedia.org
5. www.pediain.com

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is the width of the nanotube used?
The width of the nanotube is 10-40 nm.
2. What is Voc ?
Voc stands for open circuit voltage.
3. What is open circuit voltage ?
Open circuit voltage is the voltage obtained when the load applied is zero.
4. Whether paper battery can be used in automobiles?
If paper battery is of the size of a newspaper, then it can be used in a car.
5. What is LTO ?
Li4Ti5O12

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