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The document discusses the properties, occurrence, extraction, and applications of hafnium and niobium. It provides details on the extraction of hafnium through various chemical reactions and purification processes. Finally, it outlines some common uses of hafnium and niobium in electronics, control rods, special glasses, and metal alloys.
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10 industrial applications of hcl
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is an extremely important product of the chemical industry and used in many industrial processes
Industrial chemistry lecture on sulfuric acid (ji&rb)
Sulfuric acid has strong acidic properties, is colorless and oily, and is produced industrially via the contact process. It is widely used in applications like lead-acid batteries, fertilizer production, metal pickling, and manufacture of other acids due to its dehydrating ability. Exposure can cause severe burns and its atmospheric emissions contribute to acid rain.
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Contact Process PPT, from my chemistry teacher. Mr.Bedford. For anyone who can use this for help. This is for IGCSE /GCSE Level.
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Sulfuric acid is a colorless, oily and corrosive liquid produced through a reaction between sulfur trioxide and water. It is used to manufacture fertilizers and other chemicals. There are three main processes to produce sulfuric acid - the contact process, lead chamber process and wet sulfuric acid process. The contact process is the most widely used as it produces higher concentrations of sulfuric acid. Strict safety precautions must be followed when handling sulfuric acid due to its highly corrosive nature.
Contact Process
Sulfuric acid is made through the contact process, which involves four main steps:
1) Formation of SO2 by burning sulfur or heating iron pyrite.
2) Purification of SO2 through various chambers to remove impurities that could poison the catalyst.
3) Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst at 450-500°C, producing enough energy for the process.
4) Formation of sulfuric acid by first combining SO3 with sulfuric acid to make oleum, then diluting the oleum with water.
Sulphuric acid..
The document discusses sulfuric acid, including its chemical formula, properties, and manufacturing processes. It provides details on the contact process, which involves burning sulfur to produce SO2, purifying the SO2, oxidizing it to SO3, absorbing the SO3 in sulfuric acid to form oleum, and diluting the oleum. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that is corrosive and widely used to make fertilizers and other chemicals. The largest global producers are China, the US, India, and Russia.
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Sodium hydroxide has several important industrial uses including soap making, cleaning, aluminum production, and paper pulping. It is used to saponify fats into soap and glycerol in soap making. As a strong base, it is an effective cleaning agent for dissolving oils, greases, and proteins. In aluminum production, sodium hydroxide separates aluminum oxide from bauxite ore via the Bayer process. It is also used in the paper pulping process to remove lignin from wood fibers and control pH during bleaching.
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Sulfuric acid has strong acidic properties, is colorless and oily, and is produced industrially via the contact process. It is widely used in applications like lead-acid batteries, fertilizer production, metal pickling, and manufacture of other acids due to its dehydrating ability. Exposure can cause severe burns and its atmospheric emissions contribute to acid rain.
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Contact Process PPT, from my chemistry teacher. Mr.Bedford. For anyone who can use this for help. This is for IGCSE /GCSE Level.
Sulphuric acid
Sulfuric acid is a colorless, oily and corrosive liquid produced through a reaction between sulfur trioxide and water. It is used to manufacture fertilizers and other chemicals. There are three main processes to produce sulfuric acid - the contact process, lead chamber process and wet sulfuric acid process. The contact process is the most widely used as it produces higher concentrations of sulfuric acid. Strict safety precautions must be followed when handling sulfuric acid due to its highly corrosive nature.
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Sulfuric acid is made through the contact process, which involves four main steps:
1) Formation of SO2 by burning sulfur or heating iron pyrite.
2) Purification of SO2 through various chambers to remove impurities that could poison the catalyst.
3) Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst at 450-500°C, producing enough energy for the process.
4) Formation of sulfuric acid by first combining SO3 with sulfuric acid to make oleum, then diluting the oleum with water.
Sulphuric acid..
The document discusses sulfuric acid, including its chemical formula, properties, and manufacturing processes. It provides details on the contact process, which involves burning sulfur to produce SO2, purifying the SO2, oxidizing it to SO3, absorbing the SO3 in sulfuric acid to form oleum, and diluting the oleum. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that is corrosive and widely used to make fertilizers and other chemicals. The largest global producers are China, the US, India, and Russia.
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Sodium hydroxide has several important industrial uses including soap making, cleaning, aluminum production, and paper pulping. It is used to saponify fats into soap and glycerol in soap making. As a strong base, it is an effective cleaning agent for dissolving oils, greases, and proteins. In aluminum production, sodium hydroxide separates aluminum oxide from bauxite ore via the Bayer process. It is also used in the paper pulping process to remove lignin from wood fibers and control pH during bleaching.
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The document provides information about nitric acid, including its physical and chemical properties, manufacturing processes, uses, and production in Pakistan compared to worldwide. It describes nitric acid as a colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, and explosives. Three common industrial methods are discussed for manufacturing nitric acid: the Chile saltpeter method using sodium nitrate, Birkland-Eyde's method using air, and Ostwald's ammonia oxidation process. Nitric acid production in Pakistan is compared to global production levels, and major Pakistani nitric acid producers are listed.
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This document discusses the manufacture and properties of sodium and several other compounds. It describes the electrolysis process used to extract sodium from molten NaCl, lowering the melting point with CaCl2. Sodium is collected at the cathode and chlorine at the anode. The document also summarizes processes for manufacturing sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, gypsum, plaster of paris, and bleaching powder. Their properties and uses are provided.
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Sulfuric acid is a colorless to slightly yellow, highly corrosive liquid. It is widely used in industry, especially in manufacturing fertilizers, chemicals, detergents, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and car batteries. Some key uses include making other acids like nitric and hydrochloric acids, sulfate salts, synthetic detergents, dyes, pigments, explosives, and drugs. It is also used for cleaning metals prior to plating and in processing petroleum products. Sulfuric acid was first produced commercially in the 18th century and its production and uses have expanded significantly since then.
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Step 3 is to ensure all of the acid has reacted by adding copper(II) oxide in excess. Step 4 is to remove any unreacted excess copper(II) oxide by filtering.
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DEZE BIJEENKOMST IS BEDOELD OM GEBRUIKERS VAN HET DIEMERBOS TE INFORMEREN OVER DE LOPENDE- EN BINNENKORT TE STARTEN WERKZAAMHEDEN:
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AANLEG DIVERSE WANDEL- EN FIETSPADEN (O.A. BIJ LANDLUST EN HOOFDENTREE);
PLAGGEN EN VERBREDING WATERLOPEN;
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UW VRAGEN.
BEHALVE HET “LANDJE VAN OUDEJANS” ZIJN DIT PROJECTEN DIE VANUIT DE PROJECTGROEP DIEMERBOS KOMEN. VERTEGENWOORDIGERS VAN DE PROJECTGROEP DIEMERBOS ZIJN AANWEZIG OM TOELICHTING TE GEVEN OVER WAT ER PRECIES GAAT GEBEUREN, WAAROM DAT GAAT GEBEUREN, WANNEER DAT GAAT GEBEUREN, HOE DAT GAAT GEBEUREN EN WAT DAARVAN DE CONSEQUENTIES VOOR DE GEBRUIKERS VAN HET DIEMERBOS ZIJN. ER WORDT GEZORGD VOOR EEN DUIDELIJKE OVERZICHTSKAART EN ANDER INFORMATIEMATERIAAL.
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In this slides is about Sulfuric acid production by contact method that is a traditional method to produce sulfuric acid and more about sulfur burning models. In addition you can find more different and new processes to produce it.
Additional Info – Q8 Presentation
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Nitric acid is produced commercially using three main methods: the Chile saltpetre method using sodium nitrate, Birkeland-Eyde's method using air, and Ostwald's ammonia oxidation process. The Ostwald process, which involves oxidizing ammonia over a platinum catalyst at 800°C, is now the primary industrial method. Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent and corrosive liquid used to produce fertilizers, explosives, and other chemicals. Proper safety equipment like chemical gloves and goggles should be worn when handling it due to its ability to cause severe burns.
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The document provides information about nitric acid, including its physical and chemical properties, manufacturing processes, uses, and production in Pakistan compared to worldwide. It describes nitric acid as a colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, and explosives. Three common industrial methods are discussed for manufacturing nitric acid: the Chile saltpeter method using sodium nitrate, Birkland-Eyde's method using air, and Ostwald's ammonia oxidation process. Nitric acid production in Pakistan is compared to global production levels, and major Pakistani nitric acid producers are listed.
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This document discusses three common acids: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid. Sulfuric acid is used to harvest potatoes and in car batteries and drain cleaners. It is also used to make detergents and fertilizers. Nitric acid is used in fertilizers, explosives, etching metals, and extracting gold. Hydrochloric acid is used to clean metals before electroplating, in household cleaners, leather processing, and swimming pool maintenance.
Sulfuric acid Industries
Lecture Slides by Prof. Imitaz Ali at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute for Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI).
Silver nitrate
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3. It has many uses including as an antiseptic, for treating warts, and cauterizing wounds. Silver nitrate can be prepared by reacting silver with nitric acid, producing silver nitrate and nitrogen oxide byproducts. It decomposes when heated, producing silver metal and oxygen and nitrogen gases. In solution, silver nitrate is used as a mild antiseptic and was historically used to prevent eye infections in newborns.
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid is a colorless, viscous liquid that is highly corrosive. It is produced via the contact process, which involves burning sulfur and reacting the sulfur dioxide with a vanadium catalyst at high temperature to produce sulfur trioxide, which is then dissolved in sulfuric acid. Sulphuric acid is non-flammable but releases toxic fumes when heated and its corrosiveness can cause irritation upon short-term exposure. It has a variety of industrial uses such as in fertilizer, rubber, and oil production.
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This document discusses calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite, two common chlorine compounds. Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant. It is produced by treating lime with chlorine gas. Sodium hypochlorite is a pale green-yellow solution known as liquid bleach. It is produced through the chlorination of sodium hydroxide and is widely used as a disinfectant. Both compounds are used for water treatment, aquaculture, agriculture, veterinary purposes, and in the fish processing industry.
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This document discusses the manufacture and properties of sodium and several other compounds. It describes the electrolysis process used to extract sodium from molten NaCl, lowering the melting point with CaCl2. Sodium is collected at the cathode and chlorine at the anode. The document also summarizes processes for manufacturing sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, gypsum, plaster of paris, and bleaching powder. Their properties and uses are provided.
Ch10 study of compounds nitric acid
This document summarizes key questions and answers from a YouTube chemistry lesson on nitric acid and its reactions with metals and other compounds.
The lesson covers the preparation of nitric acid, its reactions with copper and sulfur, and the identification and equations for reactions of nitric acid with compounds like copper carbonate, lead nitrate, potassium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate. Key reactions include the decomposition of nitric acid and metal nitrates like copper nitrate and lead nitrate when heated. Equations are provided for the oxidation of sulfur and copper by concentrated nitric acid.
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Lecture Slides by Prof. Imitaz Ali at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute for Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI).
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1. The document discusses the reactions of dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid with various substances like magnesium, zinc oxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium permanganate, and manganese dioxide.
2. It also describes tests for identifying hydrochloric acid like its reactions with litmus, silver nitrate, and ammonia to produce white fumes. Safety precautions for preparing HCl in the laboratory are highlighted.
3. A series of questions related to the reactions and preparation of hydrochloric acid are presented along with their answers concerning the products formed and equations involved. Diagrams of apparatus used in experiments like the fountain experiment are also included.
Sulphuric acid
Sulfuric acid is a colorless to slightly yellow, highly corrosive liquid. It is widely used in industry, especially in manufacturing fertilizers, chemicals, detergents, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and car batteries. Some key uses include making other acids like nitric and hydrochloric acids, sulfate salts, synthetic detergents, dyes, pigments, explosives, and drugs. It is also used for cleaning metals prior to plating and in processing petroleum products. Sulfuric acid was first produced commercially in the 18th century and its production and uses have expanded significantly since then.
Commercial preparation of Sodium hydroxide
This document summarizes the commercial production process of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) through electrolysis of brine. It describes how salt is dissolved in water to create a brine solution, which is purified and then sent to diaphragm cells where electrolysis occurs. During electrolysis, sodium ions migrate to the cathode where they react with hydroxyl ions to form NaOH, while chlorine gas forms at the anode. The end products are caustic soda solution extracted from the cathode chamber and chlorine gas collected from the anode chamber.
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay process
The Solvay process is the major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate. It involves purifying salt brine, dissolving ammonia in the brine, absorbing carbon dioxide in a reactor tower to form sodium bicarbonate, and heating the bicarbonate to produce sodium carbonate. The key reactions are: 1) NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3, 2) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2. The process recovers and recycles the ammonia.
Preparation of salts (multiple choice) QP
Step 3 is to ensure all of the acid has reacted by adding copper(II) oxide in excess. Step 4 is to remove any unreacted excess copper(II) oxide by filtering.
King of acids -Sulphuric Acid H2SO4
Sulphuric acid is a highly corrosive and strong mineral acid that is colorless and soluble in water. It is manufactured through the contact process, which involves combining sulfur dioxide with oxygen in the presence of a vanadium catalyst to form sulfur trioxide, and then combining the sulfur trioxide with concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum. Sulfuric acid is considered the "king of acids" due to its widespread industrial use in manufacturing fertilizers, detergents, chemicals, and other products. Proper protective equipment and safety procedures must be followed when handling sulfuric acid due to its corrosive and oxidizing properties.
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SCOUTING LOCATIE;
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NATUURCOMPENSATIE “LANDJE VAN OUDEJANS”;
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GEERT TIMMERMANS (ECOLOOG GEMEENTE AMSTERDAM);
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ESTHER RENSINK;
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SUUS BOERSMA (STAATSBOSBEHEER);
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Presentatie Projectgroep Diemerbos | 14 oktober 2014
DEZE BIJEENKOMST IS BEDOELD OM GEBRUIKERS VAN HET DIEMERBOS TE INFORMEREN OVER DE LOPENDE- EN BINNENKORT TE STARTEN WERKZAAMHEDEN:
SCOUTING LOCATIE;
AANLEG DIVERSE WANDEL- EN FIETSPADEN (O.A. BIJ LANDLUST EN HOOFDENTREE);
PLAGGEN EN VERBREDING WATERLOPEN;
NATUURCOMPENSATIE “LANDJE VAN OUDEJANS”;
UW VRAGEN.
BEHALVE HET “LANDJE VAN OUDEJANS” ZIJN DIT PROJECTEN DIE VANUIT DE PROJECTGROEP DIEMERBOS KOMEN. VERTEGENWOORDIGERS VAN DE PROJECTGROEP DIEMERBOS ZIJN AANWEZIG OM TOELICHTING TE GEVEN OVER WAT ER PRECIES GAAT GEBEUREN, WAAROM DAT GAAT GEBEUREN, WANNEER DAT GAAT GEBEUREN, HOE DAT GAAT GEBEUREN EN WAT DAARVAN DE CONSEQUENTIES VOOR DE GEBRUIKERS VAN HET DIEMERBOS ZIJN. ER WORDT GEZORGD VOOR EEN DUIDELIJKE OVERZICHTSKAART EN ANDER INFORMATIEMATERIAAL.
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SUUS BOERSMA (STAATSBOSBEHEER);
BOSWACHTER ERIC VAN GERREVINK OF MARIEKE SCHATTELEIJN;
FLORIS JANSEN VAN DLG IS AANWEZIG OM TOELICHTING TE GEVEN OP HET RWS-PROJECT (LANDJE VAN OUDEJANS)
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Physical and chemical properties and applications,
Compounds of metals of
Zirconium, Hafnium and Niobium
10redox jntu pharmacy
Redox titrations involve adjusting the oxidation state of the analyte using an auxiliary oxidizing or reducing agent so that it can be titrated. Common reagents used in redox titrations include potassium permanganate, sodium thiosulfate, cerium sulfate, and potassium dichromate. Redox titrations are used to determine various analytes like ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, iron, and calcium compounds. The document discusses the principles and procedures of important redox titrations like permanganometry, iodimetry, cerimetry, and dichrometry. It also describes the determination of water using the Karl Fischer reagent and reaction.
Microreactor fluorination-freiburg
The document discusses direct fluorination reactions in microreactors. It proposes acetylating alcohols prior to fluorination to protect the alcohol group. The fluorination would take place in a microreactor using a gas-liquid system with elemental fluorine and nitrogen. Previous attempts at direct fluorination of alcohols and polyhedral boranes in batch reactors are described. The document outlines characterization techniques that could be used to analyze products from the proposed microreactor fluorination experiments.
Exp.1 ppt slides_Procedure Steps.pdf
1. The document describes an experiment to prepare and characterize the coordination compound potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trihydrate (K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O).
2. Ammonium ferrous sulfate and oxalic acid are reacted to form ferrous oxalate, which is then oxidized to ferric oxalate using hydrogen peroxide.
3. Potassium oxalate is added and the solution is heated to precipitate the desired compound.
Experimental activity chemistry april
Experimental activity chemistry VIII th grade
1. The document summarizes experiments performed to study the properties and reactions of acids in the 8th grade. It describes how acids turn red litmus solution red but not change the color of phenolphthalein.
2. Acids are shown to react with more reactive metals like zinc to produce hydrogen gas and salts. Reactions include 2HCl + Zn = ZnCl2 + H2↑. Acids also react with metal oxides and hydroxides to form salts and water.
3. The importance and uses of acids like sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are discussed. They are used as laboratory reagents, in fertilizers, deterg
Oxyacids of sulphur
This document discusses various oxyacids of sulfur. It begins by defining oxyacids of sulfur as compounds containing sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen. It then lists and describes 9 common oxyacids of sulfur - sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, peroxomonosulphuric acid, peroxodisulphuric acid, thiosulphuric acid, dithionous acid, dithionic acid, polythionic acid and pyrosulphuric acid. The document focuses on describing the structure, methods of preparation, properties and uses of the most important oxyacids - sulphurous acid and sulphuric acid.
Reagents and-their-important-roles-in-the-functional-group-interconcersions
This document provides an overview of various chromium and other reagents used in organic synthesis reactions. It discusses chromium reagents like H2CrO4 that are used for oxidizing alcohols to aldehydes. Other oxidation reagents mentioned include pyridinium chlorochromate, pyridinium dichromate, Dess-Martin periodinane, and tetrapropyl ammonium perruthenate. Reduction methods covered involve lithium aluminium hydride, sodium borohydride, hydrogenation using catalysts like Wilkinson's catalyst and Lindlar's catalyst. Epoxidation reactions mentioned include using peracids, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, sodium perborate, and osmium
H2 S and SO2 removal and possible valorization
H2S is a common pollutant in gas and air. This presentation is a review of different techniques to remove H2S ,and possible ways of valorization to sulfuric acid via SO2.
chlorine.pdf
Chlorine and its compounds are discussed. Chlorine can be prepared in the laboratory by reacting concentrated hydrochloric acid with manganese(IV) oxide or potassium manganate(VII). Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that is denser than air and acts as a strong oxidizing agent and bleach. It reacts with many metals and non-metals to form chlorides. Common uses of chlorine include water disinfection and manufacturing of bleaches, plastics and pesticides.
Presentation1.pptx
This document details the design of a four stage catalytic bed reactor for a 1500 TPD hydrogen sulfide acid plant using the double contact double absorption (DCDA) process. It includes material and energy balances for the process, which achieves 99.8% conversion. Heat duties are calculated for each catalytic bed and heat exchanger to maintain the required temperatures between stages.
Hydrogen
This document discusses hydrogen, including its position in the periodic table, isotopes, methods of preparation, properties, and uses. Key points include:
1. Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic number of 1. It exists as diatomic molecules (H2) and has an anomalous position in the periodic table.
2. Methods of preparing hydrogen include the electrolysis of water and reactions of metals like zinc with acids. Hydrogen has uses as a fuel and in reducing reactions.
3. Hydrogen peroxide is another topic discussed, with methods of preparation like the anthraquinone process. It is a strong oxidizing agent with many uses in industry and medicine.
All Name Reactions (Class 11 + 12. ).pdf
1. The document lists various organic reactions grouped by reaction type including hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols, ethers, amines, and more.
2. Key reactions discussed include the Wurtz reaction, Friedel-Crafts acylation, ozonolysis, Birch reduction, Kucherov reaction, Kolbe's electrolysis, soda lime decarboxylation, Corey-House synthesis, Frankland reaction, Clemmenson reduction, aldol condensation, haloform reaction, and Fehling's test.
3. Reaction mechanisms, products, stereochemistry, and limitations are described
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The document summarizes a study that recovered cerium from rare earth slurry waste used for polishing glass substrates. Glass frit and flocculant were removed from the slurry waste using froth flotation and dissolution. Cerium was then extracted from the remaining rare earth slurry via oxidative roasting and acid leaching. The cerium solution was further purified to 94% by selectively precipitating out other rare earth species using sodium sulfate. The recovered rare earth slurry exhibited a similar particle size distribution to the original slurry, indicating it could be reused for polishing.
Transition metals: Manganese, Iron and Copper
Transition metals such as manganese, iron, and copper can exist in multiple oxidation states. Manganese commonly exists as Mn2+, Mn4+, and Mn7+. Potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4, is a powerful oxidizing agent. Iron exists as Fe2+ and Fe3+ and acts as a catalyst in the Haber process. Copper exists as Cu+ and Cu2+. Compounds of Cu+ are generally colorless and insoluble while compounds of Cu2+ are blue and soluble, forming complexes with ligands like OH-, NH3, and CO32-.
Propylene Oxide Unit
This document summarizes the propylene oxide production process. It produces 29,000 MT/PA of propylene oxide through a process involving chlorhydrin production, saponification, and purification. Key steps include reacting propylene and chlorine to form chlorhydrin, saponifying the chlorhydrin with lime to form propylene oxide, and purifying the propylene oxide through distillation. Utilities like steam, water, and electricity are required and side products like dichloropropane are also produced.
Summary of Organic Chemistry .pdf
The document provides information on various organic chemistry reactions and mechanisms. It discusses reactions of alkanes such as combustion and halogenation. Mechanisms covered include free radical substitution of alkanes, dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes, and hydration of alkenes. Reactions of functional groups like alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, arenes and haloalkanes are also summarized. Identification tests for alcohols and carbonyl compounds are outlined. Mechanisms of electrophilic aromatic substitution and SN1/SN2 reactions of haloalkanes are also presented.
Lab preparation XI
This document provides instructions for preparing several common laboratory gases and chemicals. It describes how to produce carbon monoxide by heating oxalic acid crystals with concentrated sulfuric acid. Hydrogen iodide is prepared by dropping water onto a mixture of red phosphorus and iodine. Hydrogen gas is produced through the reaction of zinc and dilute sulfuric acid. Hydrogen sulfide gas can be prepared using iron sulfide and hydrochloric acid in Kipp's apparatus. Sulfur dioxide is formed from copper turnings and concentrated sulfuric acid. Ozone is generated by passing oxygen through an electric discharge. Physical and chemical properties are also outlined for each substance.
Noble gases, Group 18
Noble Gases
Introduction, isolation of Helium
from Natural gas, applications of
Noble gases. Preparation,
properties and structures of
fluorides and oxides of Xenon
(XeF2 , XeF4 , XeF6 , XeO3, XeO4 ).
Group 18 of the periodic table comprises helium(He), neon(Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr),xenon (Xe), radon (Rn) and oganesson (Og).
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Paper 4 final
- 1. By Nikhat.S.Hussain MSc Part II,Paper4 S.I.E.S
- 5. Hf + 4HF → HfF₄ + 2H₂ ↑ Hf + AquaRegia → HfCl₄ Resistant to Bases Hf + 2H₂ 300´C HfH₄
- 6. 0.002% IN EARTH’S CRUST ALVITE MALAEON CRYTOLITE
- 7. Zircon Thiocyanite Arc Furnace CO,SiO2 ZrCN,HfCl4 Cl2 Chlorinating furnace,500 C ZrCl4,HfCl4 Condenser,100’ C Condensate crude ZrCl4,HfCl4 H2 Sublimation Residue-FeCl2 Purified (ZrCl4,HfCl4-2-7 %)
- 8. NH4OH ZrCl4,HfCl4 mixture H2O NH4CNS Solvent (Methyl iso butyl ketone) Liquid -Liquid Extraction Zirconyl chloride Hf rich solvent HCl → Stripping Hafnyl chloride H2SO4→ Scrubbing → Solvent recycle NH4OH→ Precipitation Heat → Calcining Hf Oxine
- 9. Kroll Process De-Boer or hot wire method
- 10. Hf(OH)4 cake Rotary oven → H2O HfO(OH)2 Electric muffle furnace → H2O 300 C HfO2 Cl2, → Chlorinator → CO2 Purification Furnace Resublimed HfCl4 Mg(excess) → Reduction Furnace(850 C) Hf+MgCl2 Vacuum Distillation furnace Hf sponge Arc melting Furnace Hf metal
- 12. 1. HfCl4+4Na→Hf+4NaCl 2. HfI4→Hf+2I2 3. HfO2+2Mg→Hf+2MgO HfO2+4Na→Hf+2Na2O HfO2+2Ca→Hf+2CaO
- 13. Applications Electroni cs Control rods Special Glasses Hf-Ti alloys – lamps Radio tubes TV tubes
- 15. Discovered:1801 by Charles & Hatchet
- 16. Hard grey metal M.P=1927 C B.P=4925 C Density=8.5 g/cm3 Superconductor at low temperature
- 18. Minerals Columbite (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6) Euxenite (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6) Pyrochlore (Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F) Fergusonite
- 19. Solvent Extraction Mineral Fusion with K 2 CO 3 Extraction with H 2 O Filtrate Residue (K 3 [NbO 4 ] &K 3 [TaO 4 ]) (Insoluble hydroxide of Fe & Mn ) Treated with CO 2 Filter off Filtration Filtrate Precipitate (Nb 2 O 5 & Ta 2 O 5 ) Removed Dissolved in HF acid containing KF Fractional Crystallisation Less soluble K 2 TaF 7 More soluble K 2 NbOF 5 Electrolysis
- 21. Rocket missiles Optical glass Air welding rods Petroleum equipments With steel Nuclear reactor Gel engines Electronics
- 22. General and inorganic chemistry by R.Sarkar