PAL is a color encoding system used in broadcast television in parts of the world. It was developed in the 1950s in Germany as an improvement over the NTSC standard, which had issues with color tone shifting. PAL uses phase alternation of the color signal to automatically correct for phase errors, avoiding color problems of NTSC. It became the broadcast standard for television in Western Europe in 1967 and has since seen various adaptations for use in other countries and systems under variants like PAL-M, PAL-N, PAL-Nc, etc.
Discusses basic television broadcasting system and standards. Explains TV transmission principles used in Broadcasting. Modulation type and advantage of negative modulation. Explains VSB modulation in TV transmitters.
Main constraint for colour TV was compatibility with existing monochrome system. It should produce normal black and white picture on monochrome receiver without any modification on receiver circuitry. Moreover colour receiver must produce a black and white picture if transmission is monochrome.
Hence it should have same - bandwidth, location & spacing of sound and video frequencies, luminance information as a monochromatic signal. Colour information in signal should not effect picture on a monochrome receiver. Other circuit details of colour receiver should be same as that of monochromatic receiver..
This document discusses color television systems including PAL-D, NTSC, and SECAM. It provides block diagrams and explanations of the coders and decoders for each system. It also compares the key parameters of each system such as their country of origin, regions used, transmission method, video bandwidth, noise levels, identification signals, and relative costs. The goal is to help the reader understand the operation and differences between the three major color television standards.
Basics of Colour Television and Digital TVjanakiravi
Main characteristics of human eye with regard to perception of colours-mixing of colours. three standards of colour transmission system, CATV, DTH, HDTV & SMART TV
For TS-SBTET, C-18, DECE 6 Unit, By Nenavath Ravi Kumar, MIST Hyderabad
Digital Television (DTV) is a new type of broadcasting technology that will transform your television viewing experience. DTV enables broadcasters to offer television with movie-quality picture and sound. It can also offer multicasting and interactive capabilities.
1. Equalizers are used to reduce inter-symbol interference in wireless communication and help reduce bit errors at the receiver.
2. There are two main types of equalizers - linear equalizers and non-linear equalizers. Linear equalizers include zero forcing and MMSE equalizers, while non-linear equalizers include decision feedback equalizers.
3. Adaptive equalizers automatically adapt to changing channel properties over time using algorithms like LMS and RLS to update equalizer coefficients.
Television Standards and systems: Components of a TV system –interlacing – composite video signal. Colour TV – Luminance and Chrominance signal; Monochrome and Colour Picture Tubes – Colour TV systems–NTSC, PAL, SECAM-Components of a Remote Control and TV camera tubes, HDTV, LED and LCD TVs, DTH TV.
Discusses basic television broadcasting system and standards. Explains TV transmission principles used in Broadcasting. Modulation type and advantage of negative modulation. Explains VSB modulation in TV transmitters.
Main constraint for colour TV was compatibility with existing monochrome system. It should produce normal black and white picture on monochrome receiver without any modification on receiver circuitry. Moreover colour receiver must produce a black and white picture if transmission is monochrome.
Hence it should have same - bandwidth, location & spacing of sound and video frequencies, luminance information as a monochromatic signal. Colour information in signal should not effect picture on a monochrome receiver. Other circuit details of colour receiver should be same as that of monochromatic receiver..
This document discusses color television systems including PAL-D, NTSC, and SECAM. It provides block diagrams and explanations of the coders and decoders for each system. It also compares the key parameters of each system such as their country of origin, regions used, transmission method, video bandwidth, noise levels, identification signals, and relative costs. The goal is to help the reader understand the operation and differences between the three major color television standards.
Basics of Colour Television and Digital TVjanakiravi
Main characteristics of human eye with regard to perception of colours-mixing of colours. three standards of colour transmission system, CATV, DTH, HDTV & SMART TV
For TS-SBTET, C-18, DECE 6 Unit, By Nenavath Ravi Kumar, MIST Hyderabad
Digital Television (DTV) is a new type of broadcasting technology that will transform your television viewing experience. DTV enables broadcasters to offer television with movie-quality picture and sound. It can also offer multicasting and interactive capabilities.
1. Equalizers are used to reduce inter-symbol interference in wireless communication and help reduce bit errors at the receiver.
2. There are two main types of equalizers - linear equalizers and non-linear equalizers. Linear equalizers include zero forcing and MMSE equalizers, while non-linear equalizers include decision feedback equalizers.
3. Adaptive equalizers automatically adapt to changing channel properties over time using algorithms like LMS and RLS to update equalizer coefficients.
Television Standards and systems: Components of a TV system –interlacing – composite video signal. Colour TV – Luminance and Chrominance signal; Monochrome and Colour Picture Tubes – Colour TV systems–NTSC, PAL, SECAM-Components of a Remote Control and TV camera tubes, HDTV, LED and LCD TVs, DTH TV.
This document provides an overview of high-definition television (HDTV). It describes HDTV as a digital television format with higher resolution of 720p or 1080i and a wider 16:9 aspect ratio compared to standard definition. The document discusses HDTV transmission standards, including MPEG-2 compression, and the components of HDTV transmitters and receivers. It concludes that HDTV will provide a significantly improved television viewing experience over traditional analog formats once implementation is complete.
The document discusses various digital modulation formats including BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK. BPSK carries only 1 bit per symbol and has low bandwidth efficiency. QPSK carries 2 bits per symbol but has issues with zero crossing during transitions of 2 bits. OQPSK addresses this with a delay between in-phase and quadrature components to avoid 180 degree phase shifts. π/4 QPSK provides further improvements with phase shifts of up to 135 degrees, allowing for non-coherent detection and better performance in noisy environments. DQPSK first performs differential encoding before QPSK modulation to minimize transitions.
Analog signals are continuous waves that vary smoothly over time and can have an infinite number of values, while digital signals are discrete and can have only a limited set of values, such as 1 and 0. Analog signals are typically represented by sine waves, while digital signals are represented by square waves. While analog signals are best for audio and video transmission, digital signals are better suited for digital data transmission and provide benefits such as easier compression, encryption, and error detection.
The document discusses the history and development of television technology. It describes early color television systems, such as CBS's field-sequential system from the 1950s and RCA's compatible color system from 1953. It also outlines some key technical standards for television systems, including lines per frame, frames per second, and bandwidth specifications for American and European formats. Finally, it provides block diagrams illustrating the basic components and signal flow for black-and-white television transmission and reception.
The document discusses the capacitor microphone, also known as the condenser microphone. It outlines the basics of how a capacitor microphone works, describing its structure as having a diaphragm that acts as one plate of a capacitor, which changes capacitance as it moves in response to sound pressure. This causes a change in voltage that can be measured. It notes that capacitor microphones have high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, excellent frequency response from 40 Hz to 15 kHz, and low distortion, making them well-suited for applications such as sound level meters and professional audio systems.
What is a microphones, types of microphones,characteristics,construction of carbon microphone,working principle,functioning, advantage,disadvantage,applications
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques used in wireless communication, including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on how each works, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications. AM varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, is simple but susceptible to noise. FM varies the frequency, has better noise immunity than AM. PM varies the phase and is used for satellite communication, though it has a more complex circuitry than AM and FM.
Television works by converting optical images into electrical signals using a TV camera tube like a vidicon. A vidicon uses a photoconductive layer that changes conductivity based on light intensity, allowing an electron beam to scan across it and detect the varying resistance as an electrical image. This signal is then transmitted and processed. Interlaced scanning was developed to reduce flicker without increasing bandwidth, by scanning each video frame twice using odd and even line sequences. RF diplexers separate transmitter and receiver paths by using filters like low-pass and high-pass to direct different frequencies.
Fundamental aim of Television is to extend the sense of sight beyond its natural limits, along with associated sound. It is radio communication of sound along with picture details. The picture signal is amplitude modulated sound signal frequency modulated before transmission. Carrier frequencies are suitably spaced so that combined signal can be radiated through a common antenna. Each broadcasting station can have its own carrier frequency and receiver can be tuned to select desired stations by tuning to respective frequency...
A microphone is a transducer that converts sound waves into electrical signals. The quality of a microphone is determined by its characteristics, including sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, frequency response, distortion, directivity, and output impedance. Sensitivity measures how well a microphone detects weak sounds, signal-to-noise ratio compares the signal level to the noise floor, and frequency response specifies the range of frequencies accurately reproduced. Ideal microphones have high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, a flat frequency response across most of the audible range, low distortion, and correct output impedance for the application.
1. The composite video signal contains the camera signal, blanking pulses, and synchronizing pulses.
2. Horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses are added on a time division basis and have different durations but the same amplitude.
3. Equalizing pulses are added to the vertical synchronizing pulses to ensure the vertical oscillator is triggered at the proper instant for each field.
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
This document summarizes two optical recording methods for sound: variable-density recording on photographic film and recording on compact discs. For variable-density recording, audio signals are converted to light intensity variations that are focused onto moving photographic film. For compact discs, laser beams modulated by digital audio signals encode pits of varying widths on a photoresist disc to record signals in binary form. The document also describes how sound is reproduced from each type of recording using a light beam and photocell to convert the optical signals back into electrical audio signals. Compact discs provide advantages like high signal-to-noise and dynamic ranges but cannot be erased and re-recorded like film.
Microwave transmission lines include coaxial cables, waveguides, and strip lines. Strip lines have configurations like microstrip lines, parallel strip lines, coplanar strip lines, and shielded strip lines. Microstrip lines use a conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a dielectric substrate. They have quasi-TEM mode transmission and characteristic impedances typically between 50-150 ohms. Power losses in microstrip lines include ohmic, dielectric, and radiation losses. The document derives equations for microstrip line characteristic impedance and propagation properties, and discusses sources of loss and quality factors.
The document discusses analog television transmission and reception. It covers topics such as:
- TV broadcast channel allocation standards and frequencies
- Analog TV signal parameters including video scanning, signal bandwidths, and modulation techniques
- Components of analog TV transmitters and receivers such as tuners, amplifiers, detectors and more
- Color TV fundamentals including color encoding and transmission systems like PAL, NTSC, and SECAM
- A comparison of the features of different analog color TV transmission standards
Spread spectrum communication uses wideband noise-like signals that are hard to detect, intercept, or jam. It spreads data over multiple frequencies. There are two main techniques: direct sequence spread spectrum multiplies a data signal by a pseudorandom code, and frequency hopping spread spectrum modulates a narrowband carrier that hops between frequencies. Spread spectrum provides benefits like resistance to interference and jamming, better signal quality, and inherent security. It finds applications in wireless networks, Bluetooth, and CDMA cellular systems.
This document discusses the basics of a monochrome TV receiver. It explains that a monochrome TV receiver receives electromagnetic signals via an antenna, converts it to an electrical signal, and separates the sound and video signals. The sound signal is played through speakers while the video signal produces a black and white image with shades of gray on the picture tube. It provides the block diagram of a monochrome TV receiver and notes that it receives channels in the VHF and UHF bands and demodulates picture and sound signals from the RF carrier.
1. Television works by transmitting picture information over an electric channel through scanning and converting optical information into electrical signals.
2. There are different global TV standards including NTSC, PAL, and SECAM which use different line resolutions and frequencies. In India, the PAL 625 line system is used.
3. A television system consists of cameras that convert scenes into electrical signals, transmitters that broadcast the signals over radio waves, and receivers that convert the signals back into images on screens.
This document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which converts analog signals to digital data. PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing it to discrete levels, and encoding the samples into binary code. The key aspects covered are the PCM block diagram, process of sampling, quantization and encoding, PCM standards, bit rate and bandwidth requirements, advantages like robustness and disadvantages like requiring large bandwidth. Applications discussed are telephone voice communication, compact discs, and satellite transmission.
This project aims to design and develop a multi-format video converter to convert analog video signals from target detection systems to digital formats for transmission to and processing by computing devices. The converter will convert analog video signals to compressed digital formats and transfer the data over USB or Ethernet ports. The development of this converter is motivated by the benefits of digital signal transmission, storage, and processing compared to analog.
it is a indtoduction about the analog television, we learn in this slides how can analog television work and when it is use with fequancy band it is need also we will learn about the frame, PAL NTSC and SECAM these tech. are suit for analog television with two systems that 625 line and 525 lines. in this seminer we can learn about the flicking and the finite beam fly-back time , learn about odd and even fields and why we sued them
This document provides an overview of high-definition television (HDTV). It describes HDTV as a digital television format with higher resolution of 720p or 1080i and a wider 16:9 aspect ratio compared to standard definition. The document discusses HDTV transmission standards, including MPEG-2 compression, and the components of HDTV transmitters and receivers. It concludes that HDTV will provide a significantly improved television viewing experience over traditional analog formats once implementation is complete.
The document discusses various digital modulation formats including BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK. BPSK carries only 1 bit per symbol and has low bandwidth efficiency. QPSK carries 2 bits per symbol but has issues with zero crossing during transitions of 2 bits. OQPSK addresses this with a delay between in-phase and quadrature components to avoid 180 degree phase shifts. π/4 QPSK provides further improvements with phase shifts of up to 135 degrees, allowing for non-coherent detection and better performance in noisy environments. DQPSK first performs differential encoding before QPSK modulation to minimize transitions.
Analog signals are continuous waves that vary smoothly over time and can have an infinite number of values, while digital signals are discrete and can have only a limited set of values, such as 1 and 0. Analog signals are typically represented by sine waves, while digital signals are represented by square waves. While analog signals are best for audio and video transmission, digital signals are better suited for digital data transmission and provide benefits such as easier compression, encryption, and error detection.
The document discusses the history and development of television technology. It describes early color television systems, such as CBS's field-sequential system from the 1950s and RCA's compatible color system from 1953. It also outlines some key technical standards for television systems, including lines per frame, frames per second, and bandwidth specifications for American and European formats. Finally, it provides block diagrams illustrating the basic components and signal flow for black-and-white television transmission and reception.
The document discusses the capacitor microphone, also known as the condenser microphone. It outlines the basics of how a capacitor microphone works, describing its structure as having a diaphragm that acts as one plate of a capacitor, which changes capacitance as it moves in response to sound pressure. This causes a change in voltage that can be measured. It notes that capacitor microphones have high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, excellent frequency response from 40 Hz to 15 kHz, and low distortion, making them well-suited for applications such as sound level meters and professional audio systems.
What is a microphones, types of microphones,characteristics,construction of carbon microphone,working principle,functioning, advantage,disadvantage,applications
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques used in wireless communication, including amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It provides details on how each works, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications. AM varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, is simple but susceptible to noise. FM varies the frequency, has better noise immunity than AM. PM varies the phase and is used for satellite communication, though it has a more complex circuitry than AM and FM.
Television works by converting optical images into electrical signals using a TV camera tube like a vidicon. A vidicon uses a photoconductive layer that changes conductivity based on light intensity, allowing an electron beam to scan across it and detect the varying resistance as an electrical image. This signal is then transmitted and processed. Interlaced scanning was developed to reduce flicker without increasing bandwidth, by scanning each video frame twice using odd and even line sequences. RF diplexers separate transmitter and receiver paths by using filters like low-pass and high-pass to direct different frequencies.
Fundamental aim of Television is to extend the sense of sight beyond its natural limits, along with associated sound. It is radio communication of sound along with picture details. The picture signal is amplitude modulated sound signal frequency modulated before transmission. Carrier frequencies are suitably spaced so that combined signal can be radiated through a common antenna. Each broadcasting station can have its own carrier frequency and receiver can be tuned to select desired stations by tuning to respective frequency...
A microphone is a transducer that converts sound waves into electrical signals. The quality of a microphone is determined by its characteristics, including sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, frequency response, distortion, directivity, and output impedance. Sensitivity measures how well a microphone detects weak sounds, signal-to-noise ratio compares the signal level to the noise floor, and frequency response specifies the range of frequencies accurately reproduced. Ideal microphones have high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, a flat frequency response across most of the audible range, low distortion, and correct output impedance for the application.
1. The composite video signal contains the camera signal, blanking pulses, and synchronizing pulses.
2. Horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses are added on a time division basis and have different durations but the same amplitude.
3. Equalizing pulses are added to the vertical synchronizing pulses to ensure the vertical oscillator is triggered at the proper instant for each field.
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
This document summarizes two optical recording methods for sound: variable-density recording on photographic film and recording on compact discs. For variable-density recording, audio signals are converted to light intensity variations that are focused onto moving photographic film. For compact discs, laser beams modulated by digital audio signals encode pits of varying widths on a photoresist disc to record signals in binary form. The document also describes how sound is reproduced from each type of recording using a light beam and photocell to convert the optical signals back into electrical audio signals. Compact discs provide advantages like high signal-to-noise and dynamic ranges but cannot be erased and re-recorded like film.
Microwave transmission lines include coaxial cables, waveguides, and strip lines. Strip lines have configurations like microstrip lines, parallel strip lines, coplanar strip lines, and shielded strip lines. Microstrip lines use a conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a dielectric substrate. They have quasi-TEM mode transmission and characteristic impedances typically between 50-150 ohms. Power losses in microstrip lines include ohmic, dielectric, and radiation losses. The document derives equations for microstrip line characteristic impedance and propagation properties, and discusses sources of loss and quality factors.
The document discusses analog television transmission and reception. It covers topics such as:
- TV broadcast channel allocation standards and frequencies
- Analog TV signal parameters including video scanning, signal bandwidths, and modulation techniques
- Components of analog TV transmitters and receivers such as tuners, amplifiers, detectors and more
- Color TV fundamentals including color encoding and transmission systems like PAL, NTSC, and SECAM
- A comparison of the features of different analog color TV transmission standards
Spread spectrum communication uses wideband noise-like signals that are hard to detect, intercept, or jam. It spreads data over multiple frequencies. There are two main techniques: direct sequence spread spectrum multiplies a data signal by a pseudorandom code, and frequency hopping spread spectrum modulates a narrowband carrier that hops between frequencies. Spread spectrum provides benefits like resistance to interference and jamming, better signal quality, and inherent security. It finds applications in wireless networks, Bluetooth, and CDMA cellular systems.
This document discusses the basics of a monochrome TV receiver. It explains that a monochrome TV receiver receives electromagnetic signals via an antenna, converts it to an electrical signal, and separates the sound and video signals. The sound signal is played through speakers while the video signal produces a black and white image with shades of gray on the picture tube. It provides the block diagram of a monochrome TV receiver and notes that it receives channels in the VHF and UHF bands and demodulates picture and sound signals from the RF carrier.
1. Television works by transmitting picture information over an electric channel through scanning and converting optical information into electrical signals.
2. There are different global TV standards including NTSC, PAL, and SECAM which use different line resolutions and frequencies. In India, the PAL 625 line system is used.
3. A television system consists of cameras that convert scenes into electrical signals, transmitters that broadcast the signals over radio waves, and receivers that convert the signals back into images on screens.
This document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which converts analog signals to digital data. PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing it to discrete levels, and encoding the samples into binary code. The key aspects covered are the PCM block diagram, process of sampling, quantization and encoding, PCM standards, bit rate and bandwidth requirements, advantages like robustness and disadvantages like requiring large bandwidth. Applications discussed are telephone voice communication, compact discs, and satellite transmission.
This project aims to design and develop a multi-format video converter to convert analog video signals from target detection systems to digital formats for transmission to and processing by computing devices. The converter will convert analog video signals to compressed digital formats and transfer the data over USB or Ethernet ports. The development of this converter is motivated by the benefits of digital signal transmission, storage, and processing compared to analog.
it is a indtoduction about the analog television, we learn in this slides how can analog television work and when it is use with fequancy band it is need also we will learn about the frame, PAL NTSC and SECAM these tech. are suit for analog television with two systems that 625 line and 525 lines. in this seminer we can learn about the flicking and the finite beam fly-back time , learn about odd and even fields and why we sued them
The document discusses analog video broadcast standards. It covers color spaces used in video like RGB, YUV, and YIQ. It then discusses analog TV connectors like composite video, S-video, and component video. The main sections of the document cover broadcast standards for NTSC, PAL, and SECAM as well as audio standards like BTSC, EIAJ, A2, and NICAM. It provides details on color modulation methods, transmission paths, and signal conditioning used in analog video broadcast.
This document provides an overview of television broadcasting and color television signals. It discusses:
1) How a television system works, including converting images/sounds to electrical signals for transmission and reconversion to images/sounds at the receiver.
2) The process of television broadcasting, including using AM for video and FM for audio transmission within a 7MHz channel.
3) Details of video modulation, including vestigial sideband transmission and chrominance modulation.
4) The development of color television standards including the NTSC system which transmits a luminance signal and chrominance signal containing color information via a 4.43MHz subcarrier.
The document summarizes key concepts in television and video engineering, including:
1) Persistence of vision and frame merging allow the eye to perceive continuous motion from discrete frames displayed at a sufficient rate to prevent flicker. Higher frame rates are needed for closer viewing and brighter displays.
2) Interlacing creates two "flashes" per frame by scanning odd and even lines separately to increase the perceived frame rate without doubling the actual rate.
3) Color television transmits luminance (Y) and chrominance (I and Q signals) separately, with chrominance modulated on a subcarrier and bandwidth limited since the eye is less sensitive to chrominance changes.
4) PAL and
Here are the key points about television standards around the world:
- The main standards are NTSC, PAL, and SECAM.
- NTSC is used in North America, parts of South America, and Japan. It has 525 lines, 59.94 fields/second.
- PAL is used in Europe, parts of Asia, Africa, and some of South America. It has 625 lines, 50 fields/second.
- SECAM was developed in France and used in former Soviet countries. It also has 625 lines, 50 fields/second.
- Variations include PAL-M in Brazil (525 lines, 30 frames/second) and PAL-N in parts of
This document provides a summary of Abhishek Prasad's 12-day training report at Doordarshan Kendra Patna from December 4th to December 24th, 2012. The report discusses Doordarshan's history and operations, as well as technical aspects of television like standards, scanning, cameras, color signals, studios, transmitters, and more. The training focused on understanding the equipment and processes used in Doordarshan's television broadcasting activities.
This document discusses fundamental concepts in digital video. It begins by explaining the differences between analog and digital video, and how digital video allows for direct access and repeated recording without quality degradation. It then examines various digital video standards including CCIR 601, CIF, and QCIF. It provides details on chroma subsampling ratios and how they reduce data requirements. The document also covers high-definition television standards and aims to increase the visual field rather than definition per unit area.
Unit ii mm_chap5_fundamentals concepts in videoEellekwameowusu
This document discusses different types of video signals including component, composite, S-video, and digital video. It describes analog video standards like NTSC and PAL used in television broadcasts. NTSC uses interlaced scanning at 525 lines per frame and 29.97 frames per second. It transmits color information using the YIQ color model and quadrature amplitude modulation. PAL and SECAM are similar but use different color encoding schemes. Digital video offers advantages like random access and resistance to degradation from repeated recording. Chroma subsampling reduces color resolution to reduce file size.
This document provides a history of television standards and the evolution from standard definition to high definition television. It discusses technologies like VHS, DVD, Blu-Ray and various television standards including NTSC, PAL, and ATSC. The document outlines the specifications and components of HDTV including higher resolution, wider aspect ratio, digital surround sound, and integration with computers. It describes differences between progressive and interlaced scanning as well as technical details of ATSC standards for HDTV.
This document provides an overview of color video signals and color perception by the human visual system. It discusses:
1. The sensitivity of human cone cells to different wavelengths of light and how this determines color perception.
2. How color video signals like YUV, RGB, and composite video encode color and brightness information.
3. Standards for analog color television transmission including NTSC, PAL, and SECAM which differ in aspects like lines, frame rate, and color encoding.
The document discusses the processing of the chrominance signal in analog color television. It explains that the composite video signal transmitted to TV receivers contains multiplexed information including luminance (brightness), chrominance (color hue and saturation), and synchronization signals. The chrominance signal uses amplitude and phase modulation (quadrature modulation) to encode the hue (phase) and saturation (amplitude) of the color for each point in the image. The document provides examples to view the color signals on a test pattern to understand how the color information is encoded in the composite video signal.
The document provides information about the television standards and communication systems used at Doordarshan Kendra Patna from December 4th to December 24th, 2012. It discusses the PAL television standard used in India and describes PAL encoders and decoders. It also summarizes television principles such as scanning, cameras, color composite video signals, television studios, transmitters and more. The document was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree.
John Watkinson Engineers Guide To Decoding EncodingSais Abdelkrim
1. This document is an excerpt from "The Engineer's Guide to Decoding & Encoding" by John Watkinson, which provides an introduction to composite video encoding and decoding.
2. It discusses the history and basic principles of the NTSC, PAL, and SECAM color encoding systems, which add a subcarrier-based chroma signal to the luminance signal in a way that allows color information to be transmitted without increasing bandwidth.
3. The excerpt focuses on how the phase and amplitude of the color subcarrier is modulated in NTSC and PAL to send two color components simultaneously, while SECAM frequency modulates the subcarrier and sends the components on alternate lines. This results in a complex signal spectrum
This document discusses various broadcasting and video systems. It covers AM broadcasting which uses frequency bands and carrier spacing to avoid signal overlap. It also discusses FM broadcasting which uses frequency division multiplexing to transmit stereo sound. The document also covers black and white television which uses raster scanning to transmit video as a serial data stream, and color television techniques like PAL and NTSC which encode color images and multiplex color signals for transmission.
This document describes improvements in magnetic recording and reproduction of television signals. It discusses converting a high standard television signal into lower standard signals that can each be recorded on separate tracks of a magnetic tape. This allows the full high standard signal to be reconstructed by reading all the tracks simultaneously. The conversion is done using electro-optical converters like picture tubes, with the image on one tube scanned by multiple pickup tubes to generate the lower standard signals for recording.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to a door latching mechanism for automotive vehicles. The mechanism uses a rotary keeper or bolt member that is cammed into further latching engagement after initial contact. A track adjacent the rotary member works with a roller to wedge and urge the rotary member towards its latched position, preventing unlatching movement. Figures 1-5 illustrate the mechanism and its cooperating components.
In a digital TV structure, multiple TV and radio programs can be transmitted over a common network and share a transmitter by using a technique called multiplexing. A multiplexer combines multiple program streams into a single transmission stream, which is then modulated and transmitted. This allows more efficient use of bandwidth compared to analog transmission, where each program requires a separate transmitter. Digital transmission also provides better reception quality, with the signal either being fully receivable or not, depending on whether the signal power is above a threshold, rather than reception quality gradually degrading with distance as in analog. DVB-T2, the second generation digital TV broadcast standard, further improves bandwidth efficiency and reception quality compared to DVB-T through the use of more advanced
This document discusses fundamental concepts in analog and digital video, including:
- Analog video uses continuous electrical signals to represent images, while digital video uses discrete 1s and 0s. Analog video is susceptible to quality loss but digital video maintains perfect quality.
- There are different types of color video signals like composite, S-video, and component, with component providing the best quality but requiring more bandwidth.
- Common video broadcasting standards are NTSC, PAL, and SECAM, which specify resolutions and frame rates and differ in color encoding schemes.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in video, including analog video, digital video, color video signals, and video broadcasting standards. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Analog video uses continuous electrical signals to represent images and sounds, but is prone to distortion and noise. Digital video represents images using binary digits, allowing for exact copies without quality degradation. Major video standards include NTSC, PAL, and SECAM which specify resolutions and frame rates for analog broadcast television.
This document provides a block diagram of a PCR system. It shows how multiple cameras, CCUs, switchers, servers, and recorders are connected and how signals like video, black burst, and SDI flow between the components. A monitor, scope, amplifier, and MCR are also included for checking waveforms, signals, distribution, and central control of the system.
The document describes an encoder and decoder system for transmitting video and audio signals. It shows a router connected to a modem via a LAN cable that is transmitting signals to decoding systems. The signals pass through a studio router, studio modem, and DOT converter before reaching the decoding system where the video and audio can be viewed or listened to.
This document outlines different television video and audio formats. It discusses analog and digital video formats such as PAL, NTSC, SECAM, composite video, component video, S-video, SDI, and SDTI. It also covers analog and digital audio formats including AES/EBU and those used in SDI.
This document outlines the process of converting analog audio and video signals to digital signals for transmission. The analog audio and video signals from a video and audio console are fed into an encoder which packetizes the signals. The encoded digital signals are then modulated and upconverted to radio frequency for transmission through a high power amplifier and antennas.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
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1. PAL - Phase Alternating Line
PAL, is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the
world. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC. This page
discusses the colour encoding system only. See Broadcast television systems and analogue
television for discussion of frame rates, image resolution and audio modulation. For
discussion of the 625-line 25 frame/s television standard, see 576i.
History of the PAL standard
In the 1950s, when the Western European countries were planning to establish colour
television, they were faced with the problem that the already existing American NTSC
standard would not fit the 50 Hz AC frequency of the European power grids. In addition
to that NTSC demonstrated several weaknesses, including colour tone shifting under poor
transmission conditions. For these reasons the development of the SECAM and PAL
standards began. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard with a picture frequency of
50 fields per second (50 hertz), and sporting a better colour picture than NTSC.
PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Germany. The format was first
unveiled in 1963, with the first broadcasts beginning in the United Kingdom and Germany
in 1967.[1]
Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson. Thomson
also bought the Compagnie Générale de Télévision where Henri de France developed SECAM,
historically the first European colour television standard. Thomson nowadays also co-
owns the RCA brand for consumer electronics products, which created the NTSC colour
TV standard before Thomson became involved.
The term PAL is often used informally to refer to a 625-line/50 Hz (576i, principally
European) television system, and to differentiate from a 525-line/60 Hz (480i, principally
North American/Central American/Japanese) NTSC system. Accordingly, DVDs are
labelled as either PAL or NTSC (referring informally to the line count and frame rate) even
though technically the European discs do not have PAL composite colour. This usage may
lead readers to believe that PAL defines image resolution, even though it does not. The
PAL colour system can be used in conjunction with any resolution and frame rate, and
various such combinations exist. NTSC, by contrast does define the video line and frame
format.
Technical details
The basics of PAL and the NTSC system are very similar; a quadrature amplitude
modulated subcarrier carrying the chrominance information is added to the luminance
video signal to form a composite video baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier is
approximately 4.43 MHz for PAL, compared to approximately 3.58 MHz for NTSC. The
SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its colour
subcarrier.
The name quot;Phase Alternating Linequot; describes the way that the phase of part of the colour
information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects
1
PAL - Phase Alternating Line
2. phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out. Lines where the
colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation
lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called
NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the imperfections of the human eye to do that
cancelling; however this resulted in a comblike effect on larger phase errors. Thus, most
receivers now use a chrominance delay line, which stores the received colour information
on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and
the current line is then used to drive the picture tube. The effect is that phase errors result
in saturation changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of
NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC
system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its
brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. In any case, NTSC, PAL and SECAM all
have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the
luminance signal.
For a 1:1 pixel aspect (square pixels) on a 50 Hz interlaced PAL signal the pixel rate should
be 14.75 MHz.
spectrum of a system G (bands IV and V) television channel with PAL OR SECAM
colour).
The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of the colour carrier is a result of 283.75 colour clock
cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency is 15625
Hz, the colour carrier frequency calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 * 15625
Hz + 25 Hz.
CVBS is an initialism, but it does not stand for quot;composite video baseband signalquot;,
CVBS actually stands for (C)hroma, (V)ideo, (B)urst, and (S)ync; which are the
four basic components of a composite video signal. That's why it's called
quot;compositequot;.
PAL vs. NTSC
NTSC receivers have a tint control to perform colour correction manually. If this is not
adjusted correctly, the colours may be faulty. The PAL standard automatically removes hue
errors by utilizing phase alternation of the colour signal (see technical details), so a tint
control is unnecessary. Chrominance phase errors in the PAL system are cancelled out
2
PAL - Phase Alternating Line
3. using a 1H delay line resulting lower saturation, which is much less noticeable to the eye
than NTSC hue errors.
However, the alternation of colour information — Hanover bars — can lead to picture
grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, if decoder circuits are
misaligned or use the simplified decoders of early designs (to overcome royalty
restrictions). Usually such extreme phase shifts do not occur; this effect will usually be
observed when the transmission path is poor, typically in built up areas or where the
terrain is unfavourable. The effect is more noticeable on UHF signals than VHF as VHF
signals tend to be more robust.
A PAL decoder can be seen as a pair of NTSC decoders:
PAL can be decoded with two NTSC decoders.
By switching between the two NTSC decoders every other line it is possible to
decode PAL without a phase delay line or two phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits.
This works because one decoder receives a colour sub carrier with negated phase
in relation to the other decoder. It then negates the phase of that sub carrier when
decoding. This leads to smaller phase errors being cancelled out. However a delay
line PAL decoder gives superior performance. Some Japanese TVs originally used
the dual NTSC method to avoid paying royalty to Telefunken.
PAL and NTSC have slightly divergent colour spaces, but the colour decoder
differences here are ignored.
PAL supports SMPTE 498.3 while NTSC is compliant with EBU
Recommendation 14.
The issue of frame rates and colour sub carriers is ignored in this technical
explanation. These technical details play no direct role (except as subsystems and
physical parameters) to the decoding of the signal.
PAL vs. SECAM
SECAM is an earlier attempt at compatible colour television which also tries to resolve the
NTSC hue problem. It does so by applying a different method to colour transmission,
namely alternate transmission of the U and V vectors and frequency modulation, while
PAL attempts to improve on the NTSC method.
SECAM transmissions are more robust over longer distances than NTSC or PAL.
However, owing to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced
amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger
cross colour. Like PAL, a SECAM receiver needs a delay line.
Broadcast systems PAL has been used with
PAL B/G/D/K/I
The majority of countries using PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 25
frames, differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. Standards
B/G are used in most of Western Europe, standard I in the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong and
Macau, standards D/K in most of Eastern Europe and Standard D in mainland China. 7-
3
PAL - Phase Alternating Line
4. MHz channels are used in VHF (B, D) and 8-MHz channels in UHF (G, K, I), although
Australia used 7-MHz channels in UHF and Ireland uses 8-MHz channels in VHF .
PAL-M standard (Brazil)
In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 29.97 frame/s system M, using
(very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Exact colour subcarrier frequency of
PAL-M is 3.575611 MHz
Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC.
The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43
MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like 525-line (480i) picture
to form what is often known as quot;PAL-60quot; (sometimes quot;PAL-60/525quot; or quot;Pseudo PALquot;).
PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with quot;PAL-60quot; (a video
playback system — see below).
PAL-Nc
In Argentina, the PAL-Nc (combination N) variant is used. It employs the 625 line/50
field per second waveform of PAL-B/G,D/K,H,I but with a chrominance subcarrier
frequency of 3.582 MHz. VHS tapes recorded from a PAL-Nc or a PAL-B/G,D/K,H,I
broadcast are indistinguishable because the downconverted subcarrier on the tape is the
same.
PAL-N
In Paraguay and Uruguay, PAL is used with the standard 625 line/50 fields per second
system, but again with (very nearly) the NTSC subcarrier frequency.
PAL-N should not be viewed as wildly incompatible versions of the PAL system,
only the choice of colour subcarrier is different.
A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N
VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape
recorded in Argentina or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast, can be sent to
anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc) and
it will display in colour. This has been very convenient for video collectors in the
past.
People in Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-
M, in addition to PAL-N of course. Direct TV broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central
and South America so this is very convenient too. Most DVD players sold in Argentina,
Uruguay and Paraguay also play PAL discs. However this is usually output in the European
variant (colour subcarrier frequency 4.433618 MHz), so people who own a TV set that
only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD
imports in black and white, as the colour subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N
variation, 3.582056 MHz. Some DVD players (usually lesser known brands) include an
internal transcoder and the signal can be output in NTSC-M, with some video quality loss
because of the systems conversion from a 625/50 PAL DVD disc to the output in NTSC-
4
PAL - Phase Alternating Line
5. M 525/60. A few DVD players sold in Argentina and Uruguay allow to output the signal
in NTSC-M, PAL, or PAL-N. In that case, a PAL disc (imported from Europe) can be
played back on a PAL-N TV. Because there is no fields/lines conversion, quality is
excellent.
Extended features of the PAL specification such as teletext are implemented quite
differently in PAL-N. PAL-N supports a modified 608 closed captioning format that is
designed to ease compatibility with NTSC originated content carried on line 18, and a
modified teletext format that can occur several lines.
PAL L
The PAL L (Phase Alternating Line with L-sound system) standard uses the System quot;PALquot;
video standard, which is the same as PAL B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15.625 kHz
line rate) except that it uses 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5.5 MHz, lifting the audio
subcarrier to 6.5 MHz. When System L is used with SECAM, the audio carrier is amplitude
modulated, but when used with PAL, the more usual FM sound system is usually used.
The sound offset in B and G is +5.5 whereas in L its +6.5. In layman's language, PAL-L is
PAL-BG with positive and AM sound modulation. An 8 MHz channel spacing is used
with PAL L.
PAL L is used on some hotel internal distribution systems, as well as other public display
and plant television systems. It is not used by any national TV networks. One example of a
TV with PAL-L support is Thomson 24WK25. This signal has been defined by Sandipan
Bhattacharjee, India.
System A
The BBC tested their pre-war 405 line monochrome system with all three colour standards
including PAL, before the decision was made to abandon 405 and transmit colour on
625/System I only.
All PAL systems interoperable except PAL-M (525/60)
The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame
(576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and
captioning) and a refresh rate of 50 interlaced fields per second (i.e. 25 full frames per
second), such as systems B, G, H, I, and N (see broadcast television systems for the
technical details of each format).
Some countries in Eastern Europe which formerly used SECAM with systems D
and K have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the
same.
However, some European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K
to PAL-B/G.[2]
On RF (i.e. through a Modulator or TV Aerial) the difference between I, D/H and B/G is
audio. These use different audio subcarriers, so with mismatch on Modulator Settings or
an imported TV there will be perfectly normal Colour Video, but possibly no audio. Some
5
PAL - Phase Alternating Line
6. TVs and VHS tuners have multiple filters in parallel or switched for the 6 MHz, 5.5 MHz,
6.5 MHz or 4.5 MHz sound carriers. Nicam is an additional 6.5 MHz offset carrier carrying
stereo digitally, on 6.0 MHz PAL I systems. Germany particularly uses two separate FM
sound carriers on PAL B/G. (Stereo FM Radio uses a mono signal with a DSBSC L-R
audio centred on 38 kHz with a 19 kHz pilot to aid decoding. Hence the German Zweiton
and Nicam both give better performance than FM Radio).
Multisystem PAL support and quot;PAL 60quot;
Recently manufactured PAL television receivers can typically decode all of these systems
except, in some cases, PAL-M and PAL-N. Many of them can also receive Eastern
European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French broadcast SECAM (because
France uses the unique positive video modulation), unless they are made for the French
market. They will correctly display plain CVBS or S-video SECAM signals. Many can also
accept baseband NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, though not usually
broadcast NTSC. Many sets also support NTSC with a 4.43 MHz subcarrier.
Many newer Video Cassette recorders and DVD players sold in Europe can play back
NTSC tapes/discs. When operating in this mode most of them do not output a true
(625/25) PAL signal but rather a hybrid of PAL and NTSC known as quot;PAL 60quot; (or
quot;pseudo PALquot;) with quot;60quot; standing for 60 Hz, instead of 50 Hz. Some video game consoles
also output a signal in this mode. Most newer television sets can display such a signal
correctly but some will only do so (if at all) in black and white and/or with
flickering/foldover at the bottom of the picture, or picture rolling (it can be noted,
however, that many analogue-era TV sets can receive the picture by means of adjusting the
V-Hold and V-Height knobs — assuming they have them). Very few TV tuner cards or
video capture cards will support this mode (a small number can, although software/driver
modification is usually required and the manufacturers specs are usually unclear). A quot;PAL
60quot; signal is similar to an NTSC (525/30) signal but with a PAL chrominance subcarrier at
4.43 MHz (instead of 3.58) and with the PAL-specific phase alternation of the red colour
difference signal between the lines.
6
PAL - Phase Alternating Line