5321 5325.output

* GB785728 (A)
Description: GB785728 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to the magnetic recording and reproduction of
televisionsignals
Description of GB785728 (A)
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FR1111055 (A) US2907819 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
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particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785728 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification June 21,
1955.
No 17920/55.
Application made in France on June 24, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 3), F( 2 F 3: 2-: 3 A: 3 B: 3 F: SA: 5
B 6 K).
International Classification: -H 04 n.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements int or relatg Esg to the Magnetic Recording and
Reproduction of Television Signals We, PHILIPS ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES
LIMITED, of Spencer House, South Place, Finsbury, London, E C 2, a
British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to

be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to methods of and means for the magnetic
recording and reproduction of television signals.
It is known that signals can be recorded on a carrier such as, for
example, a magnetic tape passing over a recording head, and that the
recorded signals can be accurately reproduced by a reproducing head
without the system having to be very complicated, provided that the
frequency of the signals does not exceed a practical limit which, in
the present state of the art, is approximately 1 Mc /s.
The usual television signals have a bandwidth extending from a
frequency of a few hundred c /s to several Mc /s, so that it is not
practicable to record them with a high standard on a single track.
The object of the present invention is to provide a relatively simple
method of and means for recording and reproducing television images by
means which are readily available For this purpose the high-standard
picture is recorded in one or more magnetic record tracks, and the
invention uses electro-optical converters, which are available
commercially, as distinct from purely electrical converters When a
plurality of tracks is used the original picture can be reproduced
with a high standard.
By the " standard " of a picture is meant, in this specification, the
precision of detail, i e.
the number of lines per frame and/or the number of frames per second
Thus a picture of high standard corresponds to a large bandwidth in
the signal by which it is represented.
In one respect the invention comprises a method of or means for
manufacturing a maglPrice 3 s 6 d l netic record of a television
picture, characterized in that signals representing a high-standard
picture are applied to one or more electrooptical converters, such as
television picture tubes of known construction, and that the image
thus produced is scanned by a scanner or scanners, or that the images
thus produced are scanned by scanners, in such a way that electric
signals corresponding to a reduced standard are generated, the
last-mentioned signals being applied to magnetic recording means so as
to produce one or more low-standard record tracks.
In a further aspect the invention comprises means for reproducing a
television signal from a magnetic record which has been manufactured
in the above manner in such a way that it comprises a plurality of
low-standard record tracks, and is characterized in that a signal
derived from each said track is applied to a corresponding
electro-optical converter which operates in accordance with the same
scanning system that is followed in the scanners used in manufacturing
the record.

In order that the invention may be readily carried into effect,
embodiments thereof will now be described by way of example with
reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which:Figure 1
shows' one embodiment of apparatus for carrying out the invention;
Figure 2 shows a second embodiment; Figures 3 a and 3 b show a variant
of the embodiment represented in Figure 1; Figure 4 shows a line
diagram of a television picture according to the French standard;
Figure 5 shows diagrammatically apparatus for the commutation of the
tubes shown in Figure 3 a with the standard illustrated in Figure 4.
In accordance with the invention we propose to effect conversion of
the prior standard to one suitable for magnetic recording, that is to
say that starting with a given television 1 ) , ' l2 785,728 standard,
i e a given number of lines per picture and pictures per second, we
convert this standard, which will be referred to herein as "high ",
into at least one and preferably a plurality of lower standards, that
is to say to a number of lines per picture or a picture frequency or,
in general, a product (number of lines per picture)x (picture
frequency), which is lower than the standard referred to as " high ".
Fundamentally, the sum of the signals in the low standards should
correspond to the signals in the high standard; at least the viewer
observing the information obtained from the magnetic recording, single
or multiple, should not perceive any discontinuities Each signal of
lower standard, owing to the lower value of above-mentioned product,
has a snaller band-width (preferably at the most equal to 1 Mc /s, as
was stated above), and can be recorded without difficulty on a
magnetic record-carrier in the conventional manner Let n recordings,
for example, be made which, according to one feature of the invention,
are advantageously made of a common record-carrier, the N record
tracks being adjacent to one another The N signals are subsequently
read and their sum yields the high-standard signal.
From the further description it will be clear that a single recording
instead of N recordings would be sufficient, but primarily the
invention aims at converting a high standard into a lower standard by
means of at least one cathode-ray tube or other electro-optical
converter, on the screen of which the picture of high standard is
produced, and at least one pick-up tube scanning this picture with a
lower standard.
Several embodiments based on the abovementioned principle will now be
explained with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the system shown in Figure 1, a picture, produced by a picture tube
1 which is fed with video signals through an amplifier 2, is divided
into N parts adjacent to each other; in the drawing n= 4 Each of the i
parts is projected by means of a suitable optical system (not shown)
on to the photo-cathode of a pick-up tube comprising an iconoscope 3

a, 3 b, 3 c, 3 d or other picture-scanner Since the picture supplied
by tube 1 has N lines, it will be obvious that, in order to maintain
the same definition, N/n lines per picture scanner are sufficient, the
picture frequency remaining unchanged, while the line-scanning in the
scanning tubes may be effected N times as slowly.
On the other hand the time constant of the phosphors of the picture
tube and/or the time constant of the pick-up tubes, for example that
of the super-iconoscope type, should be sufficient The video signals,
the band-width of which is reduced in the ratio n, are separately
recorded in adjacent parallel tracks on a magnetic tape 4 by means of
recording heads 5 a, Sb, Sc and 5 d respectively, and these are fed
through amplifiers 6 a, 6 b, 6 c and 6 d respectively if necessary.
In order to reproduce the complete video signal, the N tracks on the
tape 4 are read simultaneously and N partial pictures are repro 70
duced in N picture tubes These pictures, when recombined by optical
means, form a complete image on the photo-cathode of a pickup tube
scanned according to the high standard The apparatus may be
represented by 75 the diagram shown in Figure 1, with the
understanding that the signals pass in the direction opposite to that
previously described, and that the tubes 3 a, 3 b, 3 c, 3 d on one
hand, and the tube 1 on the other, are of the inverse types; 80 the
first-mentioned tubes become cathode-ray tubes and the
second-mentioned tube an iconoscope, for example.
In a second embodiment, shown in Figure 2, a high-standard picture is
formed on the lumi 85 nescent screen of tube 1, and is optically
projected on to the photo-cathode of a pick-up tube 3 which is scanned
with the same number of lines but at a reduced frame-frequency, and
consequently a reduced speed of line-scan 90 ning, which are, however,
at least high enough for the reproduction of motion, the time
constants of the phosphors being chosen accordingly If, for example,
the high standard has a picture frequency of 50 per second, a picture
95 frequency of the order of 12 5 per second may be chosen for the low
standard.
The signals of smaller band-width which are supplied by the pick-up
apparatus 3 are recorded on the magnetic tape 4 by usual 100 means,
after being amplified if desired in an amplifier 6.
The reproduction process is carried out in the reverse sense,-as in
the preceding instance.
The eye of the viewer does not perceive that 105 the signals are less
complete than the original signals.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 1 the four partial images may
advantageously be interlaced; in this case each of the scanning 110
tubes 3 a-3 d scans a line of the high-definition picture in turn, at
a velocity one quarter of that at which the high-definition picture is

formed on the screen of the tube 1 Alternatively a number of initial
picture tubes la, 115 lb, 1 c, id, Figure 3 a, equal to the number of
pick-up tubes 3 a-3 d may be used A suitable control system 7 permits
only one line in four to be traced on the screen of each of the tubes
la-id, the lines in each tube being displaced 120 in relation to those
of the following tube In this manner, a picture of high definition
along a line of low definition in the direction transverse to the
lines is reproduced in each of the n tubes la-id, and this picture is
scanned 125 with a low standard by the associated pick-up tube 3 a, 3
b, 3 c and 3 d Each pair (la, 3 a)( 1 d, 3 d) may be combined to form
an electrooptical unit, and even embodied in a single envelope In
reproduction, Figure 3 b, a pick 130 synchronizing signals comprise
regularly recurring pulses S, and between these pulses supplementary
pulses S, occur, in connection with the interlacing, at the end of
each field of type
A, but no such pulse occurs at the end of a 70 field of type B the
signals S are represented as a function of time, which is shown as
increasing from left to right They are applied to the input of an
electronic trigger circuit U 1, which supplies two output signals a
and b (also 75 represented as functions of time) in conformity with
the signals S The signals a go into a circuit D which didferentiates
them and consequently supplies the signals e, which alternate in
polarity, but signals of only one polarity are 80 retained, the others
being suppressed by a rectifier r The positive signals e are applied
to a second trigger circuit U 2 which supplies square output pulses c
and d of doubled duration Adding-devices M 1, M, M,, M 4 add the 85
pairs of signals (a+c), (b+c), (a+d), and (b+d), respectively The
outputs of the adding-devices are rectified by rectifiers rj, r 2, r,
r 4, and the resulting pulses are applied to the tubes la, 1 b, lc,
Id, Figure 3 a, respectively so 90 as to make these conductive for the
successive lines of the high-standard picture These tubes are thus
rendered operative regularly and successively until the two
half-length pulses are reached; these make paths II and III, Figure 95
5, conductive at the times required by Figure 4 The pulses shown in
Figure 5 are numbered 402, 403 and so on, with the same numbers as the
corresponding lines The apparatus shown in Figure 5 is represented
only diagram 100 matically, and in particular the polarities of the
signal S and the design of the trigger circuits, differentiating
devices, and rectifiers should be chosen in relation to one another.
Various modifications, such as the use of a dif 105 ferent number of
tracks, may be made within the scope of the invention.
Alternatively, if the recorded picture is only to be reproduced
without being transmitted to a distance, it is sufficient to supply
the signals 110 derived from the record tracks to an assembly of

suitable electro-optical converters associated with an optical system
in order that the corresponding low-standard pictures may be fused
into a single high-standard picture observed by 115 the viewer; it is
then unnecessary to reproduce the individual low-standard pictures by
means of one or more scanners.
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* GB785729 (A)
Description: GB785729 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to a door latching mechanism
Inventor: ROLLO MMPLE 7855729 4 @ ' Date of Application and filing
Complete Specification: July 1, 1955.
No 19082/55.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 44, BC 6, BD 5 C.
International Classification:-E 05 c.
COOMPLEBTE;SPEICIRCATI'ON Improvements in or relating to a Door
Latching Mechanisrn We, HANCOCK MANUFACTURING 'COMPANY, a corporation
organised under the laws of the State of Michigan, United States of
America, of Jackson, Michigan, United States of America, do, hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, iand the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to door latching and locking mechanisms adapted
for use on the doors of automotive vehicles where the door is
subjected to jarring or vibrations.

It is an object of this invention to provide a latching mechanism
which utilizes the principle of a rotary member forming either the
bolt or keeper member, and in which a camming action is imparted to
the rotary member in its latching direction after its engagement with
the other member.
According to the invention there is provided 'a latching mechanism,
adapted for use on doors of automotive vehicles, having relatively
movable bolt and keeper members, one of which is a rotary member,
ssaid rotary member having a latching surface engagealble with said
other member when rotated in a latching direction, iand means for
dogging said rotary member against rotation in an uniatching
direction, said means comprising a track adjacent said rotary member
and a roller movably positioned on said track, said roller being
adapted to wedgingly engage said rotary member when the roller is
moved in one direction along said track, to thereby urge said rotary
member in its latching direction, the' lines of force passing through
the lines of engagement of the roller with the rotary member iand the
track forming a greater angle wath respect to a' tangent to the track
surface, at it's line of contact with the roller, than the friction
angle between the roller and track forms with respect 0 o said
tangent, so as to prevent unlatching movement of the rotary member.
In order that the invention may be understood, it will now be
described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: lPrice
3 s 6 d l Figure 1 is an elevational view of the rotary keeper
mechanism of one form of our invention, showing the take-up means and
also fhowing portions of the cooperating bolt mechanism in
cross-section.
Figure 2 is a side eleivational view of the keeper mechanism of Fig 1,
showing the bolt mechanism in dot-dash lines.
Figure 3 is ian elevational view of a preferred bolt mechanism adapted
to cooperate with the 'keeper mechanism shown in Figs.
1 and 2.
Figure 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken along the line
4-4 of Fig 5 and showing the bolt member in its retracted position,
parts being omitted for clarity.
Figure '5 is a side elevational view of the bolt mechanism with parts
broken away for clarity and showing the locking members.
Figure 6 is a fragmentary elevational view taken in cross-section
along the line 6-6 of Fig 2:, and showing the principle of operation
of the take-up means which cooperates with the rotary member.
Figure 7 is a front elevational view of a modified form of our
invention which utilizes a rotary bolt member and a stationary keeper
member, the view having parts broken away for clarity and showing the
bolt mechanism and a portion of the keeper member in crosssection.

Figure '8 is a side elevational view of the bolt mechanism shown in
Fig 7, with parts broken away for clarity iand showing the locking
members; and Figure 9 ' is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken
along the line 19 9 of Fig '8 and showing the bolt take-up 'and
dogging means in its retracted position.
The invention is 'adapted to ibe utilized in the door latches of
automotive vehicles in which the doors are subject to jarring or
vibration The invention uses a rotary member as either the keeper
member or the bolt member, land the invention contemplates a dogging
means for holding the rotary member against retraction, the same
dogging means also being used as 'a take-up means to continuously and
progressively urge the rotary member in its latching direction.
As exemplified in the embodiment of Figs.
1 6, the invention is embodied in a door latching mechanism of the
type having a keeper mechanism including a rotary keeper member in the
form of a toothed rotor 21 mounted on the door pillar (not shown) by a
mounting plate 22, and a bolt mechanism generally indicated at 23 '
which is secured to the outer edge of the door (also not shown).
The keeper mounting plate 22 comprises a flat base portion and a rotor
housing 2,4 extending outwardly from one side of the base portion The
upper end of the keeper mounting plate is provided with an abutment 25
extending in the same direction as the rotor housing and having an
inclined lower surface 26 for cooperation with the upper inclined
surface 27 of a bolt housing 28 The rotor housing 24 is of irregular
shape and in particular has a curved lower wall 29 which, as will
later appear, underlies the track for the dogging and take-up means
Wall 29 is contiguous with a rounded rear wall 31 of relatively large
curvature 'and a convex front wall 32 of relatively small curvature,
and these walls in turn are connected by an inclined upper wall 33
substantially parallel to lower abu Sment surface 26, and which has a
rectangular opening 34 for the teeth of rotor 21.
The rotor has four circumferentially disposed neeth, is pivotally
mounted by a pin 35 within the rotor housing, the pin 35 being
disposed a short distance below the inclined upper wall 33 and a
relatively large distance above lower wall 29 Pin 35 is supported at
one end by a deck plate 36 which extends in spaced parallel relation
with keeper mounting plate 22, 'and at its opposite end by the rotor
housing 24.
The combined dogging and take-up means for rotor 21 ' is a roller 3 i
7 which is disposed within the rotor housing 24 between the rotor and
'a lower track support Roller 37 is of such diameter that when resting
upon a track 38, formed as a flange on deck 36 and conorming in
contour with lower wall 29, the r Qller wil I engage a tooth 39 shown
in Fig 6, when urged toward the upwardly curving p ortion of the track

In other words, the proportions of the parts are such that when roller
37 is urged to the left as shown in Fig 6, the upward slope of track
318 will cause upward movement of the roller, so that engagement with
tooth 39 Ghove the roller will occur before engagement with tooth 41
to its left The track curvature is at progressively decreasin
distances from the lower surface of tooth 39 going toward the left,
and the rotor will thus be camomed in ta continuous fashion in its
latching direction as the roller moves long the track.
It is important to keep in mind that the roller 37 is free-floating in
the sense that it has no fixed pivot, so that its movement will follow
the curvature of track 38 without restriction IA curved guide slot 42
is provided hin deck plate 3:6 adjacent the roller, and a pin 43
extends from the roller through slot 70 42, the pin being provided
with an enlarged head 44 The width of slot 42 however, is sufficient
to allow a free lateral movement of roller 37 during operation of the
device.
The means for urging roller 37 toward its 75 dogging and take-up
position is a wire spring having one end engageable with pin 43 and
its opposite end secured to deck plate 36 The ends are urged apart by
expandable loop 46 urging pin 43 toward the left end of 80 curved slot
42 as shown in Figure 1 The engagement of spring 45 with pin 43 is
such that it permits relative movement of the pin within slot 42 'It
will be seen therefore that the action of spring 45 will urge roller
3,7 85 into its left position in which one tooth of rotor 21 is
extending upwardly from the rotor housing As seen in Figure 1, when
roller 37 is held in this position, it will not prevent
counterclockwise rotation of rotor 21 such as 90 occurs when a bolt 47
approaches the upwardly extending tco th from the right In this case,
the tooth 41 to the left of the roller 37 will move to the right,
urging the roller to the right against the action of spring 45 This 95
action will continue until tooth 41 passes the center line of the
roller at which time the roller will engage the opposite side of the
tooth and cam, it counterclockwise as the roller moves to the left
along inclined track 38 100 The bolt mechanism 23 embodies the bolt 47
which is retractable The bolt mechanism is mounted on a bolt mounting
plate which comprises a base 4,8 and a flange 49 which are in
substantially normal relation, and a deck 105 secured in spaced
parallel relation with base 48 The bolt 417 is pivotally mounted by a
pin 51, within bolt housir, 28 which extends outwardly from base 48
The inclined lower surface of the bolt housing has an elongated 110
slot 52 which allows the bolt 4:7 to extend in inclined position
therethrough, the bolt being urged by a coil spring 53 into this
position The opposite end of the bolt housing 28 is provided with a
pivoted safety member 54 115 which is urged upwardly through a slot 55

in the bolt housing by a coil spring 56 surrounding pivot pin 57 The
safety member 54 has an extension 518 extending in the opposite
direction from its bolt portion, and-this 120 extension is provided
with oppositely disposed Transverse lugs 59 and 61, respectively.
it will be noted from Figs 1 and 3 that the bolt 47 and safety member
54 have engaging surfaces '62 and 63 respectively which 125 are
inclined in substantially parallel relatien, but that the pivot points
of these two elements are at opposite ends of their engaging surface,
so that leftward movement of the bolt housing in Fig 1 between the
rotor housing 24 and 130 1785 jy 29 lug i 61 on the extension 58 of
safety member 54 As is best seen in Fig 4, the clockwise undogging
movement of lever 74 will cause safety member 54 to 'be rotated
counterclockwise and within the elongated slot 55 on, the 70 tipper
surface of the bolt housing, therefore allowing the bolt mechanism to
pass the abutment 25 Upon release of the retracting lever, spring 56
will urge the safety member back into its projected position 1 t will
be noted 75 that the safety member is retractable independently of the
retracting lever 74 when it strikes the abutment 2 f 5 ' during
closing movement of the door, lug 61 momentarily leaving its
engagement with arm 87 during this move 80 ment.
The 'bolt mechanism is, also provided with means for undogging the
bolt from a remote operator such as an inside door handle As shown
best in Fig 5, this means comprises a 85 bell crank 88 pivotally,
mounted on flange 49 and having one arm '89 extending downwardly for
connection 'to a remote operator link '91 The upper arm 92 of the bell
crank is disposed above 90 the outer end of an arm 93 which is part of
retracting lever 74, land which extends through a slot 94 in flange 49
Upon counterclockwise rotation' of bell crank 088 as shown in 'Fig 5,
'arm 93 will be depressed causing 95 clockwise rotation of the
retracting lever to yndog the bolt and retract the safety mem'ber as
described above.
Locking means are also provided for preventing unlatching of the bolt
by the member 100 85, and this means comprises 'a locking member 95
pivotally mounted above the bolt housing by a pin 96 As is shown in
Fig 4, locking member 195 has a locking arm 97 with an outer locking
surface 98 ' which, when the lock 105 ing member is in its clockwise
or loclking position, is disposed in abuting relation with the upper
portion 991 of the flange on the rollback '83 This disposition of the
locking member willfl thus prevent clockwise rotation 110 of rollback;
83 and therefore will not permit unlatching of the door by the member
85.
Locking member 9 '5 is controlled by a slide 101 mounted for vertical
reciprocating movement on flange 4,9 'by 'a retaining pin 102 115
disposed within an elongated slot 103 on the slide 1 An ear 104 at the

upper end of the slide projects through an opening 105 on control arm
106 of ithe locking member, so that the vertical position of the slide
controls the 120 rotational position of the locking member An
over-center spring 1061 is provided for holding the slide in either
its upper or lower position.
The position of slide 1101 may 'be controlled by a' push rod 107 which
extends upwardly 125 to the inside gamish molding of the automotive
vehicle and is connected to 'a lateral arm 108 of slide 101 The lock
may also be controlled by a rotary member 109 preferably operated by
an outside key-actuator (not 130 the abutment 25 will cause safety
member 54 to be retracted by the abutment, and will cause the rounded
lower edge of 'bolt 4 i 7 'to engage the inclined keeper surface 3,3
and ride therealong, engaging and rotating the upwardly extending
tooth of rotor 21 This leftward movement will lift the entire bolt
mechanism (the bolt 47 being dogged against retraction by mechanism
later described), so that in its final latched position the upper
surface 27 of the bolt housing will be wedged against lower surface
216 of the abutment 25 Upon release of the bolt dogging mechanism and
rightward movement of the bolt housing in Fig 1, bolt 47 will be
cammed upwardly into retracted position by the dogged rotor 21, and as
will 'be seen later, the simultaneous positive retraction of safety
member 54, will allow the bolt housing to be withdrawn from between
members 24 and 25.
The dogging mechanism for preventing the retracting movement of bolt
47 comprises a dog '65 pivoted 'by pin '66 between the mounting plate
base 48 and deck 50 Dog 65 is provided with a toe '68 which is movable
into obstructing relation above an extension 69 at the outer end of
bolt 47 The latter extension is disposed behind base 48, the base
being provided with an arcuate notch or recess 71 for allowing the
bolt to extend therethrough and pivot between its dogged and retracted
positions The dog '65 ' is further provided with an extrusion '72
'engageable 'by a spring 73 to urge the dog counterclockwise as shown
in Figs 3 and 4 The dog is operable 'by a retracting lever 74, also
pivotally mounted on pin 66, land which has a laterally extending toe
75 engageable with an arm 76 on' dog 65.
Toe 75 is engageable by an arm 7 i 7 of:a pivoted bell crank 78,
adjacent the outer edge of the base, the opposite arm 79 of the bell
crank 78 having a lateral toe 811 engageable by arm '82 of rollback
'83 The flanged upper end 8,4 of the rollback is actuable by a member
85 which may be, for example, an outside door operator Bell crank 78
is constantly urged in 'a clockwise direction by spring '8:6, thus
urging the member 85 into inoperative position and holding arm 77 of
the bell crank away from toe 75 Upon rightward movement of member 85
as shown in 'Fig 4, the clockwise rotation of rollback 83 and the

subsequent counterclockwise rotation of bell crank 78 will cause
retracting lever 74 ' to move clockwise, and the engagement of toe 75
with arm 76 will cause simultaneous clockwise movement of dog '65,
retracting toe 618 from obstructing position above bolt extension 69,
allowing the bolt to be rotated into retracted position by engagement
with the rotor 21.
Means are also provided for positively retracting the safety member 54
simultaneously with the undogging of bolt 47 when the door is
unlatched This means is an arm 8,7 on retracting lever 74 which is
engageable with 795 j 729 shown) and having spaced arms 111 ' and 112
in lost-motion engagement with toe 113 at the lower end of the slide
When the locking member is in its icounterclock-wise or unlocking
position as shown in, Fig 4, it will be out of obstructing relation
with the movement of rollback 83 It will 'be observed that even when
the locking member 95 is in its locking position as shown in 'Fig 3,
opening of the door by the remote operator is still not prevented,
since there is no obstruction to the clockwise rotation of retracting
lever 74.
Means are provided for automatically unlocking the rollback 83 upon
operation of the remote operator, or merely upon closing of the door
This means comprises lug 59 on the extension 5 '8 of safety member 54,
which faces a cam surface 114 at the outer end of locking member arm
106 As is best seen in Figs.
3 and 4, when the locking member is in its clocklwise, or locking
position, counterclockwise rotation of safety member 54 will cause lug
59 to engage cam surface 114 thus camming the locking member into its
counterclockwise or unlocking position The counterclockwise rotation
of safety member 54 may be caused by either of two events-namely, the
actuation of the retracting lever 74 by the remote operator, or the
engagement of surface 63 of the safety member with abutment 25 during
closing movement of the door If either of these events occurs, the
simultaneous movement of lug 5,9 will automatically move the locking
member into unlocking position, thus preventing accidental or
inadvertent locking of the door.
The cooperation of the various elements described above may perhaps
best be shown by a description of the series of events that take place
during a complete closing and opening operation Starting from an
initial condition in which the door is open, the keeper mechanism will
be in a position approximately as shown in Fig 1, but with the roller
37 in its full leftward position, engaging teeth 39 and 41, on both
sides of it The reason for this position is of course that the absence
of bolt 47 means there is no force preventing rotor 21 from being
urged counterclockwise as far as possible under the influence of the
roller Upon movement of the bolt housing 28 into the space between the

rotor housing and the abutineent 25, the surface 63 of safety member
54 will first engage the abutment and will be retracted thereby, the
spring 56 projecting the safety member behind the abutment to hold the
bolt mechanism from subsequent opening movement If the locking member
95 is in its locking position, the retraction of the safety member
will also cause unlocking movement of this member As the bolt
mechanism rides upwardly and inwardly on housing wall 33, the end 64
of the bolt will engage the right side of the upwardly projecting
tooth on rotor 21 as shown in Fig 1 This will cause the rotor to turn
counterclockwise, moving roller 37 downwardly and to the right along
track 38 against the action of spring 45.
When tooth 41 passes the center line of the roller, the spring 45 will
cause the roller to be 70 forced rapidly to the left along the track,
engaging the underside of tooth 41, now tooth 39, as it moves This
action will be rather abrupt since there is initially no obstruction
to the counterclockiwise movement of the rotor 75 When the new
upwardly projecting tooth reaches the underside of the bolt, the
counterclockwise movement of the rotor will be temporarily stopped.
The subsequent cooperation' of the roller and 80 rotor is best seen in
the progressive studies shown in Fig 6 In this figure, three
progressive positions of the roller, rotor and bolt are shown, the
first position being shown in solid lines, the second in dot-dash
lines, and 85 the third position in double-dot-dash lines It will be
seen that in all positions the roller 37 will wedgingly engage the
rotor to effectively dog it against clockwise or unlatching movement,
since the lines of force passing through 90 the lines of engagement of
the roller with the tooth 39 and the track are always at a
sufficiently steep angle relative to the track so that the frictional
forces will prevent the roller from slipping out of position In other
words, 95 at any position of the roller, those lines of force will
form a greater angle with respect to a tangent to the track surface at
its line of contact with the roller than the friction angle between
the roller and track will form 100 with respect to this same tangent
When the door is initially closed, the bolt 47 may not be moved
leftward as far as possible, and its position will therefore prevent
full entering movement of the roller 37 under the tooth -105 39, these
parts remaining in their solid lineposition of Fig 6 Upon subsequent
vibration, jarring, or other forces tending to further move the bolt
leftward and relieve the pressure on' the roller, the roller will
immediately be 110 forced by spring 45 along the track, the contour of
which will force the rotor counterclockwise into the dot-dash position
Still further vibration will again permit the roller to be forced
along the track, until the bolt is finally 115 held in its
double-dot-dash position It is important to observe that this take-up

action is entirely continuous, and since the arrangement of parts is
such that the roller does not normally engage tooth 41, the take-up
will not 120 be limited to a predetermined final bolt position.
When it is desired to open the door, actuaion of either the member '85
or the remote operator link 91 will cause retracting lever 74 125 to
rotate dog '65 into retracted position, so that when the bolt housing
is manually forced rightward as shown in Fig 1, the bolt 47 will ride
over the projecting tooth on rotor 21 and will be forced downwardly
into pro 130 785,7219 action 'of roller 128, the latter is provided
with a transversely extending pin 135 to which is connected one arm
1,36 of a retracting lever 137 This retracting lever is movably
secured for pivotal and translatory movement to base 70 12,1 by a pin
138 which is disposed within a slightly elongated slot 13 '9 in the
retracting lever The positioning of slot 139 is such that movement of
the retracting lever in the axial direction of arm 136 is permitted to
a slight 75 degree Flange 122 is provided with an elongated slot 140
through which extends a rolltack 141 The rollback is slidably mounted
directly behind base 121 by means of a pin and washer 142 disposed
within an elongated 80 slot 143 in the lower portion of the rollback.
The rollback extends across the open inner side of bolt housing 123,
and has an 'arcuate slot 144 within which extends the roller pin 135,
thereby affording a lost-motion connec 85 tion between the rollback
and the roller A coil spring 145 is engageable with arm 13,6 of the
retracting lever 'so as ito urge the latter clockwise as shown in Fig
7, thereby urging pin against the left end of arcuate slot 144 90 This
action in turn will urge the rollback 141 to the left, so that pin 142
will be disposed at the right hand end of slot 1143 A guide 146 is
provided on base 121 adjacent the opposite end of 'the rollback member
to main 95 tain its reciprocating movement.
It will be seen therefore that the spring will normally urge roller
128 to the left end of track 134, and therefore into engagement with
tooth 14,7 of the rotor 127 During 100 this movement the upward
curvature of track 134 will cause the roller to move upwardly against
tooth 147 to urge the rotor into its counterclockwise 'or
keeper-engaging position.
This upward movement of the roller will not 105 be restricted either
'by the retracting lever 13,7 or the rollback 141 The retracting lever
will float with the roller because of its slightly elongated mounting
hole 139, and rollback 141 will be allowed slight pivotal movement
about 110 pin 142 due to the play existing in guide 14 '6.
The roller will thus be allowed free take-up action in its engagement
with the rotor 127, similar 'to the take-up action described with the
relation to the previous embodiment How 115 ever, upon rightward
movement of rollback 141 due to engagement with its flange 148 by

outside door operator 149, the pin 135 and therefore the roller will
be moved rightwardly and out of obstructing relation with the rotor,
the 120 Length of slot 143 being such that sufficient retracting
movement is allowed Release of operator 149 will immediately allow
spring to return the roller to its dogging position.
It will be noted that during operation 'of the 125 roller by the
rollback 141, the pin 135 will always remain;at the left end of
arcuate slot 144.
Means are provided for retracting roller 128 by a remote operator such
as an inside door 130 jected position again after it leaves the rotor.
In this connection, it should be noted that the bolt will be
immediately re-dogged when it returns to projected position Should the
operator release the door handle before bolt 4)7 leaves the rotor, the
rounded;end of 'bolt extension 169 will cam the toe 68 out of
obstructing relation as it moves down, and the toe will ride over the
extension Wand move into dogging position above it Upon departure of
the bolt from its contact with rotor 21 the latter will be left in the
same position as previously described, ready for another closing
operation As described previously, operation of either door member 85
or the remote operator will also retract safety member 54, allowing
the bolt housing to pass freely 'between the keeper housing 24 and the
abutment 25.
Figs 7 to 9 illustrate an embodiment of the invention which is
generally similar to the first embodiment, but which utilizes a rotary
bolt mechanism generally indicated at 115 rather than a rotary keeper
mechanism, the take-up principles being therefore embodied in, the
bolt mechanism rather than the keeper mechanism The bolt mechanism
cooperates with a keeper generally indicated at 116 which is of a
conventional stationary type, and which in the illustrated embodiment
comprises' a safety member 1117 pivotally mounted in the keeper
housing, a striker surface 118 behind the safety finger, and an
inclined main keeper surface 11; 9 behind the striker surface The bolt
mechanism comprises a mounting plate having a base 121 and a flange
122 in substantially normal relation, with a bolt housing 123 and an
inclined abutment 124 extending outwardly in spaced relation from the
flange 121 The abutment 124 has an inclined lower surface 125 adapted
to slide along the inclined upper surface 1216 of the keeper when the
door is clsed, to thereby wedge the keeper between the abutment and
rotary member mounted near the upper end of the 'bolt housing The
rotary member is 'a multi-toothed rotor 127 similar in design to that
described in the keeper mechanism of the previous embodiment, and
comprises a single set of teeth adapted to alSO ternately project
upwardly for engagement with the keeper, and to cooperate with a
takeup, roller 12 '8 For this purpose the rotor is supported for

rotational movement by a pivot pin 1219 held between outer wall 131 of
the bolt housing and a deck 132 extending in parallel relation with
wall 131 within the upper portion of the bolt housing The upper
surface of the housing is provided with an elongated opening 133 which
allows the rotor teeth to pass therethrough The lower wall 134 of the
housing is curved upwardly and to the left as shown in 'Fig 7 to
provide an inclined track similar in, function to the track 3 '8 of
the previous embodiment.
In order to control the dogging and take-up 7 f 555729 6 785,729
handle I For this purpose the retracting lever 137 is provided with an
arm 151 which cooperates with one arm 152 of a bell crank 153
pivotally mounted on flange 122 The opposite arm 154 of the bell crank
is adapted to be pivotally connected to a link 155 leading from the
remote operator (not shown) Upon leftward movement of link 155 as seen
in Fig 8, the bell crank 153 will be rocked clockwise, rotating lever
137 counterclockwise as seen in Fig 7 This movement will cause pin and
therefore roller 128 to move to the right end of arcuate slot 144 and
out of obstructing relation with the rotor 127 It will be observed
that during this action the roller will also 'be allowed relatively
unrestricted movement as it follows track 134, due to the
free-floating mounting of the lever 13,7 and the rollback 141.
Locking means are also provided in this embodiment for preventing
movement of rollback 141 This locking means comprises a locking lever
156 pivotally mounted on flange 122 in the same location as bell crank
153. A finger 15,7 on the locking lever extends
through a slot 158 in flange 122 and is adapted to be moved in front
of slot 140 so as to lie in obstructing relation with locking surface
159 of the rollback, thereby preventing undogging movement of the
latter This obstructing position of finger 15,7 occurs when the
locking lever 156 is in its counterclock-wise or locking position as
shown in dot-dash lines in Fig 8 However, when the locking lever is in
its clockwise position shown by the full lines in Fig 8, the finger
157 is lowered and moved leftward sufficiently to clear the undogging
path of the rollback The locking lever is movable into its locking
position by operation of the remote operator in a direction opposite
its normal door-opening direction, that is by rotation of bell crank
153 counterclockwise in Fig 8 The remote operator in this case could
be one of the type which is biased to a neutral position and movable
out of its neutral position in opposite directions.
For this purpose the locking lever is provided with a small lip 160
which extends laterally above the upper edge of arm 152 of the bell
crank It will be seen therefore that counterclockwise rotation of the
bell crank will cause its upper edge to abut lip 160, moving the
locking lever counterclockwise The locking lever may also be moved

into either of its positions by a forked lever 161 pivotally sup-.
ported on flange 122 and adapted to have a lost-motion connection with
-an arm 162 on the locking lever Forked lever 1161 may be actuated by
a key mechanism (not shown), and the 'locking lever is held-in either
of its positions by an over-center spring 163 connected to an arm 164
on the locking lever It will be noted that even when the locking lever
is in its locking position, retraction of the roller 128 by the remote
operator will still be permitted, since the rotational movement of
retracting lever 1317 will not be prevented.
Means are also provided for automatically unlocking the outside
rollback either when the remote operator is actuated to unlatch the
bolt, 70 or when the door is closed This means comprises a kick-off
toe 165 on the locking lever disposed immediately under arm 151 of the
retracting lever, as shown in Fig 8 Upon counterclockwise rotational
movement of the 75 retracting lever as seen in Fig 7, either due to
actuation of the remote operator or by clockwise rotation of rotor 127
due to closing of the door, arm 151 will engage toe 165, thus rotating
the locking lever into its un 80 locking position, in which position
it will be held by over-center spring 163.
The cooperation of the various elements described in the embodiment of
Figs 7 to 9 may perhaps best 'be illustrated by a descrip 85 tion of
the sequence of events which occur during a normal closing and opening
of the door Starting from an initial condition in which the door is
open, the bolt mechanism will be in a position substantially shown in
90 Fig 7, the roller 128 however being urged fully to the left so as
to engage tooth 147 above it and tooth 166 to its left Upon movement
of the bolt mechanism to the right, safety member 117 of the keeper
will first engage 95 the upwardly projecting tooth on the rotor and
will be retracted until it passes over the tooth and falls 'into
position behind it This will prevent subsequent opening movement of
the door, since the dogging position of roller 1218 100 under tooth
147 will prevent clockwise rotation of the rotor Further rlghtward
movement of the bolt mechanism will cause lower abutment surface 125
to ride up on keeper surface 126, and will further cause striker
surface 118 to 105 engage the upwardly projecting tooth 127 The
subsequent counterclockwise force on the rotor will cause roller 128
to be moved rightward against the action of spring 1145, undogging
lever 137 rocking counterclockwise at the same 110 time During this
movement, pin 135 will.
move within arcuate slot 144 on the rollback, the latter remaining
stationary When tooth 166 passes the center-line of roller 128, the
latter will be forced leftwvardly by spring 145 115 under the tooth,
which then becomes tooth 147 The subsequent rapid counterclockwise
rotation of the rotor will terminate when the next upwardly projecting

tooth abuts keeper surface 119 From then on, the take-up action 120 of
roller 128 will be similar to that described for the previous
embodiment, any jarring or vibration serving to wedge the roller
further under tooth 147 to thereby rotate the rotor further
counterclockwise 125 When it is desired to open the door, the roller
128 will be moved rightwardly either by the rollback 1,41 or by the
retracting lever 137 operated by the remote operator, the retraction
of the roller allowing the rotor 127 130 7 $ 85,729 4 Mechanism
according to caim 3, wherein said retracting means comprises a
retracting lever and a pin-and-slot connection for supporting said
lever, said connection allowing pivotal and translatory movement of
said lever during movement of said roller along said track.
Mechanism according to claim 4, comprising a rollback having a
lost-motion connection with said roller for moving the roller from its
dogging to its undogging position independently of said retracting
lever.
6 Mechanism according te claim 5, wherein said lost-motion connection
comprises an arcuate slot in said rollback, said roller having a pin
extending through said slot and normally urged against one end thereof
'by said spring means, Said retracting lever being connected to said
pin, whereby the retracting lever is adapted to move said pin along
said slot.
7 Mechanism according to claims 5 or 6, comprising locking means for
preventing movement of said rollback into its undogging position, said
locking means comprising,a locking lever movable between locking and
unlocking positions, said lever when it is in locking position having
a portion in obstructing relation with said rollback.
8 Mechanism according to 'claim 7, wherein a portion of said
retracting lever is engageable with said locking lever during its
retracting movement, whereby said locking lever is moved from its
locking to its unlocking position.
9 Mechanism according to claim 2, wherein said multi-toothed rotor
forms said keeper member, said bolt member being normally prevented
from retracting by a dog which is releasable to allow such retraction
when the bolt member is moved in an unlatching direction, and where an
abutment is provided in spaced relation with said rotor, and a safety
member is engageable with said abutment, a retracting lever being
provided for simultaneously retracting said bolt member and said
safety member.
A latching mechanism constructed and adapted ito operate substantially
as described and shown in the accompanying drawings.
STEVENS, LANGNER, PIARRY & ROLLINSION, Chartered Patent Agents, Agents
for the Applicants.
to rotate freely The bolt mechanism may then be moved leftwardly, the

rotor spinning clockwise as it allows first the keeper surface 1,19
and then the safety member 1117 to pass thereover.
While it will be apparent that the preferred embodiments of the
invention herein disclosed are well calculated ito fulfil the object
above stated, it will 'be appreciated that the invention is
susceptible to modification, variation aand change without departing
from the scope of the subjoined claims.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785730 (A)
Description: GB785730 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in buttons
Improvements in Buttons
I, HERBERT ARTHUR GLEIM, 'Crown Court, Newbury, Berkshire, 'British,
do hereby de-.
dare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to
me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be partica-
larly described in and by the following statement:
The invention consists in a button corn- prising a cap made of
aluminium, Bakelite, (Registered Trade Mark) or brass, or the like,
with edges turned down ninety degrees, fitted on to a head of moulded
rubber, polythene, polyvinyl chloride or other plastic compounds,
provided with a shank and thin base.
In the accompanying drawing Fig. 1 is a plan view of a support showing
a bead 1, base 2 and sewing holes 3. Fig. 2 is a plan view of a cap
showing edges 4 turned 'down ninety degrees. Fig. 3 is an elevation of

the support showing the head 1, shank 5 and base 2. Fig.
4 is an elevation of the cap showing domed top 6 and wall 7, the edge
of which is turned down ninety degrees. A button is assembled by
pressing the cap over the head. The base can be circular, crescent
shaped, square, or any suitable shape and can be wider or narrower
than the head.
The top of the cap and the top of the head of the support can be domed
or fiat.
There is no need to sew the button on to a garment, as the buttonhole
on the garment is made smaller than the base, ibut if preferred it can
be sewn on through the holes provided in the base.
What I claim is: -
1. A button comprising a support of moulded rubber, polythene,
polyvinyl chloride, or ether plastic compounds, consisting of a head,
shank andi thin base, the head fitted into a cap made of aluminium,
Bakelite (Registered
Trade Mark) or brass, with edges turned down ninety degrees, and the
base provided with two or more sewing holes.
2. A button comprising a support and cap substantially as herein
described! and illustrated by the accompanying drawing.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Buttons
I, HERBERT ARTHUR GLEAM, 'Crown Court,
Newbury, Berkshire, British, do hereby declare this invention to be
described in the following statement:
A cap made of aluminium, Bakelite (Regis- tered Trade Mark) or brass,
with edges turned down ninety degrees, is fitted on to a head of
moulded rubber, or other suitable material, provided with a shank and
thin disc as a base.
To fasten the button on a garment, the 'base is pulled through a
buttonhole and lies fiat against the inside of the garment, so that
the button is held in place without having to be sewn on.
* GB785731 (A)
Description: GB785731 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to resinous compositions and fire resistant
laminates prepared therefrom

US2801672 (A)
US2801672 (A) less
Improvements in or relating to Resinous Compositions and Fire
Resistant Laminates prepared therefrom
we, WESTEGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTER
NATIONAL COMPANY of 40 Wall Street, New
York 5, State of New York, United States of
America, a Corporation organized and existing under the laws of the
State of Delaware, in said United States of America, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to resinous compositions and fire-resistant
laminates prepared therefrom.
It has been desirable to have available, particularly in the
electrical industry, resinous laminates that are highly fire resistant
while possessing good electrical resistance properties, both when
dry and when subjected to humidification, as well as high strength.
Resinous laminates of this type in the forms of plates, .tubes,
channels, angles and other forms are particularly desirable for use in
switchgear, switchboards, tap changers and similar electrical
appanaltus that may be subjected to electrical arcs due to opening of
electrical contacts. The art has produced a considerable number of
laminates wherein expedients, such as incorporation of fireproofing
agents, have been made use of. In most cases, however, these added
fireproofing agents, such, for example, as chlorinated materials, have
reduced the strength of the laminates or the electrical resistance

properties, and consequently, satisfactory results have not been
obtained. Certain fire-resistant resms, such as melamine formaldehyde
resins, are not only substantially more expensive than phenolic
resins, but when applied to cellulosic fibrous materials, their
moisture resistance is poor.
The dielectric strength of melamines is not as high as that of other
cheaper laminates, and thick sections, that is those of over
one-quarter of an inch (6 mm) thickness, tend to crack badly on aging,
particularly at temperatures
of 100 C or more. For example, a melamine formaldehyde laminate l-f
inches (38 mm.) thick had cracked badly when heated to 100
C. for one day.
In testing the fire resistance of laminates, a test has been employed
that is a slight modification as advocated by Gale, Stewart and
Alters, in the ASTM Bulletin, page 23.
December 1944, of Method 2023.1 of Federal
Specification LP406b. The test equipment comprises a ventilated box
approximately 18 inches (45 cm) square in cross section and about 3
feet (91 cm) high with an opening at the top in which there is
disposed a constant-speed exhaust fan to withdraw gases from the box.
At the bottom of the box is located a four-jawed chuck adapted to.
hold in a vertical position laminate specimens having dimensions of l
inch by 9 inch by 5 inches in length (13 mm by 13 mm by 127 mm). A
heating coil of 1 inch diameter (25 mm) and 2 inches long (51 mm) and
composed of nickel-chromium alloy is located coaxially about the
specimen held in the chuck. Above the top turn of this heating coil
are disposed two automobile spark plugs with their ignition electrode
tips approximately 1/10 of an inch (2.5 mm) away from two opposite
sides of the laminate sample to be tested.
In testing a sample of the laminate, a rod of the sample machined to
dimensions of -f inch by - inch by 5 inches in length (13 mm by 13 mm
by 127 mm) is inserted in the chuck, and the heating coil is energized
with 55 amperes of electrical current and the spark plugs are
energized with electrical current so that an electrical arc plays
across the ignition electrodes continuously. The " ignition time" is
the elapsed time from the start of energy sation of the coil and the
arcing of the spark plugs until a flame appears upon the sample.
Once a flame appears upon the sample, the flow of current to. the
spark plugs is vermin ated, but ,the heating coil is energized for 30
seconds longer at which time the current to the coil is also turned
off and timing is begun from the moment the current to the coil is
terminated until the flame is extinguished, this ame period being
designated as the "burning time" of the sample. It will be apparent
that both the " ignition time" and burning time" are factors of

considerable value in selecting fire resistant laminates.
The chief object of this invention is to provide thermoset laminates
comprising a fibrous sheet material impregnated with a thermoset
reaction product of phenol, Idicyandiamide and formaldehyde, which
laminates have a-high fire resistance, good electrical insulating
properties and high physical strength.
According to the invention, highly fireresistant ,thermoses resinous
laminates may be prepared from a resinous product derived by reacting
phenol, dicyandiamide and formaldehyde in the proportions of 1 mole of
the phenol, from 0.S to 2 moles of dicyandiamide and from 0.9 to 1.5
moles of formaldehyde for each mole of the total phenol and
dicyandiamide. Water is present, being usually furnished as a part of
aqueous formaldehyde solution (37% to 40%), and amounting to at least
10% of the weight of the reactants, and ordinarily should not exceed
the weight of the reactants. The mixture is reacted in the presence of
an alkali catalyst for at least -t- hour, and preferably by refluxing
from I to 2 hours, and then is vacuum dehydrated at a temperature not
exceeding 100 C. until substantially all of the water is removed, a
volatile solvent then being added to produce an impregnating varnish.
The varnish may include a small prop or tion for example, of from 2%
to 10% by weight of finely divided refractory solids such as silica,
aluminium oxide, or antimony oxide to impant better flames resistance.
The impregnating varnish is applied to fibrous sheet materials and
particularly cellu10 Sic fibrous materials, such as graft paper, alpha
paper and cotton cloth. Exceptional flame resistant properties and
high strengths are obtained using such cellulosic materials.
However, other fibrous materials may be used, such as glass cloth,
glass mat, asbestos cloth, nylon cloth and other synthetic fabrics or
a mixture of two or more fibrous materials, such for example as a
cloth woven from a mixture of nylon and cotton. The fibrous sheet
material is dipped in the varnish one or more times until it has
picked up resin solids in an amount of from 0.7 to 2 times the weight
of the dry fibrous material and the varnish impregnated fibrous
material is passed ;through an oven or other dryer after each dip to
rb move the volatile solvent. During drying, it is desirable to heat
the fibrous material treated with the varnish composition at a
temperature of from 110 C to 150 C. in order to remove the solvent
therefrom promptly and to advance the cure of the resin well into the
" B " stage. The heat treatment of the applied
phenol-dicyandiamide-formaldehyde resin at this stage is conducted so
that the resulting treated fabric has a " greenness" of from 0.5 to
10%. The "greenness" is determined by placing a small piece of the
resin treated sheet material in a hot press at a temperature nf 175 C.
and a pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch (70 kg/cm2) for 5

minutes, and then measuring the amount of resin that is forced out of
the sample, that is, the resin that extends beyond the fibrous sheet
material proper, and from this determining the proportion of the
exuded resin to the total amount of the resin in the sample. A
greenness of 10% is desired for the making of certain products, such
as ;tubes whlich require a considerable flow of resin between
Iaminations in order that the laminations bond adequately. On the
other hand, however, a greenness of about 0.5 % is essential for the
purpose of making thick laminates, for example, laminates of 9 inch
(13 mm) thickness and greater, since a material of low greenness
evolves less exothermic heat and consequently thicker pieces can be
moulded without heat damage. For preparing laminates of thicknesses of
around 1/8 inch (3 mm), a greeness of from 16, to 3% is adequate.
The sheet fibrous material, with the applied B" ') stage
phenol-dicyandiamide - formaldehyde resinous reaction product
thereon, may be moulded into laminates, tubes and other members by
superimposing a plurality of layers of the treated sheet material and
compressing them at pressures of from 150 to 5,000 pounds per square
inch (10.5 to 350 kg/ cam2) at temperatures of from 135 C. to 165 .
In preparing the varnish impregnating composition from the resinous
reaction product, particularly good results have been secured by using
as a solvent a mixture of ethanol and water wherein the ethanol
comprised from 20% to 80% by weight of the mixture. The varnish
impregnating composition may comprise from 30% to 60% by weight of the
thermosettable resinous product and from 70% to 40% % by weight of the
volatile solvent however, acetone may be employed alone or in
admixture with the alcohol, or a water and alcohol mixture. Other
solvents and solvent mixtures may be employed, as desired.
Exceptionally well impregnated cellulosic sheet fibrous material has
been obtained by employing water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent. By
employing solvents mixtures containing 50soh or more by weight of
water, the balance being ethanol, particularly thorough impregnation
of paper and cotton fabrics has been secured.
The ollowing examples are illustrative of the practice of the
invention.
EXAMPLE I
Into la steam heated reaction kettle there were introduced the
following:
phenol 2750 parts by weight
dicyandiamide 2100
formaldehyde (37%) 4620
ammonia (28%) 166
The ammonia and the formaldehyde were admixed before being introduced
into the kettle with the remainder of the ingredients, the total

mixture having a pH of approxiriIwly 8.5.
The mixture was slowly heated, and at 80 Ci an exothermic reaction
took place that carried the temperature to approximately 95 C.
Additional heat was then supplied in order to cause the reaction
mixture to reflux.
The mixture was refluxed for 90 minutes and then dehydrated under a
vacuum of 28 inches (715 mm) of mercury, an!d the temperature
gradually increased to approximately 75
C. during dehydration. At 'this point, substanti,ally all the water
had been removed. To the hot reaction product there was added 2000
parts by weight of 95% ethanol, and the resulting;thick varnish was
cooled to room temperatune. The resinous reaction product was then
further diluted with a mixture comprising 50% by weight of ethanol and
50% by weight of water to produce la solution comprising approximately
53 % by weight of resin solids. The viscosity of the composition was
approximately 250 centipoises.
The resulting varnish of 'this Example I was employed to impregnate
the following sheet fibrous materials:
(1) 10 mil (0.25 mm) thick alpha paper,
the impregnated paper containing
101% of its weight of the resin solids
at a greenness of 0.5,%.
(2) 5 mil (0.13 mm) thick kraft paper, the
treated paper containing 98% of its
weight of resin solids, the greenness
being 0.8i'?/o.
(3) 621 ounce (240 grams per square meter)
bleached cambric, the resin solids being
equal to the weight of the cambric,
the greenness being 0.5i%.
Laminates were prepared from each of these three impregnated materials
by superimposing a sufficient number of laminationi to produce
consolidated members of various thicknesses of up to 1/2 inch (13 mm).
The superimposed layers were consolidated at 1,000 pounds per square
inch (70 kg/cm2) with the temperature of the press platens slowly
rising Ito a final temperature of 165"C. The following table sets
forth the ignition time and burning time in seconds of the laminates,
and includes a standard XXX-grade phenolic laminate prepared from
alpha cellulose paper for comparison purposes.
TABLE I
EIRE-RESISTANCES OF LAMINATES
Laminate Ignition time, sec. Burning time, sec.
I
Alpha paper-based 199 79

Kraft paper-based 245 95
Cambric cloth-based 154 137
XXX Phenolic 145 437
It will be apparent 'that the first three laminates are considerably
superior in ignition time and very much better in burning time to the
standard XXX phenolic laminate.
The dielectric properties of the laminates used in Table I were then
determined, both in the as-neceived condition and after humidification
and water immersion, and these data are set forth in Table II.
TABLE II
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
Laminate Test Conditions (1) 100 Tan 8 Dielectric Constant
60 cy 1 Kcy 1 Mcy 60 cy 1 Kcy 1 Mcy
Alpha-base A 1.09 1.44 2.19 4.89 4.78 4.51
C-96/23/96 4.55 4.12 4.28 6.22 5.86 4.90
D-24/23 4.60 3.60 3.14 5.67 5.59 5.15
Kraft-base A 1.18 1.44 2.17 4.79 4.68 4.34
S96/23/96 6.47 4.43 4.60 6.48 6.02 4.93
D-24/23 8.30 4.37 4.26 6.14 5.89 5.15
Cambric-base A 1.93 1.75 2.57 4.97 4.81 4.49
;96/23/96 14.6 6.19 5.23 6.45 5.63 4.64
D-24/23 17.0 6.53 4.22 6.59 5.65 4.75
XXX Phenolic A 1.35 1.15 3.31 5.27 5.16 4.67
D-24/23 14.3 6.7 5.18 6.80 5.80 4.82 (1) Condition "A" Tested as
received
Condition "6/23/96" After 96 hours at 23 C. and 96% relative humidity
Condition "D-24/23" Tested after 24 hours immersion in distilled water
at 23 C.
The physical properties of the laminates were also determined, and
these data are set forth in Table III.
TABLE III
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (ASTM)
Bond Tensile Flexural Compressive Laminate Strength Strength Strength
Strength
ibs Kg psi Kg/cm2 psi Kg/cm2 psi Kg/cm2
Alpha-based 785 356 14483 1020 25613 1800 61253 4320 Fraft-based 1200
545 19174 1350 33618 2370 54577 3850
Cambric-based 1105 500 16684 1175 32658 2300 51682 3640
XXX Phenolic 1042 472 11000 775 13000 915 36000 2540 Laminates made
from kraft paper treated
with the resin of Example I to a 120% resin ,content, exhibited
tensile strengths of 22,800 psi (1605 Kg/cm2), flexunal strength of
28,050
psi (1975 Kg/cm2), compressive strength of

51,320 psi (3620 Kg/cm2), and izod impact of 2.2 ft lbs. per inch
(0.121 Kgm per an) width
flatwise, (XXX grade phenolic having an izod
impact of 1.4 ft. lbs. per -inch (0.077
Kgm/cm) width flatwise).
EXAMPLE II
The procedure of Example I was employed
in reacting the following:
phenol 560 pounds = 254 Kg
dicyandiamide 500 pounds = 227 Kg
formaldehyde
(37%) 1160 pounds = 526 Kg
ammonia (28 %) 3 gallons = 11.35 liters
The mixture was dehydrated under a vacuum of 27 inches (685 mm) of
mercury and a final temperature of 70"C. The resulting reaction
product was then dissolved in a solvent mixture comprising 90 gallons
(340 liters) of 95% ethanol and 35 gallons (132 liters) of water. The
resulting varnish had a viscosity of approximately 250 centipoises and
between 52 and 55, /O by weight of recoverable resin solids. I'he
setting time of the varnish was approximately 16 minutes at 153 C.
In order to prepare laminates for use In electrical insulatmg
applications from phenolic and similar resins, it has been regarded as
necessary to employ a purified cotton fabric.
Such purified cotton fabric is prepared from what is known in the
trade as *i grey-goods".
The grey goods are treated with solvents and the like to remove
naturally present waxes and the like. However, we have employed 3
ounce (110 gnams per square meter) grey cotton fabric which has not
been treated to remove waxes and other naturally present impurities,
and impregnated the fabric with the varnish composition of this
Example II to provide thereon an amount of resin solids equal to the
weight of the cotton fabric. The greenness of the fabric varied from 1
to 3, /O for different batches thereof. Laminates of a thickness of
1/16 inch (1.6 mm) and 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) were molded from this treated
cotton fabric employing, however, a top sheet of the same cotton
fabric containing the resin in an amount equal to 1SOiP/o to the
weight of the fabric.
Such laminates were consolidated in a hot press at 1,500 pounds per
square inch (106
Kg/cm2) at 155to, and were tested for their electrical properties. The
water absorption of the 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) laminate after immersion in
water for 24 hours at 25 C was 1.05%, while the 1/8 inch (3.2 mm)
laminate absorbed only 0.6771o/o Bleached cotton fabric made into
similar laminates absorbed 75 /O more water than did the grey-goods

base laminate of this example. The dielectric strength of the grey
goods laminates was 522 volts per mil (206 KV/cm) thickness for the
1/16 inch (1.6 mm.) laminate and 372 volts per mil (146 KV/cm)
thickness for the 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) laminate. These dielectric
strength values are excellent and equal to those of the best phenolic
laminates available.
It will be understood that the resinous compositions of this invention
may be prepared by substituting Icresol for a part or all of the
phenol. Furthermore, the phenol, dicyandiamide and formaldehyde may be
reacted with other alkali catalysts than ammonia Suitable alkali
catalysts are sodium hydroxide, sodium carbotiate, disodium phosphate,
calcium oxide and barium oxide. The catalysts may be employed in an
amount of up to 5,pro based on the weight of the phenol.
The laminates of this invention have been applied with considerable
success to circuit interrupters. Thus, arc barriers, splitters,
channels and tubes land insulating supports for conductors, as well as
the covers, bases and other structural parts not necessarily subject
to full voltage of the conductors, have been prepared from the
laminates of this invention.
The laminates withstood arcs between the contacts of such circuit
interrupters with no burning, or where in exceptional cases, flames
did break out they extinguished themselves promptly on termination of
the arc. Fuse tubes and other fuse elements may be advantageously made
from the laminates. Switchboards and cubicles, containing electrical
members subject to consideoable heating from red hot resistors and
other over-heated conductors and to occasional arcing, may be
fabricated from the laminates of this invention to advantage. It will
be apparent that laminated members have been produced that can be used
to great advantage with successful flame retardation in the vicinity
of hot electrical conductors and arcing members.
Jackets for bus bars are other insulating applications for the
insulating members of this invention. It will be appreciated that the
resinous members may be employed for nonelectrical uses, especially
near flames or hot objects.
What we claim is : -
1. A process for preparing fire-resistant thermoset resinous
laminates, comprising impregnating a sheet fibrous material with a
solution of a thermosettable resinous product derived by reacting one
mole of a phenol, from 0.8 to 2.0 moles of dicyandiamide, and from 0.9
to 1.5 moles of formaldehyde for each mole of the total phenol and
dicyandiamide in the presence of water and an alkali catalyst, the
mixture being refluxed for at least 9 hour and then vacuum dehydrated
at a temperature not exceeding 100 C., the resulting reaction product
being dissolved in a volatile solvent to provide the said impregnating

solution, the resin impregnated ;sheet fibrous material being heated
to drive off the solvent and to advance the cure of the resin to the "
B " stage where its greenness is from 0.5% to 10:%, the fibrous sheet
carrying from 0.7 to 2 times its weight of the resin after drying,
superimposing a plurality of layers of the resin treated fibrous sheet
and moulding the superimposed layers lat a pressure of from 150 to
5,000 pounds per square inch (10.5 to 350 Ilg/cm2) at temperatures of
from 135"C to 165 C.
2. A process as claimed ia claim 1, wherein the alkali catalyst is
used in an amount of up to 51% based on the weight of the phenol.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the volatile solvent
comprises a mixture of ethanol and water in the proportions of from
2QP/o to 80% by weight of ethanol.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the impregnating solution
comprises from 30iP/o to 60.% by weight of the thermosettable resinous
product and from 70% to 40i% by weight of the volatile solvent.
5. A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sheet fibrous material
comprises cellulose.
6. A process as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 4, wherein the sheet
fibrous material is
* GB785733 (A)
Description: GB785733 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Method of moulding tires
LU33703 (A1)
LU33703 (A1) less

785,733 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July
20, 1955.
No 20986/55.
Application made in United States of America on Feb 23, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 87 ( 2), A 1 R 3 CX.
International Classification:-B 29 d.
Method of Moulding Tires We, THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, a
Corporation organized under the Laws of the State of Ohio, United
States of America, with offices at 1144, East Market Street, Akron,
Ohio, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to an improved method for moulding tires.
In the manufacture of tires by molding "green " unvulcanized rubber
tires in a tire mold many difficulties have been encountered.
These have been caused to a great extent by the trapping of air in the
mold between the surface of the mold and the rubber and by the
tendency of the cured rubber to adhere to the surfaces of the tire
mold, particularly to facing surfaces between projections in the mold
since the rubber must slide over these surfaces when the tire is
removed from the mold In attempts to surmount the problems of trapped
air and adhesion of the cured rubber to the mold surfaces many things
have been tried Molds have been plated with various metals, and have
been provided with polished surfaces and with matte surfaces in
attempts to eliminate these difficulties In addition to plating and
polishing the mold surfaces, the methods which have been most used to
overcome trapping of air and sticking of the rubber to the mold are
the methods in which a mold dope is coated on the mold surface or a
dust is applied to the surface of the rubber tire prior to the
insertion of the tire in the mold for the curing operation.
The use of mold dopes and dusting powders introduces foreign materials
which contact the faces of the tread or side-wall splices and
frequently cause splice separation in the cured tires To alleviate the
troubles of splice separation, it is customary practice to paint the
splice faces with rubber cement lPrice 3/6 l before they are brought

into contact with each other This reduces the frequency of defective
splices, but it causes contamination of the molds due to adherence of
the cement to the mold surfaces and it adds an additional step 50 to
the process of manufacturing tires Mold dopes and dusts also
contaminate the mold surfaces so that cleaning must be frequent in
order that satisfactory surface finishes on the cured goods can be
obtained and in order to 55 insure completely filling of the mold and
transfer of the design to the cured article.
Solid grains from these mold dopes and dusts become imbedded in a
tread or side-wall of a tire and provide a point for initiation of
flex 60 cracks.
As an alternative to the use of mold dopes and dusts as release
agents, attempts have been made to eliminate sticking of the cured
rubber by coating the surfaces of a tire mold 65 with a thin coating
of " Teflon " (Registered Trade Mark), a tetrafluoroethylene polymer.
" Teflon " is a high softening point, insoluble organic polymeric
material which is highly resistant to decomposition which can 70
withstand long exposure to elevated temperatures Coatings with "
Teflon," however, have not been satisfactory because " Teflon " forms
a frangible film that flakes off when abraded or when struck a blow,
75 leaving imperfections in the coated mold surface In addition to
these difficulties with " Teflon," it is necessary, in order to obtain
a smooth continuous film of this material, to heat it at a temperature
in the range of about 80 650 TF to 750 TF, at which temperature range
the tire molds now in use (which generally consist of mated pairs of
steel outer sections containing aluminum inserts fitted into these
outer sections for the purpose of molding a 85 tread pattern in a
tire) undergo distortion due to the difference in thermal expansion of
the aluminium insert and the steel or iron outer band When the
temperature of the composite mold is returned to normal, after being
90 785,733 heated to a temperature in the range of 700 F, stresses are
set up which amplify the distortion caused by the differences in the
thermal expansion of the two metals Consequently, " Teflon " coated
molds have not proved satisfactory for the manufacture of tires.
In addition to the difficulties caused by the adhesion of the cured
rubber to the mold, defects, known in the art as "i light spots " and
rounded tread segments caused by the rubber stock incompletely filling
the mold, frequently occur These defects are thought to be due to
pockets of air being trapped between the rubber and the mold surface.
"Light spots" are unsightly and must be treated to improve surface
appearance and salability Rounded tread segments are frequently major
defects in a tire and cause down-grading to " imperfect " or second "
grade of a tire that would otherwise be a first quality tire.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved method for

making tires.
Another object of this invention is to eliminate the necessity of
using a mold dope or dusting powder as a release agent for cured tires
and thus avoid separation of the tire at the splice A still further
object is to avoid contamination of the surface of the tire and the
resultant tendency toward cracking on flexing It is another object to
provide a method for making tires whereby the production of " light
spots " in a tire is substantially reduced Another object is to
provide a tire of better appearance than tires made by conventional
methods Other objects will appear as the description of the invention
proceeds.
According to this invention a molded cured tire is made in a tire mold
coated on its inner surfaces with a coating of
polytrifluoromonochloroethylene By the use of such a mold, the use of
mold dopes and dusts is not necessary and sticking of the cured tire
to the mold surfaces is substantially eliminated.
The practice of the invention is illustrated by the following example
A regular production tire mold having tire tread-producing projections
and consisting of a mated pair of steel sections containing aluminium
inserts as a tread design-forming pattern was cleaned on its inner
surfaces, including the aluminium inserts, by heating at 480 TF to
remove traces of oils and organic matter that might contaminate the
mold, and then by sandblasting to provide a fresh metal surface The
inner surfaces, including the aluminium inserts, were then coated with
a dispersion of polytrifluromonochloroethylene by spraying with a 25 %
dispersion of polytrifluromonochloroethylene in a xylene-diisobutyl
ketone solvent mixture The solvent was removed by evaporation and the
polytrifluromonochloroethylene was fused into a continuous coating on
the mold by placing the mold in an oven, heating the mold to 480 WF
and then baking at 480 TF for three hours after the mold had attained
this temperature.
A conventional, " green," unvulcanized 70 pneumatic tire was placed in
the coated mold prepared as above and cured under the usual conditions
of pressure and temperature On opening the mold the rubber surfaces
were readily released from the tire mold The tire 75 was free from "
light spots".
The process of the invention has been illustrated with respect to a
pneumatic rubber tire Tires made according to the method of this
invention can be solid or pneumatic and 80 can be made of various
types of rubber including natural rubber, GR-S, cold GR-S.
butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, neoprene.
butyl, and the polyester rubbers such as the rubber-like materials
made from polyesters 85 modified with polyisocyanates.
The invention has been illustrated wxith particular reference to

coating a tire mold with a dispersion of
polytrifluoromonochloroethylene in a xylene-diisobutyl ketone solvent
90 mixture Other solvents or solvent mixtures can also be used
Polytrifluoromonochloroethylene can be used as the only film-forming
ingredient, but this polymer can be modified by suitable compounding,
if desired For 95 example, the polymer can be compounded or blended
with phenol aldehyde resins, such as phenol formaldehyde resins, or
with epoxy resins, such as epichlorohydrindiphenylolpropane resins or
other similar materials 100 The epoxy resin-modified
polytrifluoromonochloroethylene dispersions have been found to produce
very satisfactory results These may be obtained under the designation
of Fluoro blends as sold by Permolite, Inc 105 Other types of tire
molds can be used, including all-steel molds into which the tire
pattern is incorporated by engraving or otherwise.
A coating of 0 003 inch thickness has been 110 found to be
satisfactory and to stand up under production molding conditions The
coating can be applied in a thicker or thinner film if desired
However, if the coating is too thick, some adjustment in mold dimen
115 sions may be necessary to compensate for the the thickness of the
coating, and if it is too thin, it will not be serviceable under the
rough usage encountered in the manufacture of tires 120 The coating
can be applied in several layers, all from a dispersion of the same
composition, or the coating can be applied as layers of different
composition using the compounded dispersions A preferred coating is
125 made by applying to the metal a base coat of a dispersion
relatively rich in an epoxy resin or a phenolformaldehyde resin and
correspondingly poor in polytrifluoromonochloroethylene, and an outer
coat of a dispersion 130 A_ 785,733 that contains little or no epoxy
or phenolformaldehyde resin and is rich in the
polytrifluoromonochloroethylene resin.
The exact reason why polytrifluoromonochloroethylene provides such an
excellent surface for the molding of tires is not known.
However, inspection of the surface of the film coating shows that the
polytrifluoromonochloroethylene film has a glossy, uneven surface It
is believed that any air or other gas trapped in the mold, when it is
put under pressure, meanders its way about and around the
irregularities in the film surface until it escapes from the mold Thus
the trapping of air or other gasses is eliminated The glossy surface
minimizes adhesion of the rubber to the film.
This invention has been found to offer many advantages in the
production of tires, some of which are as follows: cured tires are
readily released from the tire molds and are of generally better
appearance than are tires made by conventional methods; cleaning of
the molds need be done less frequently than is now the case with

regular uncoated molds; the necessity for applying a mold dope or dust
as a releasing agent before each molding operation is eliminated;
tread and side-wall splice separation due to contamination of splice
interfaces from mold dusting materials is eliminated; any trapped air
flows out of the coated mold more readily than it does out of an
uncoated mold and " light spots " and rounded tread buttons or
projections are eliminated; painting of side-wall and tread splices
with rubber cement prior to curing is eliminated; and no solid grains
of dusting materials are incorporated in the side-walls or tread of a
tire; and these points of initiation of flex crack are not present in
a tire cured 40 in the coated mold.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p

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