Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is an extremely important product of the chemical industry and used in many industrial processes
10 major industrial applications of sulfuric acidrita martin
sulfuric acid commonly known as king of chemicals and also as oil of vitriol find its applications across many industries like lubricants, drugs, rayon, metal processing, batteries, chemical manufacturing and more
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is an extremely important product of the chemical industry and used in many industrial processes
10 major industrial applications of sulfuric acidrita martin
sulfuric acid commonly known as king of chemicals and also as oil of vitriol find its applications across many industries like lubricants, drugs, rayon, metal processing, batteries, chemical manufacturing and more
Major industrial applications of sodium carbonaterita martin
Sodium carbonate also known as soda ash, washing soda most basic industrial chemicals produced from trona ore used in manufacture of glass, paper, soaps detergents, water softening
~ Presentation by Deena Pravinah A/P Nagaratnam ~
Chapter 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
- Sulphuric Acid -
Hope it's beneficial for the viewers.. :)
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
Chemical industries are established to meet the needs of modern societies. The manufacturing of sodium carbonate through the Solvays process will be discussed in detail.
Major industrial applications of sodium carbonaterita martin
Sodium carbonate also known as soda ash, washing soda most basic industrial chemicals produced from trona ore used in manufacture of glass, paper, soaps detergents, water softening
~ Presentation by Deena Pravinah A/P Nagaratnam ~
Chapter 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
- Sulphuric Acid -
Hope it's beneficial for the viewers.. :)
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
Chemical industries are established to meet the needs of modern societies. The manufacturing of sodium carbonate through the Solvays process will be discussed in detail.
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
3 modren sodium hydroxide manufacturing methodsrita martin
Sodium hydroxide also known as caustic soda with chemical formula NaOH found in many forms caustic soda lye, flakes, granules and solid. Produced using three different process Mercury Cell, Diaphragm cell, Membrane Cell methods
Unicorn Chemicals Co. is a leading name in manufacturing and trading an extensive range of chemicals which find wide application in different industrial sectors. Based in Kolkata, our company was established in the year 2010. Using our wide domain expertise and in-depth market knowledge we have been able to set up an organized infrastructure and network which are aiding us to escalate our business to new heights.
Our products are all manufactured using the most authentic and top quality ingredients which are formulated in their correct ratio to bring out the most desired results. All these chemicals are appreciated for their environment friendly and non-toxic nature which do not cause any adverse impact on the human body. These chemicals find effective application like dehumidification, fluid purification operations, air separation and other chemical treatment.
We are backed by a team of highly qualified scientists and professionals who hold extensive insight on the specific industry. Strictly adhering to the rules and norms of the specific industry, we are producing the most authentic brands of chemicals within an affordable market rate. Our sheer dedication, ethical business policies and utmost professionalism have helped us to create a niche not only in the domestic market but we have also formed a renowned client base in the international arena.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Sodium hydroxide industrial use
1. The industry use of sodium hydroxide:
Sodium hydroxide, also sometimes called lye, is a corrosive substance and because
of this property, it is widely used in industry for soap making, as a cleaning agent, in
aluminum production and for paper pulping.
Soap making:
Sodium hydroxide is used to produce soap; the common fats, triglyceride esters
react with sodium hydroxide to form glycerol and the sodium salt of the fatty acid
which is soap. The reaction between a strong base and a fat is called
‘saponification’, and can be represented by the following chemical reaction between
olive oil and sodium hydroxide:
http://www.digipac.ca/chemical/mtom/contents/chapter3/making_soap.htm
The equation can be simplified to C18H36O2 + NaOH = alcohol + salt of the carboxylic
acid (soap)
Cleaning agent:
For the same theory of soap making, in industry, sodium hydroxide can be used as
cleaning agent and it is called ‘caustic’. Sodium hydroxide is usually added to hot
water and then can be used to dissolve fat, grease, oil and protein based deposits.
This is why sodium hydroxide is often contained in oven cleaners.
Sodium hydroxide solution is widely used in cleaning the oil which is used in making
2. metal products. Compared to CFC (chlorofluorocarbon, a powerful substance to
clean the oil), it does not pollute the environment. The industrial oil does not react
easily, so it needs energy to break it up to react; the hot water provides the energy
required to make the sodium hydroxide work efficiently.
Aluminum production:
Aluminium ore is usually contained in the mineral bauxite that is a mixture of
hydrated aluminium oxides Al2O3 and hydrated iron oxides, Fe2O3. In aluminum
refining, sodium hydroxide takes the job of separating the aluminium oxides and
other substances in the ore. The process is called ‘Bayer Process’ and it produces
pure alumina from bauxite. In the process, the sodium hydroxide will only react with
aluminium oxide and form sodium aluminates, NaAl(OH)4 which are in solution, and
after filtration, the iron oxide and other substances will be separated.
The ironic equation will be:
Al2O3(s) + 2 OH−(aq) + 3 H2O(l) → 2 [Al(OH)4] (aq)−
The equation with NaOH:
Al2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) + 2NaOH(aq) -----> 2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
After that, aluminum oxide will precipitate due to the introduction of the aluminum
hydroxide and then the precipitates are washed and heated to form pure aluminum.
3. http://www.emt-india.net/process/aluminium/Aluminum%20flowsheet.htm
Cryolite, Na3AlF6 Production:
Cryolite is a useful material that is used in the production of potassium aluminium
sulphate, sodium carbonate and aluminium sulphate. To produce this material,
aluminium oxide, hydrogen fluoride and sodium hydroxide are required.
With the similar equation as aluminium production:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH = 2NaAlO2 (Aluminate) + H2O
6HF + 3NaAlO2 = Na3AlF6 (Cryolite) + 2Al(OH)3
4. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cryolite.jpg/220px-Cryolite.jpg
Paper pulp industry:
In the process of paper making, there are two main parts: pulping and papermaking.
Pulping is a process of delignification-removing lignin from wood while leaving
cellulose fibers intact.1 In paper pulp industry, a chemical method is usually selected.
After breaking all the fibers apart, an amount of water is added to form a mixture of
95% water and 5% fibers which is then transferred to the paper machine to produce
paper.
There are always some excess chemicals used to pulp the paper, sodium hydroxide
will help regenerate these chemicals to reduce the cost. Because of the corrosive
property of sodium hydroxide, it will also be added to the process of bleaching to
increasing the efficiency. It also has a function of PH control. During the pulp
process, sodium hydroxide helps the PH stays at around 8 where the hypochlorite
bleach works the most efficiently.
Cl2 + H2O ⇌ H+ + Cl- + HClO
‘At pH > 8 the dominant species is hypochlorite, ClO-, which is also useful for lignin
removal. Sodium hypochlorite can be purchased or generated in situ by reacting
chlorine with sodium hydroxide.’2
2 NaOH + Cl2 ⇌ NaOCl + NaCl + H2O
Sodium hydroxide is also used in paper recycling. When the wasted paper is placed
5. into the sodium hydroxide solution, the paper will swell and that helps to remove the
ink.
http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp292-e.htm