Title: Feline Panleukopenia Virus: Origin, Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Introduction:
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects kittens but can also impact adult cats. This report provides an overview of the origin and history of the virus, its mode of transmission, symptoms and side effects, methods of detection and diagnosis, therapeutic approaches, and strategies for prevention.
Objectives:
1. To understand the origin and evolutionary history of the feline panleukopenia virus.
2. To explore the modes of transmission of the virus and the animals it targets.
3. To identify the symptoms and side effects associated with feline panleukopenia.
4. To discuss the methods used for checking and detecting the virus.
5. To examine the therapeutic methods employed in the treatment of feline panleukopenia.
6. To explore the preventive measures and types of vaccines available for the virus.
Content:
1. The Origin and History of the Virus:
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is the prototype parvovirus of carnivores, closely related to the canine parvovirus (CPV). Initially discovered in cats, it was later found to infect other members of the Felidae family, as well as raccoons, mink, and foxes. The canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) evolved from FPV and gained the ability to infect dogs. The parvoviruses currently circulating in dogs worldwide are genetically and antigenically defined as CPV-2a, -2b, and -2c.
2. The Type of Virus and Its Transmission:
Feline panleukopenia is caused by FPV, a highly resistant virus that can survive in the environment for several months. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route, with indirect contact being the most common mode of infection. FPV can be carried by fomites, such as shoes and clothing, making even indoor cats susceptible. Intrauterine transmission and infection of neonates can also occur.
3. Animals Targeted by the Virus:
Feline panleukopenia virus infects all members of the Felidae family, as well as raccoons, mink, and foxes. While FPV is highly prevalent in cats, canine parvovirus infections in feline diagnostic material are sporadic. Feline CPV infections are rare in Europe.
4. Symptoms of the Virus and Side Effects:
FPV affects cats of all ages, with kittens being the most susceptible. The disease is characterized by symptoms such as depression, anorexia, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, severe dehydration, and immunosuppression. Mortality rates can be as high as 90% in kittens. Side effects include panleukopenia, cerebellar ataxia (in kittens only), and abortion.
5. Methods of Checking and Detecting the Virus:
Diagnosing feline panleukopenia involves clinical evaluation, detection of leukopenia through blood count, and testing for fecal viral antigen or PCR. Various tests, including latex agglutination and immunochromatographic tests, are used to detect FPV antigen in feces. PCR-based testing of whole blood
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
Blood parasites have been subject of extensive research since the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of haemoparasites in animals is very common. In this presentation I presented the most common parasites.
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Raising dairy calves requires knowledge, skill, and investment to produce healthy replacement dairy cows. The document outlines the six phases of calf raising from birth to calving: 1) pre-calving, 2) birth to weaning, 3) weaning to six months, 4) six months to breeding, 5) breeding to near-calving, and 6) near-calving. Key aspects discussed include colostrum feeding, housing, feeding schedules, vaccinations, and health management to produce calves that meet growth targets and are suitable to enter the milking herd. The goal is calves that calve at 24 months old and have longevity and high milk production.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
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This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect rabbits, including pasteurellosis, bordetellosis, colibacillosis, Tyzzer's disease, and Staphylococcus infections. Pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most common diseases and can cause upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, ear infections, genital infections, abscesses, conjunctivitis, and sepsis. Bordetellosis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, has similar upper respiratory clinical signs. Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic E. coli and causes diarrhea, fever, and anorexia in rabbits. Tyz
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
Blood parasites have been subject of extensive research since the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of haemoparasites in animals is very common. In this presentation I presented the most common parasites.
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Raising dairy calves requires knowledge, skill, and investment to produce healthy replacement dairy cows. The document outlines the six phases of calf raising from birth to calving: 1) pre-calving, 2) birth to weaning, 3) weaning to six months, 4) six months to breeding, 5) breeding to near-calving, and 6) near-calving. Key aspects discussed include colostrum feeding, housing, feeding schedules, vaccinations, and health management to produce calves that meet growth targets and are suitable to enter the milking herd. The goal is calves that calve at 24 months old and have longevity and high milk production.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Reproductive Physiology and Breeding Management in Bitchsubhash gahlot
The document discusses reproductive physiology and breeding management in bitches. It covers topics like the ovarian cycle, signs of estrus, optimum mating times determined by vaginal cytology and hormones, pregnancy diagnosis and signs of impending parturition. Common reproductive problems mentioned include pyometra, dystocia from uterine inertia, prolonged heat and false pregnancy. Guidelines are provided for breeding management including timing of matings based on the estrous cycle and evaluating pregnancy through ultrasound rather than physical signs alone.
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This document discusses several bacterial diseases that affect rabbits, including pasteurellosis, bordetellosis, colibacillosis, Tyzzer's disease, and Staphylococcus infections. Pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most common diseases and can cause upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, ear infections, genital infections, abscesses, conjunctivitis, and sepsis. Bordetellosis, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, has similar upper respiratory clinical signs. Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic E. coli and causes diarrhea, fever, and anorexia in rabbits. Tyz
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This presentation on Internal Parasite Control in Sheep was given at the Indianhead Sheep Breeders Association 17th Annual Shepherd's Clinic and Trade Show on February 12, 2011.
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus slips from its normal position into the vaginal canal. It has four stages based on how far the cervix protrudes. Causes include difficult births, weak pelvic muscles, surgery, and excessive calf size. Treatment involves manually pushing the uterus back into place, applying disinfectants, sutures to prevent reoccurrence, and antibiotics. The condition has a better prognosis if treated early, and survival rates depend on the cow's posture and presence of other complications like milk fever. Fertility can be impacted after uterine prolapse.
Babesiosis, also known as bovine babesiosis, is a tick-borne disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The parasites infect and lyse red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice. Diagnosis is made by identifying the pear-shaped parasites on blood smears. Treatment involves the use of imidocarb or diminazine aceturate. Control relies on controlling tick vectors with acaricides and vaccination.
Three key factors that determine dairy herd health and productivity are nutrition, cow comfort, and reproduction. Cows must be well-fed, in a comfortable environment, and bred in a timely manner to achieve their production potential. Facilities should provide adequate shade, bedding, and access to fresh water and feed. Good hygiene and biosecurity help prevent disease transmission. The dairy cow's life cycle follows a predictable pattern from birth through lactation, breeding, calving, and culling or drying off. Close management during transition periods around calving impacts health, fertility and longevity.
Bovine Leukosis Virus: What is it and What Does it Mean for Me?DAIReXNET
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This document discusses nalid deg disease, a condition affecting cattle and buffalo that feed on rice straw. It is more common in winter months in rice growing areas. Clinically, it causes gangrenous lesions on the hoof, ear, and tail. It may be caused by excessive ingestion of selenium from contaminated rice straw grown in selenium-rich soil or from mycotoxins produced when rice straw is stored in moist conditions, allowing fungal growth. Treatment involves washing lesions, applying ointment, administering pentasulfate orally or antibiotics if needed, and potentially surgery to dock the tail. Prevention includes treating rice straw with sodium hydroxide or supplementing animals' diets with copper,
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This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system of female camels. It discusses the ovaries, follicles, corpus luteum, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva of camels. It also covers the estrous cycle, signs of heat, mating, gestation period, and birth in camels. Camels typically reach sexual maturity at 3-4 years, have a gestation period of around 390 days, and give birth to single calves that weigh 35-40 kg. Their reproductive cycles and fertility rates are influenced by nutrition, management, health, and genetic factors.
This document discusses infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV infects the respiratory tract, kidneys, intestines, and reproductive organs of chickens. It is transmitted through the air, feces, and fomites. Clinical signs include respiratory signs like sneezing as well as decreased egg production and thin-shelled misshapen eggs. Gross lesions include caseous plugs in the bronchi and thickened bronchial mucosa. Microscopic lesions involve the tracheal, kidney, and oviduct tissues. Diagnosis involves observing clinical signs and lesions as well as virus isolation, immunodetection assays, and inoculation of embryonated
1) Johne's disease, also known as paratuberculosis, is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
2) It is characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Young calves are most susceptible to infection through ingestion of contaminated feces or milk.
3) The disease has a long incubation period, usually 2-5 years, before clinical signs appear. It causes thickening of the intestinal wall and infiltration of the intestine by macrophages containing acid-fast bacilli.
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This document discusses feline panleukopenia, a severe and highly contagious viral disease of cats. It is caused by the feline parvovirus (FPV) and causes gastrointestinal symptoms and panleukopenia (low white blood cell count). Clinical signs include vomiting, diarrhea, and depression. It is most severe in unvaccinated kittens under 4 months old, with mortality rates as high as 90%. Diagnosis involves identification of clinical signs, low white blood cell count, and detection of the virus or antibodies. Vaccination is the only way to fully control the disease.
This document discusses obstetrical operations in domestic animals. It describes mutation procedures like repulsion, rotation, and version to correct fetal positioning. Forced extraction using ropes or chains is outlined. Fetotomy techniques like percutaneous and subcutaneous are explained to reduce fetal size. Caesarean section is mentioned as an alternative when assisted vaginal delivery is not possible within 15 minutes. Key points are emphasized for each species, including limiting fetotomy cuts in mares.
This document discusses various methods for determining pregnancy in mares, including failure to return to estrus, vaginal examination, uterine tone, rectal palpation of the conceptus, and laboratory tests measuring progesterone, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), estrogens, and early pregnancy factor. Each method is described and potential sources of false positive and false negative results are outlined. Optimal timing for each test to accurately detect pregnancy is provided.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
A Downer's cow is a cow that lies down for more than 24 hours and cannot get up due to hypocalcemia, or low calcium levels. Hypocalcemia is commonly caused by metabolic, traumatic, or toxic factors and results in prolonged recumbency and muscle damage. Treatment involves calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and glucose supplementation to correct electrolyte imbalances and metabolic acidosis. Prevention focuses on proper nutrition, calving facilities, and herd management to reduce the risk of hypocalcemia in dairy cattle.
Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple carnivore species. It is characterized by fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and neurological complications. While vaccination has reduced cases, it remains a major disease. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected bodily fluids. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are most at risk. Treatment focuses on supportive care, though the virus can cause lasting issues in survivors. Widespread vaccination is important to control the disease.
This document discusses the management of dystocia, or difficult birth, in bovines. It defines dystocia and outlines the normal stages of pregnancy and birth. Causes of dystocia include issues with the dam such as uterine inertia, abnormalities of the birth canal, and feto-maternal disproportion. Fetal causes include abnormal presentation and oversize. Guidelines for intervention and various obstetrical operations for assisting with difficult births are provided, such as mutation, traction, fetotomy, and caesarian section.
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Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus slips from its normal position into the vaginal canal. It has four stages based on how far the cervix protrudes. Causes include difficult births, weak pelvic muscles, surgery, and excessive calf size. Treatment involves manually pushing the uterus back into place, applying disinfectants, sutures to prevent reoccurrence, and antibiotics. The condition has a better prognosis if treated early, and survival rates depend on the cow's posture and presence of other complications like milk fever. Fertility can be impacted after uterine prolapse.
Babesiosis, also known as bovine babesiosis, is a tick-borne disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The parasites infect and lyse red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice. Diagnosis is made by identifying the pear-shaped parasites on blood smears. Treatment involves the use of imidocarb or diminazine aceturate. Control relies on controlling tick vectors with acaricides and vaccination.
Three key factors that determine dairy herd health and productivity are nutrition, cow comfort, and reproduction. Cows must be well-fed, in a comfortable environment, and bred in a timely manner to achieve their production potential. Facilities should provide adequate shade, bedding, and access to fresh water and feed. Good hygiene and biosecurity help prevent disease transmission. The dairy cow's life cycle follows a predictable pattern from birth through lactation, breeding, calving, and culling or drying off. Close management during transition periods around calving impacts health, fertility and longevity.
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Dr. Ray Sweeney presented this material for DAIReXNET on October 14, 2015. To view the full presentation, please see our archived webinars page at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
This document provides guidance on caring for mares after giving birth (postpartum). It discusses allowing the mare to rest after foaling, monitoring for placental expulsion, checking for vaginal discharge, ensuring adequate milk production, exercise and nutrition, deworming, and treating any complications. Complications addressed include postpartum hemorrhage, uterine rupture, and mastitis. The checklist at the end reviews important tasks for newborn foal care.
This document discusses nalid deg disease, a condition affecting cattle and buffalo that feed on rice straw. It is more common in winter months in rice growing areas. Clinically, it causes gangrenous lesions on the hoof, ear, and tail. It may be caused by excessive ingestion of selenium from contaminated rice straw grown in selenium-rich soil or from mycotoxins produced when rice straw is stored in moist conditions, allowing fungal growth. Treatment involves washing lesions, applying ointment, administering pentasulfate orally or antibiotics if needed, and potentially surgery to dock the tail. Prevention includes treating rice straw with sodium hydroxide or supplementing animals' diets with copper,
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This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system of female camels. It discusses the ovaries, follicles, corpus luteum, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva of camels. It also covers the estrous cycle, signs of heat, mating, gestation period, and birth in camels. Camels typically reach sexual maturity at 3-4 years, have a gestation period of around 390 days, and give birth to single calves that weigh 35-40 kg. Their reproductive cycles and fertility rates are influenced by nutrition, management, health, and genetic factors.
This document discusses infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV infects the respiratory tract, kidneys, intestines, and reproductive organs of chickens. It is transmitted through the air, feces, and fomites. Clinical signs include respiratory signs like sneezing as well as decreased egg production and thin-shelled misshapen eggs. Gross lesions include caseous plugs in the bronchi and thickened bronchial mucosa. Microscopic lesions involve the tracheal, kidney, and oviduct tissues. Diagnosis involves observing clinical signs and lesions as well as virus isolation, immunodetection assays, and inoculation of embryonated
1) Johne's disease, also known as paratuberculosis, is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
2) It is characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Young calves are most susceptible to infection through ingestion of contaminated feces or milk.
3) The disease has a long incubation period, usually 2-5 years, before clinical signs appear. It causes thickening of the intestinal wall and infiltration of the intestine by macrophages containing acid-fast bacilli.
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PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
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Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in adult horses, ranging from subclinical to severe and potentially fatal forms. It is caused by Salmonella bacteria which can be transmitted through the environment, feed, water, or direct contact. Clinical signs include fever, anorexia, diarrhea, and neutropenia. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from feces or tissues. Treatment focuses on fluid therapy and antibiotics while prevention relies on biosecurity measures.
Rift Valley Fever is a viral disease that affects sheep, goats, cattle and humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause high rates of abortion and death in young animals. In humans, it typically causes an influenza-like illness but can sometimes lead to more serious complications. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 after an outbreak with many sheep abortions and sick or dead young lambs. Vaccination and vector control are important for controlling the spread of the disease.
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1. Adenoviruses are widespread in avian species and can cause inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hydropericardium syndrome (HP) in chickens.
2. These diseases are acute and cause high mortality rates in young broilers. Clinical signs include hemorrhaging, hydropericardium, and liver lesions.
3. Serotypes 4 and 8 of avian adenoviruses are the primary causes and can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Co-infection with other pathogens increases severity.
Canine distemper in dogs bihar veterinary collegehimanshu101824
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Panleukopenia virus and the latest methods of treatment.docx
1. The University of Jordan
School Of Agriculture
Special Training in Animal production (0602493 )
Panleukopenia virus and the latest methods of treatment
Prepared by : Tareq Albanna
Instructors : Dr. Rabie Irshaid
2. Panleukopenia virus and the latest methods of treatment
Introduction:
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is the prototype parvovirus of carnivores. Currently, FPV
and the canine parvovirus (CPV) are regarded as a single taxonomic entity, but for the purposes
of these guidelines FPV refers to parvovirus in cats.A new parvovirus, very closely related to
FPV, was discovered in dogs in 1978. It was named canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) to
distinguish it from another parvovirus isolated from dogs in 1970, which is now called canine
minute virus. Feline panleukopenia virus is known also to infect other members of the Felidae,
as well as raccoons, mink and foxes. In dogs, FPV replication was seen only in some lymphoid
tissues such Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a highly contagious viral infection that
primarily affects kittens but can also impact adult cats. This report provides an overview of the
origin and history of the virus, its mode of transmission, symptoms and side effects, methods
of detection and diagnosis, therapeutic approaches, and strategies for prevention.
3. Objectives:
1. Understand the origin and history of the virus.
2. Identify the types of animals targeted by the virus.
3. Explore the symptoms and side effects of the virus.
4. Discuss the methods used for checking and detecting the virus.
5. Examine the therapeutic methods and their latest advancements.
6. Investigate the prevention and avoidance strategies, including vaccines.
4. Content:
▪︎The type of virus and how it spreads:
Feline panleukopenia is a parvoviral infectious disease of kittens typically characterized by
depression, anorexia, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and consequent severe dehydration.
Adult cats are much less often affected. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical signs, severe
neutropenia and lymphopenia, and fecal viral antigen or PCR testing. Treatment includes
intensive fluid therapy, glucose and potassium supplementation, antimicrobial, anthelmintic,
and antiemetic therapy, and sometimes immunotherapy.
Infection Transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route. Indirect contact is the most common
route of infection, and FPV may be carried by fomites (shoes, clothing), which means indoor
cats are also at risk. Intrauterine virus transmission and infection of neonates can occur.
▪︎Animals targeted by the virus:
infects all fields as well as raccoons, mink and foxes. This pathogen may survive in the
environment for several months and is highly resistant to some disinfectants.
▪︎Symptoms of the virus and side effects:
Disease signs Cats of all ages may be affected by FPV, but kittens are most susceptible. Mortality rates
are high-over 90% in kittens. Signs of disease include diarrhoea, lymphopenia and neutropenia,
followed by thrombocytopenia and anaemia, immunosuppression (transient in adult cats), cerebellar
ataxia (in kittens only) and abortion.
It is a side effect due to the virus:
panleukopenia in Asia.10 Other viral pathogens that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats
include feline enteric coronavirus (see the photo (1)).
5. FeLV, rotaviruses, caliciviruses, reoviruses, and astroviruses. Atorovirus-like agent has been associated
with a syndrome of diarrhea and protrusion of the nictating membranes in cats.!! Togavirus-like and
picornavirus-like particles have been identified in the feces of Australian cats, but their significance is
uncertain.12
Cats suspected to have feline panleukopenia should be placed in isolation. Supportive treatment is
similar to that recommended for CPV. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs along with the finding of
leukopenia on a complete blood count. Leukopenia is not always present and may occur with other
diseases such as salmonellosis. Severe panleukopenia may be associated with concurrent infection with
FeLV.10 In-house fecal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for CPV are suitable for diagnosis of
feline panleukopenia, although false-negative results may occur, so a negative test result does not rule
out feline panleukopenia. Sensitivity in one study ranged from 50% to 80% depending on the kit used,
and specificity ranged from 94% to 100%. False-positive fecal antigen assay results after vaccination
with attenuated live viral vaccines appear to be uncommon but vary with the test used. PCR assays are
also available for detection of viral DNA in fecal and tissue specimens from affected cats. Cats with
panleukopenia that survive the first 5 days of treatment usually recover, although recovery is often more
prolonged than it is for dogs with parvoviral enteritis. In 244 cats with feline panleukopenia from
Europe, the survival rate was 51%. 12 Nonsurvivors had lower leukocyte and platelet counts than
survivors, and cats with white cell counts below 1000/μl were almost twice as likely to die than those
with white cell counts above 2500/pl. Only total leukopenia, and not lymphopenia, was correlated with
mortality. Hypoalbuminemia and hypokalemia also were associated
Infection of the pregnant queen may lead to abortion, stillbirths, fading kittens, or congenital defects
depending on the stage of gestation, with the latter resulting from in utero infection in late gestation.
These congenital defects may include cerebellar hypoplasia, exhibited by intention tremors and ataxia;
hydranencephaly, with abnormal behavior; or cardiomyopathy. Infection in the early neonatal period
can lead to similar defects.
Postnatal infection may lead to necrosis of intestinal epithelia and hematopoietic progenitor cells, the
classic panleukopenia syndrome, with vomiting, diarrhea, severe depression, and anorexia.
Endotoxemia or sepsis may occur secondarily. Peracute deaths may occur in some kittens.
Infection of pregnant queens may result in abortion, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, and fetal cerebellar
hypoplasia. These effects are the result of transplacental infection, leading to fetal death and resorption
in early pregnancy, and cerebellar hypoplasia, when infection occurs from the middle third of pregnancy
onwards. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of the clinical signs, histopathological findings, virus
isolation, and paired serum samples that demonstrate a rising antibody titre. There is no treatment for
kittens with cerebellar hypoplasia.
abnormal development of the cerebellum (cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy syndrome). Affected kittens
are noticeably ataxic when they become ambulatory around 3 weeks of age (so-called spastic or wobbly
cat syndrome); they have a wide-based stance and move with exaggerated steps, tending to overshoot
the mark and to pause and oscillate about an intended goal.
▪︎Methods of checking and detecting the virus:
Feline panleukopenia can be diagnosed by virus isolation from blood or faeces in cultures of CrFK or
MYA-1 cells and by the demonstration of haemagglutination of erythrocytes. However, these methods
are now rarely used for routine diagnosis.
6. In practice, FPV antigen is detected in faeces using commercially available latex agglutination(pictures
2&3)
or immunochromatographic tests (picture 4).
These tests have an acceptable sensitivity and specificity when compared with reference methods."
Tests marketed for the detection of both FPV antigen and CPV-2 antigen may be used to diagnose FPV
in faeces [EBM grade I].
Diagnosis by electron microscopy has lost its importance due to more specific, rapid and automated
alternatives. Specialised laboratories offer PCR-based testing of whole blood or faeces. Whole blood is
recommended in cats without diarrhoea or when no faecal samples are available. The analytical
sensitivity of the antigen tests can be compromised by the presence of antibodies, which may bind to
viral epitopes and render them inaccessible to the monoclonal antibodies in the test kit. This may lead
to false negative results in samples from cats recently infected with FPV.
Antibodies to FPV can be demonstrated by ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence, but these tests are
of limited diagnostic value as they do not differentiate between infection- and vaccination-induced
antibodies. The presence of antibodies is taken as proof of protection against panleukopenia under field
conditions.
▪︎Therapeutic methods and their latest:
Supportive care, prompt IV fluid treatment, and antibiotics are the primary
treatments.Successful treatment of acute cases of feline panleukopenia requires vigorous fluid
therapy and supportive nursing care in the isolation unit, Electrolyte disturbances (eg,
hypokalemia), hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, anemia, and opportunistic secondary
infections often develop in severely affected cats. Anticipation of these possibilities, close
monitoring, and prompt intervention can improve outcome.
7. IV fluid replacement and maintenance with a balanced isotonic crystalloid solution (eg, lactated
Ringer's solution with calculated potassium supplementation) is the foundation of therapy. B
vitamins should be added to the infusion, together with 5% glucose if hypoglycemia is
suspected or proved. In addition to crystalloid infusion, transfusion of fresh-frozen plasma
helps support plasma oncotic pressure and provides clotting factors to severely ill,
hypoproteinemic kittens. It also provides some anti-FPV antibodies. Whole blood is preferable
for the occasional cat that is severely anemic.
Parenteral, broad spectrum antibiotic therapy is indicated; however, nephrotoxic drugs (eg,
aminoglycosides) must be avoided until dehydration has been fully corrected. For example, IV
ampicillin (20 mg/kg, every 6-8 hours) could be given in combination with gentamicin (6-8
mg/kg, every 24 hours for 3-5 days), starting once rehydration has been achieved. Because of
the nephrotoxic potential of the gentamicin, urinary protein dipstick findings, sequential urine
sediments, and serum SDMA or creatinine should be monitored. There are single antibiotic
agents, albeit more expensive, that are effective against the anaerobes and gram-negative
aerobes that are the most important bacteria in feline panleukopenia. These include third-
generation cephalosporins (eg, ceftiofur, cefotaxime) and extended penicillins (eg,
piperacillin).
Intestinal parasitism commonly complicates feline panleukopenia, especially in shelter
environments, so use of anthelmintics (eg, fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 2-
5 days) is an important consideration and can be started once vomiting is controlled.
Antiemetic therapy (eg, maropitant, ondansetron or metoclopramide) usually provides some
relief and allows earlier enteral feeding of soft, easily digested food. Maropitant is the first-
choice anti-emetic. In severely affected cats it can be combined with ondansetron. Feeding
(little and often) should be commenced as early as possible, even in the face of mild,
Intermittent.persistent vomiting ,Feeding promotes healing of the GI mucosa and re-
establishment of an effective mucosal barrier. Cats withsevere vomiting should not be fed until
the vomiting is better controlled. Parenteral nutrition is indicated only for the most severely
affected cases, and its use should not delay vigorous attempts to start enteral feeding.
Recombinant feline Interferon omega (rFelFN; 1 MU/kg, SC, every 24 hours for 5 consecutive
days; and three separate 5-day treatments must be performed at day 0, day 14, and day 60)
should be considered for use in the treatment of feline panleukopenia. Although rFeIFN is not
approved by the FDA for this purpose and has not been proven effective in feline
panleukopenia, it is approved and effective in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis.
Passive immunotherapy using immune serum from solidly immune cats, or using a commercial
product raised in horses, is widely practiced in some countries.
8. ▪︎Method of prevention and avoidance of disease and types of virus
vaccine:
There are excellent live inactivated and modified virus vaccines that provide strong and long-
term immunity to prevent leukopenia in cats. There are three approved companies in the
Kingdom of Jordan:
1.MSD animal health( Nobivac® Tricat Trio)
2.Zoetis pet care(FELOCELL® 3)
3.biocan (BIOFEL PCHR EMULSION FOR INJECTION)
9. Live vaccines should not be given to cats that are pregnant, immunosuppressed, or sick or to
kittens <4 weeks old. Most authorities recommend that kittens receive two or three modified-
live vaccine doses 5C, 3-4 weeks apart. The first vaccination is usually given at 6-9 weeks of
age. The last dose of the Initial vaccination series should not be administered before the kitten
is 16 weeks old, to allow time for interfering maternal antibodies to wane so they do not
inactivate the modified-live vaccine virus. A followup vaccine dose at 26-52 weeks is a new
recommendation, because some kittens have residual interfering antibodies, even at 16 weeks,
sufficient to prevent successful immunization. Exposure to virus should be avoided until 1
week after the initial vaccination series has been completed.
Adult cats should be revaccinated against FPV triennially or less frequently thereafter, although
some manufacturers in some countries continue to recommend annual revaccination. Titer
testing kits are commercially available to detect when individual cats are immune to feline
panleukopenia. These can be used as an alternative to repeated, scheduled vaccinations, for
clients who prefer that option.Cats suspected to have feline panleukopenia should be placed in
isolation. Supportive treatment is similar to that recommended for CPV If an outbreak occurs,
adequate disinfection will be critical because of the resistant nature of the virus. Disinfectants
must incorporate an oxidizing agent as an active ingredient to be effective. Disinfection of soil
is not practical, and objects with porous surfaces, such as carpeting, should be steam cleaned
or removed from the environment.And taking into account that the virus can survive outside
the body of the infected animal for up to 6 weeks.
Conclusions:
Feline panleukopenia virus is a significant infectious disease that primarily affects kittens,
causing high mortality rates. Early detection, supportive care, and preventive measures,
including vaccination and proper disinfection, are crucial for controlling the spread of the virus.
Continued research and advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment options, and
preventive strategies will contribute to the effective management of feline panleukopenia.
10. References:
1. Richard A. Squires (2020),Feline Panleukopenia(Feline Infectious Enteritis, Feline
Parvoviral Enteritis) by MSD MANUAL Veterinary Manual
2.Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth Edition)2017,(Chapter 12 - Parvoviridae)
3.James F. Evermann, Melissa A. Kennedy(2011),Small Animal Pediatrics(Chapter
16 - Viral Infections)
4.Jane E. Sykes BVSc(Hons), PhD, DACVIM(2009),Small Animal Critical Care
Medicine(Chapter 111 - Viral Infections)
5.Jane E. Sykes(2014),Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases(Chapter 19 - Feline
Panleukopenia Virus Infection and Other Viral Enteritides)
6.Uwe Truyen, Diane Addie, Sándor Belák, Corine Boucraut-Baralon, Herman
Egberink, Tadeusz Frymus, Tim Gruffydd-Jones, Katrin Hartmann, Margaret J Hosie,
Albert Lloret, Hans Lutz, Fulvio Marsilio, Maria Grazia Pennisi, Alan D Radford,
Etienne Thiry and Marian C Horzinek
(2009),FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA
ABCD guidelines on prevention and management
7.Canine and Feline Gastroenterology(2013), Pages 651-728
(Chapter 57 - Small Intestine)
8.Robert G. Sherding(2006),Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice (Third
Edition)Pages 158-167(Chapter 14 - Intestinal Viruses)