This document discusses canine parvovirus (CPV), a highly contagious viral disease that commonly affects young dogs. It describes CPV's evolution from feline panleukopenia virus and its variants CPV-2, 2a, 2b, and the highly virulent 2c. The disease causes vomiting and bloody diarrhea in puppies and myocarditis in young dogs. Diagnosis involves antigen testing of feces. Treatment focuses on fluid therapy, antibiotics, and gastrointestinal rest. Vaccination is the primary method of prevention. Recent studies show over 60% of dogs with diarrhea in Ghana tested positive for CPV.

1. CANINE PARVOVIRUS
PRESENTERS
DERRICK ADU ASARE (10640157)
PRINCE CHARLES KORLEY (10611907)
GROUP 3

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 The disease (aetiology & evolution)
 Epidemiology
 Transmission
 Pathogenesis
 Clinical Signs
 Diagnosis and Differential
 Treatments
 Control and Prevention
 Current literature
 References
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3. THE DISEASE
 Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious viral disease and relatively
common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young and/or unvaccinated
dogs. It is often a fatal disease.
 The virus is a nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus, Canine Parvovirus
Type 2 (CPV-2) and its variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c). It is believed
to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus.
 CPV-2c is speculated to have high virulence, high morbidity, and causes rapid
death.
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4.  CPV-1 does not cause any known disease (produces a common subclinical
infection).
 CPV-2 was first recognized in 1977 and since then it has been well
established as an enteric pathogen of dogs throughout the world with high
morbidity (100%) and frequent mortality up to 10% in adults and 91% in
pups
 The disease is characterized by enteritis with vomition and diarrhea in dogs
of all ages as well as myocarditis and subsequent heart failure in pups of
less than 3 months of age
THE DISEASE
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5. AETIOLOG Y
5
THE DISEASE EVOLUTION
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6. AETIOLOGICALAGENT
 “Parvo” is Latin for “Small”.
 Diameter: 18-26 nm
 Single-stranded DNA.
 The virus is hardy, because it lacks an
envelope
 It is surrounded by a capsid, and can survive
extremely low and high temperatures
 It can survive in soil, and other organic
material for 10 years.
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7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Canine parvovirus infection occurs worldwide in domestic dogs and other members
of the dog family. Incidence is higher in animal shelters, pet stores, and breeding
kennels. It has no zoonotic risks.
 CPV can affect dogs at any age. Severe infection is most common in puppies between
6 weeks and 4 months old unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated dogs are most
susceptible.
 Breeds described as at increased risk include Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers,
American Pit Bull Terriers, English Springer Spaniels, German Shepherds
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8. TRANSMISSION
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9. TRANSMISSION
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10. PATHOGENESIS
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11. PATHOGENESIS
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12. CLINICAL SIGNS
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13. CLINICAL SIGNS
In Puppies
 Sudden death due to myocarditis.
 Congenital cerebellar disease in neonates (speculated).
Day 3-7 Post-Infection (PI)
 Non-specific signs (do not always occur):
 Lethargy
 Pyrexia
 Anorexia
 Dehydration 7/17/2023 13

14. CLINICAL SIGNS
Day 5-9 (normally 1-2 days after CS onset) PI
 Vomiting.
 Yellow, Mucoid, or Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea (with a distinct odour).
 Abdominal pain (sometimes).
 Septic shock – Tachycardia, Hypothermia, Prolonged CRT, Poor Pulse Quality.
 Dilated, fluid-filled intestines (upon physical examination).
 Dehydration.
 Collapse.
 Depression.
 Intussusception . 7/17/2023 14

15. CLINICAL SIGNS
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Pictures of nature of diarrhea in Parvovirus infection

16. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS
 Thickened, discolored intestinal walls.
 Haemorrhagic, watery and/or mucoid intestinal contents.
 Oedema and congestion of thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes.
 In cases of myocarditis (puppies), pale streaks may be seen in cardiac
muscle tissue.
 Septicemic signs if the dog died from septicemia.
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17. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS
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18. DIFFERENTIALS
 Canine Distemper
 Canine Infectious Hepatitis
 Foreign Bodies or Toxins
 Acute Renal Failure
 Acute Hepatic Failure
 Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis due to
Clostridium spp.
 Salmonellosis
 Anticoagulant Rodenticides poisoning
 Intestinal Parasites (e.g. Giardia
intestinalis, Toxocara canis, Isospora spp.,
Trichuris vulpis, Blastocystis spp.)
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19. DIAGNOSIS
 Use History + Signalment, Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Tests.
Diagnostic tests
 CBC: Leukopenia (lymphopenia + neutropenia).
 BCP: Hypokalemia, Hypoalbunemia, Hypoglycemia.
 ELISA (Most Common. Great Specificity and Sensitivity for virus in faeces).
 Faeces: CPV antigen test-kits, PCR.
 Serological Tests.
 Urinalysis: Generally unremarkable. SG> 1.035 confirms pre-renal source of azotemia.
 Abdominal Radiograph (Rule out foreign bodies, detect intussusception (which can occur due to the
parvoviral enteritis) etc.)
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20. CPV- RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST
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21. TREATMENTS
Components Of Parvovirus Treatment
 Maintain adequate circulating volume and correcting electrolyte and
metabolic abnormalities
 Control vomiting and diarrhoea
 Control secondary bacterial infections
 Rest the gastrointestinal tract.
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22. TREATMENT- Maintain adequate circulating volume
Fluid therapy
 Crystalloid fluids like Lactated Ringers or 0.9 %
Saline. You may need to supplement with potassium
and / or 5% dextrose (or use DNS) in severe
electrolyte imbalance cases.
 For dogs with Hypoproteinemia (<20 g/L albumen, <
40g/L TP), give colloid therapy recommended e.g.
Pentestarch, Hetestarch may be given as boluses
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23. TREATMENT- Control vomiting and diarrhoea
 Control of persistent vomiting with antiemetics like metoclopramide,
chlorpromazine (and other phenothiazine derivatives), ondansetron (serotonin
agonist) and maropitant (NK-1 receptor antagonist).
 Promethazine can also be used to treat vomiting
 Pepto-Bismol should be used for treating diarrhoea per os.
 Pabiovite should also be administered as vitamins to boost the immune system
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24. TREATMENT- Control Of Secondary Bacterial Infections
 Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics with good gram negative
spectra (for sepsis) for 5-7 days.
Combinations include:
 Beta-lactam Penicillin (e.g. amoxicillin, ampicillin) OR First-generation
Cephalosporin (eg. Ceftazidime, Cefoxitin)
+
Fluoroquinolone (avoid in large breed, fast-growing puppies) OR
Aminoglycoside (AMGs for well-hydrated dogs only!).
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25. TREATMENT- Resting the Gastrointestinal Tract
 Administration of hyoscine butylbromide to reduce gastric motility
 Withhold food until vomiting subsides. After vomiting subsides, give it
something easily digestible, and low in fat. e.g. a bit of warm, salted-meat
broth.
 You may also give antihelmintics at this time if the dog has not an up-to-
date deworming history.
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26. CONTROLAND PREVENTION
 Minimize exposure of dogs (especially unvaccinated ones) to infected dogs and
other sources of infection.
 Clean contaminated areas (including food and water bowls of previously
infected dogs, sleeping areas, clothes, hands, food, etc.) with household bleach
(1:30 dilution) or potent commercial anti-parvovirus disinfection products.
 Veterinary Hospitals should have an isolation ward in which to handle such
cases.
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27. CONTROLAND PREVENTION
Vaccination
Vaccinate with modified-live vaccine
 E.g. 6-8 weeks, repeat every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks (ie. 6-8 , 10-12 and 14-16
weeks).
 Vaccinate up to 24 weeks in high-risk breeds (ie. 6-8 , 10-12, 14-16, 20-24 weeks).
 Booster vaccine after 1 year, followed by boosters every 3 years
 In pregnant dogs, use the inactivated form of the vaccine
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28. CURRENT LITERATURE
Findings from study conducted by Nandi and Kumar (2010) showed that:
 new generation vaccines have not been issued license to be used in the field condition.
Again, the presence of maternal antibodies often interferes with the active
immunization with live attenuated vaccine and there always exists a window of
susceptibility in spite of following proper immunization regimen.
 Lastly, judicious use of the vaccines in pet dogs, stray dogs and wild canids keeping
in mind the new variants of the CPV-2 along with the proper sanitation and
disinfection practices must be implemented for the successful control the disease.
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29. CURRENT LITERATURE
A Ghanaian study conducted by Folitse et al. (2018) where;
 Faecal samples from 72 dogs presented with diarrhoea were tested for the presence of canine
parvovirus antigen using commercially available rapid test kit (BIT® Rapid Colour Canine
Parvovirus Ag Test Kit, BIOINDIST Co. Ltd, Korea). Influence of breed, sex, age,
vaccination history and the nature of diarrhoea were assessed.
 Results showed that 61.11% tested positive (44/72) for CPV.
 Based on sex, 61.54% of males (20/33) and 60.61% of females tested positive (24/39).
 A total of 65.67% of samples from puppies below 6 months were positive.
 56.25% of CPV vaccinated dogs and 70.83% of unvaccinated dogs were positive
respectively.
 69.05% of samples from haemorrhagic diarrhoeic dogs and 50.00% from non-haemorrhagic
diarrhoeic dogs were positive of CPV. 7/17/2023 29

30. CURRENT LITERATURE
Conclusion
 The absence of bloody diarrhoea does not necessarily rule out CPV infection.
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31. REFERENCES
 Nandi S and Kumar M. Canine Parvovirus: Current Perspective. Indian J. Virol. (Jan-June 2010)
21(1):31–44.
 Buonavoglia CV, Martella A, Pratelli M, Tempesta A, Cavalli D, Bozzo G, Decaro N, Carmichael LE.
Evidence for evolution of canine parvovirus type-2 in Italy. J Gen Virol. 2001;82:1555–60.
 Waner T, Mazar S, Nachmias E, Keren-Kornblatt E, Harrus S. Evaluation of a dot ELISA kit for
measuring immunoglobulin M antibodies to canine parvovirus and distemper virus. Vet Rec.
2003;152:588–91.
 Ettinger, S. J., & Feldman, E. C. (2009). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. California:
Elsevier Health Sciences.
 Folitse, Raphael & Kodie, Dorcas & Amemor, Esther & Dei, Dickson & Tasiame, William &
Burimuah, Vitus & Emikpe, Benjamin. (2018). Detection of canine parvovirus antigen in dogs in
kumasi, Ghana. African Journal of Infectious Diseases. 12. 28-32. 10.21010/ajid.v12i1.5.
 http://www.whole-dog-journal.com/news/Parvovirus-Protection-and-Treatment-21576-1.html
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