PAP smear.pptx
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The document provides information about the Pap smear test, including its purposes of detecting cervical cancer early, equipment needed, preparation, procedure, interpretation of results, and health education. A Pap smear is a screening test that collects cervical cell samples to test for precancerous or cancerous cells, helping detect cervical cancer early. The document outlines when women should get Pap smears, how the test is performed, and what the results could indicate in terms of cancer risk.
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Catheterization
This document summarizes the catheterization procedure. It describes the different types of catheters used including Foley's catheters. The procedure involves inserting a sterile catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It outlines the necessary equipment, positioning of the patient, cleaning of the area, lubricating the catheter, inserting it into the bladder for males and females, inflating the balloon, and measuring output. Aftercare involves documentation and making the patient comfortable.
Liver Biopsy
A liver biopsy is a medical procedure that removes a small piece of liver tissue so doctors can examine the liver's condition. There are three main types of liver biopsies - needle biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy, and transvenous biopsy. After a liver biopsy, the patient will need to limit activity and lie on their right side to allow the biopsy site to heal. A liver biopsy can help diagnose liver disease, detect cancer or infections, and provide insight into abnormal liver enzyme levels or swelling of the liver.
Cystoscopy
This document provides information about cystoscopy, including:
1. Cystoscopy involves visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra.
2. Patient preparation involves positioning in lithotomy, cleaning the genital area, and administering local anesthetic into the urethra.
3. The basic components of a cystoscope are a sheath, obturator, and telescope to view the bladder internally.
.catheterization
Catheterization is the insertion of a tube into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. It is commonly performed to relieve bladder distention, empty the bladder before surgery, or obtain sterile urine samples. There are several types of catheters including indwelling, straight, condom, and suprapubic catheters. The procedure involves cleaning, lubricating, and gently inserting the catheter into the bladder while the patient is in the dorsal recumbent position. Once placed, a balloon is inflated to secure the indwelling catheter in place and allow for continuous urine drainage into a collection bag.
Urinary Catheter Care Principles of Care and Asepsis
The document discusses urinary catheters, including their history, types, uses, insertion process, and care. It notes that urinary catheters were originally open systems but later evolved to closed systems with bags. It provides details on Foley catheters, including their structure and sizing. The document emphasizes the importance of asepsis during catheter insertion and care to prevent infections. It outlines the supplies, steps, and skills needed for proper catheterization and ongoing care.
Bladder irrigation
Urinary bladder irrigation involves flushing the bladder with a liquid solution to cleanse it and maintain catheter patency. Common purposes include cleaning out debris, bacteria, and blood from the bladder. Solutions used include sterile water, saline, glucose, and various antiseptics. The procedure involves setting up sterile tubing connected to an irrigation solution and catheter, then slowly instilling and draining the fluid while monitoring for complications like bleeding. Records must be kept of the solutions, amounts, and characteristics of drainage.
Crutch walking
Crutches are assistive devices that help patients who cannot walk on their own due to injury or illness. Proper crutch use requires strengthening the shoulder and arm muscles. There are different gaits taught for crutch walking depending on a patient's mobility level and weight bearing status. Exercises are important to prepare patients for crutch walking by building muscle strength and preventing contractures. Nurses teach patients crutch safety and proper technique.
Doppler studies
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow noninvasively and is used to diagnose issues like blood clots, poorly functioning valves, and stenosis. It works by emitting high frequency sound waves that reflect off moving blood cells and are received by the machine, translating the signal into measurements of blood flow depth and velocity. Different doppler modes include continuous wave, pulsed wave, and duplex or triplex. No special preparation is needed other than informing the patient and getting consent.
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Catheterization
This document summarizes the catheterization procedure. It describes the different types of catheters used including Foley's catheters. The procedure involves inserting a sterile catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It outlines the necessary equipment, positioning of the patient, cleaning of the area, lubricating the catheter, inserting it into the bladder for males and females, inflating the balloon, and measuring output. Aftercare involves documentation and making the patient comfortable.
Liver Biopsy
A liver biopsy is a medical procedure that removes a small piece of liver tissue so doctors can examine the liver's condition. There are three main types of liver biopsies - needle biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy, and transvenous biopsy. After a liver biopsy, the patient will need to limit activity and lie on their right side to allow the biopsy site to heal. A liver biopsy can help diagnose liver disease, detect cancer or infections, and provide insight into abnormal liver enzyme levels or swelling of the liver.
Cystoscopy
This document provides information about cystoscopy, including:
1. Cystoscopy involves visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra.
2. Patient preparation involves positioning in lithotomy, cleaning the genital area, and administering local anesthetic into the urethra.
3. The basic components of a cystoscope are a sheath, obturator, and telescope to view the bladder internally.
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Catheterization is the insertion of a tube into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. It is commonly performed to relieve bladder distention, empty the bladder before surgery, or obtain sterile urine samples. There are several types of catheters including indwelling, straight, condom, and suprapubic catheters. The procedure involves cleaning, lubricating, and gently inserting the catheter into the bladder while the patient is in the dorsal recumbent position. Once placed, a balloon is inflated to secure the indwelling catheter in place and allow for continuous urine drainage into a collection bag.
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The document discusses urinary catheters, including their history, types, uses, insertion process, and care. It notes that urinary catheters were originally open systems but later evolved to closed systems with bags. It provides details on Foley catheters, including their structure and sizing. The document emphasizes the importance of asepsis during catheter insertion and care to prevent infections. It outlines the supplies, steps, and skills needed for proper catheterization and ongoing care.
Bladder irrigation
Urinary bladder irrigation involves flushing the bladder with a liquid solution to cleanse it and maintain catheter patency. Common purposes include cleaning out debris, bacteria, and blood from the bladder. Solutions used include sterile water, saline, glucose, and various antiseptics. The procedure involves setting up sterile tubing connected to an irrigation solution and catheter, then slowly instilling and draining the fluid while monitoring for complications like bleeding. Records must be kept of the solutions, amounts, and characteristics of drainage.
Crutch walking
Crutches are assistive devices that help patients who cannot walk on their own due to injury or illness. Proper crutch use requires strengthening the shoulder and arm muscles. There are different gaits taught for crutch walking depending on a patient's mobility level and weight bearing status. Exercises are important to prepare patients for crutch walking by building muscle strength and preventing contractures. Nurses teach patients crutch safety and proper technique.
Doppler studies
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow noninvasively and is used to diagnose issues like blood clots, poorly functioning valves, and stenosis. It works by emitting high frequency sound waves that reflect off moving blood cells and are received by the machine, translating the signal into measurements of blood flow depth and velocity. Different doppler modes include continuous wave, pulsed wave, and duplex or triplex. No special preparation is needed other than informing the patient and getting consent.
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Lumbar punture
This document discusses lumbar puncture (spinal tap) procedures. It describes how a lumbar puncture is performed to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes such as testing for meningitis or tumors. The key steps of the procedure are outlined, including positioning and restraining the patient, cleaning the site, administering local anesthetic, inserting the needle into the subarachnoid space to collect CSF samples, and monitoring the patient afterwards. Potential complications are also listed.
Bph
The prostate gland is located below the bladder in males and produces fluid for semen. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition where the prostate enlarges with age, compressing the urethra and impairing urinary flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, heat therapies, and surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate, which uses an electric knife to remove excess prostate tissue through the urethra.
Epidural administration
This document discusses epidural and intrathecal administration of medications. It defines epidural administration as injecting medication into the epidural space just outside the subarachnoid space, allowing diffusion into the cerebrospinal fluid. Intrathecal administration injects directly into the subarachnoid space. The document then outlines the proper procedures, equipment, monitoring, and potential complications for epidural administration.
BRONCHOSCOPY
BRONCHOSCOPY is a procedure in which a hollow, flexible tube called a bronchoscope is inserted into the airways through the nose or mouth to provide a view of the TRACHEOBRONCHIAL tree.
It can also be used to collect bronchial and/or lung secretions and to perform tissue biopsy.
IV Infusion
This document discusses intravenous (IV) infusion, which involves administering fluids, medications, blood or blood products directly into a vein. It defines IV as administering a solution into a vein and infusion as a slow injection into a vein or tissue. The document lists indications for IV like dehydration or shock, contraindications like liver disease or congestive heart failure, equipment needed, nurse preparation steps, patient preparation, environmental preparation, and potential local and systemic complications.
cannulation and introduction, sizes and site of cannula
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This document discusses colostomy care, including:
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2. Describing the different types of colostomies based on duration, stoma site, and number/type.
3. Explaining the purpose and importance of proper colostomy care for skin protection, drainage collection, and patient acceptance of self-care.
Thoracentesis
Thoracentesis is a procedure to drain excess fluid from the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It involves inserting a needle through the chest wall under local anesthesia to remove fluid for analysis or to relieve symptoms like shortness of breath. Precautions are taken before and during the procedure to monitor vital signs and breathing. After the procedure, the patient is observed for complications and a chest x-ray may be taken to evaluate the drainage.
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Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the bone marrow to obtain a tissue sample. It is used to diagnose or stage diseases like leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The nurse's roles include preparing equipment aseptically, assisting the doctor during the procedure, monitoring the client's vital signs, and observing the client post-procedure to check for complications like bleeding or infection.
Catheterisation
Urinary catheterization involves inserting a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube called a catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It can be used to inject fluids for treatment or diagnosis. There are two main types: indwelling catheters that remain in place and intermittent catheters that are inserted and removed. The procedure involves preparing equipment, positioning the patient, cleaning the area, lubricating and inserting the catheter, inflating the balloon, and securing drainage. Complications can include infection, injury, and incontinence. Proper technique and aftercare are important to prevent issues.
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Paralysis
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Cystoscopy and uretroscopy are examinations of the bladder and upper urinary tract respectively. Cystoscopy involves inserting a cystoscope through the urethra to examine the bladder. Similarly, uretroscopy uses a uretroscope to examine the ureters and kidneys. Reasons for these procedures include urinary issues like infections, blood in the urine, or abnormal growths. Patients may experience mild side effects after like burning during urination but risks are low. Both procedures provide important diagnostic information.
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Andropause, also known as male menopause, is a physiological phenomenon where men experience a decrease in testosterone levels between the ages of 40 to 55, resulting in reduced physical, mental, and sexual activity. Symptoms include loss of muscle and energy, obesity, erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, and mood changes. While testosterone production naturally slows with age, lifestyle factors like obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol or drug use can also contribute to premature andropause. Hormone replacement therapy, including testosterone therapy, is a potential treatment to address low testosterone levels and symptoms.
Intercostal drainage tube insertion
This document provides information on intercostal tube insertion and the nursing responsibilities associated with chest drainage systems. It defines an intercostal tube as a drainage tube inserted into the pleural cavity to remove air, blood, or fluid. Tubes can range from 6 to 40 French in size. Chest tubes are used to drain the pleural space after procedures like pneumothorax, hemothorax, thoracotomy, or chest trauma. The document outlines the principles of chest drainage systems, types of systems, the insertion procedure, post-care for the patient and equipment, and the nurse's ongoing responsibilities in monitoring the system.
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This document discusses women's health topics including screening tests for early detection of diseases of the reproductive system. It covers Pap smear tests, which are recommended annually or every 3 years for women ages 21 to 65 as the best way to detect cervical cancer early. Breast self-exams are also discussed as a way for women to check their own breasts for lumps or other changes on a monthly basis. The importance of early detection of breast cancer through clinical exams and mammography is emphasized, as treatment is most successful when cancer is found early.
Female reproductive pathology
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This document discusses intravenous (IV) infusion, which involves administering fluids, medications, blood or blood products directly into a vein. It defines IV as administering a solution into a vein and infusion as a slow injection into a vein or tissue. The document lists indications for IV like dehydration or shock, contraindications like liver disease or congestive heart failure, equipment needed, nurse preparation steps, patient preparation, environmental preparation, and potential local and systemic complications.
cannulation and introduction, sizes and site of cannula
Intravenous cannulation is a technique where a cannula is inserted into a vein to provide venous access for administering fluids, medications, blood products, and collecting blood samples. Different sized cannulas from 16 gauge to 24 gauge are used depending on the procedure and patient factors. Common sites for cannulation include the cephalic, basilic, and median veins in the arm. The procedure involves identifying a vein, inserting the cannula at a 30 degree angle until blood is seen, securing the cannula in place, and checking patency by flushing with saline. Potential complications include hematoma, infiltration, embolism, and phlebitis.
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This document discusses colostomy care, including:
1. Defining a colostomy as an opening in the large intestine brought to the surface of the abdomen for bowel evacuation.
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Thoracentesis is a procedure to drain excess fluid from the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It involves inserting a needle through the chest wall under local anesthesia to remove fluid for analysis or to relieve symptoms like shortness of breath. Precautions are taken before and during the procedure to monitor vital signs and breathing. After the procedure, the patient is observed for complications and a chest x-ray may be taken to evaluate the drainage.
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Bone marrow aspiration is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the bone marrow to obtain a tissue sample. It is used to diagnose or stage diseases like leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The nurse's roles include preparing equipment aseptically, assisting the doctor during the procedure, monitoring the client's vital signs, and observing the client post-procedure to check for complications like bleeding or infection.
Catheterisation
Urinary catheterization involves inserting a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube called a catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It can be used to inject fluids for treatment or diagnosis. There are two main types: indwelling catheters that remain in place and intermittent catheters that are inserted and removed. The procedure involves preparing equipment, positioning the patient, cleaning the area, lubricating and inserting the catheter, inflating the balloon, and securing drainage. Complications can include infection, injury, and incontinence. Proper technique and aftercare are important to prevent issues.
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Cystoscopy
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PAP smear.pptx
- 3. CONTENT: • Introduction • Purposes • When to do this? • Equipment's • Preparation • Procedure • Interpretation • Health education
- 4. INTRODUCTION • A PAP smear(also called as Pap test) is a screening test for cervical cancer. • It tests for the presence of precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix. • During a Pap smear, a healthcare provider collects a sample of cells from the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
- 5. PURPOSES: • To detect early cancer of the cervix. • To determine estrogen activity related to menopause or endocrine abnormalities.
- 6. WHEN TO DO PAP SMEAR? • All women have initial pap smear test no later than 21 years old. • 3 years after onset of sexual intercourse. • After initial test, have annually or biannually • After age 30, because screened for 2-3 years unless has high factor developing cervical smear.
- 7. NEEDED EQUIPMENTS: • Vulva swabbing set • Vaginal speculum • Mask • Torch light • Perineal drapes
- 8. CONTD…. • Sterile glove • Cytobrush • KY jelly • Swab sticks for HVS • Specimen form
- 10. CYTOBRUSH
- 11. Ayer's spatula
- 12. KY jelly
- 14. PREPARATION BEFORE: •Nurses should advice patient to make an appointment other than during menstruation. •Before appointment: Avoid intercourse for 2 days. Refrain from douching for 1 day Cease the use of vaginal medication for at least 48 hours.
- 15. PRE PROCEDURE • Inform and explain the procedure to the patient. • Avoid patient to void. • Provide privacy. • Assistant position lithotomy to her on examination table. • Drape patient permit minimal exposure.
- 16. DURING PROCEDURE • Explaining the procedure as needed. • Encourage patient to take deep breaths- help the pelvic muscles relax • Give support to the patient. • Assist Dr. In doing PAP smear. • Help to open the set. • Help to focus on torch light to perineal area of the patient.
- 20. POST PROCEDURE: • Observe any discharge from the vagina • Perineal care as needed. • Assist patient for dorsal recumbent / lithotomy position or • Documentation • send the form to the laboratory.
- 22. INTERPRETATION OF THE TEST: • Normal: negative means there is no identifiable infections. • Low-grade changes: frequently due to infection due to HPV, which in some instances can be risk for a cervical cancer. • High-grade changes: a very typical cells that results in cancer. • Cancer: cancer is an evident and requires immediate attention.
- 23. HEALTH EDUCATION • Tell the patient to inform any excessive bleeding after the procedure (a little bit bleeding is normal) • Instruct the patient to follow up at least annually or biannually.(depends on the result).