The document discusses the water crisis in South Asia, particularly related to the Indus River Basin shared between India and Pakistan. It notes that while the Indus Basin Irrigation System originally provided water for over 26 million acres of farmland, partition and competing development projects have exacerbated tensions over water sharing. The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 aimed to allocate water rights but disputes over projects like the Indian Kishanganga dam which divert water away from the Neelum River in Pakistan remain ongoing issues with economic and environmental consequences for both countries.

2. BACKGROUND
The twentieth century British poet WH
Auden, once said, “Thousands have lived without
love,
not one without water.” His words are especially
relevant in the context of South Asia, which is
home to more than a fifth of the world’s
population and where the economies are largely
dependent upon agriculture

3. • Unfortunately, South Asian countries, particularly India
and Pakistan, have both faced challenges in water
management and proper river basin management. The
consequence of this has been a severe water crisis, which
has a bearing on both ground and surface water.
• A cursory glance at the data on fresh water availability per
person, per year reveals this vulnerability.
• South Asia’s renewable freshwater resources are about
1,200 cubic meters per capita.
• In comparison, a large number of countries have between
2,500 – 15,000 cubic meters per capita.
• Some like Canada and Norway have over 70,000 cubic
meters per capita.

4. • The water of Indus basin begin in chines Tibet and the
Himalayan mountain in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
• They flow from the hills through the arid state of Punjab
and Sindh converging in Pakistan and emptying into the
Arabian sea south of Karachi.
• Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated
land along these rivers, developments over the last
century have created a large network of canals and
storage facilities that provide water for more than 26
million acres (110,000km^2) the largest irrigated area of
any one river system in the world.

5. • The partition of British India created the conflict over the
plentiful water of the Indus basin.
• The newly formed states were at odds over how to share
and manage what was essentially cohesive and unitary
network of irrigation.
• Furthermore, the geography of the partition was such
that the source river of the Indus basin were in India.
• Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of
Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the
Pakistani portion of the basin. Where India certainly had
its own ambitions for the profitable development of the
basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by conflict over
the main source of water for its cultivable land.

6. • During the first year of partition the water of the Indus
were apportioned by the Inter - Dominion accord of May
4, 1948.
• This accord required India to release sufficient water to
the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual
payments from the government of Pakistan. The accord
was meant meet immediate requirements and was
followed by negotiations for a more permanent
solution.
• Neither side, however, was willing to compromise their
any of the schemes to divert the flow of water in the
river.

7. • The system of rivers in the Indus basin comprises 2,000
miles of the river Indus and its five tributaries from the
East — Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, with an
aggregate length of 2,800 miles. Most of the upper
reaches of the Indus basin lie in India.
• All these rivers combine in Mithankot in Pakistan and
flow into the Arabian Sea near Karachi.
• The Indus system of rivers has been used for irrigation
ever since civilization took root in the area. The water
disputes too date back to the pre-partition era, when
there were significant inter-state differences between
Punjab, Sindh, Bahawalpur and Bikaner.

8. • Most of the upper reaches of the Indus basin lie in India.
• All these rivers combine in Mithankot in Pakistan and
flow into the Arabian Sea near Karachi.
• After Pakistan was created in 1947, this inter-state
dispute amongst the four states became an international
water dispute between the two newly formed nation
states.
• The issues around water sharing were now between
West Punjab of Pakistan and East Punjab of India.
• Lands on the West (which are today part of Pakistan)
are fertile and the British, wanting to take advantage of
the fact, developed the Indus Basin irrigation system

9. Kishan Ganga Hydro Electric Project
INTRODUCTION
• The Kishan ganga Hydroelectric Plant is part of a run-ofthe-river hydroelectric scheme that is designed to divert
water from the Kishan ganga River to a power plant in the
Jhelum River basin.
• It is located 5 km (3 mi) north of in Jammu and
Kashmir, India and will have an installed capacity of 330
MW.
• Construction on the project began in 2007 and is
expected to be complete in 2016.

10. DOWNSTREAM IMPACT
• Pakistan is constructing the Neelum–Jhelum hydropower
plant downstream of the Kishanganga.
• The Kishanganga Project will divert a portion of the
Neelum River from Pakistan which will reduce power
generation at the Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant.
• India states the project will divert 10 percent of the
river's flow while other estimates stand as high as 33
percent.
• Water flow below the Neelum–Jhelum Dam, in Pakistan's
is expected to be minimal as both projects are diverting
water to the Jhelum River.

11. Cont.…..,
• The International Court of Arbitration gave its "final
award" on 20th December 2013.
• The court delivered its "final award" after India
requested clarification of an order issued by it in
February.
• The "final award" specifies that 9 cumecs of natural flow
of water must be maintained in Kishanganga river.

12. DESIGN
• The proposed Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project
would be located on river Kishanganga, Jammu &
Kashmir.
• The project involves construction of a 37 meter
high concrete faced rock-fill dam and an
underground powerhouse.

13. INDUS WATER TREATY
HISTORY
• Pakistan is an agricultural country.
• 80% of its agricultural output comes from the Indus
Basin.
• Pakistan has one of the world’s largest canal systems.
• After Independence, problems b/w two countries arose
over the distribution of water.
• Rivers flow into Pakistan territory from across India.
• In 1947 after the division between Pak-India, many of
the canal head works remained with India.
• On April 1, 1948 India stopped the supply of water.
• Pakistan protested and India finally agreed on the
agreement on May 4, 1948.

14. Cont.……,
• In 1952 Pakistan approached World Bank as the
agreement wasn’t the permanent solution.
• After negotiations between the two countries
through the offices of the World Bank, it was
finally in Ayub Khan’s regime.
• The agreement was signed between Pak-India in
September 1960.
• This agreement is known as INDUS WATER TREATY.

15. ACHIEVEMENTS
• This treaty divided the use of rivers and canals between
the two countries.
• Pakistan obtained exclusive, rights for three western
rivers.
• Indus, Jehlum and Chenab.
• India retained three eastern rivers.
• Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
• Treaty guaranteed ten years of uninterrupted water
supply.
• Three multipurpose dams; Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela
were built.

16. CONT.…..,
• A system of eight link canals was also built and the
remodeling of existing canals was carried out.
• Five barrages and a gated siphon were also constructed
under this treaty.

17. PAK – INDIA WATER ISSUE
CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES
• What is confidence building measures ?
• The Lahore Memorandum Of Understanding held at Lahore in
1999 .
• Kashmir ….., a stone in the way of negotiations .
• Interests of both states in Afghanistan especially India .
• Regular exchanges between people of the two states can create
better understanding and goodwill .
• Role of international community can help in resolving the
problems of both the states .

18. ROLE OF MEDIA
• What is Media ?
• Define Social media ?
• How can media play a positive role ?
• Current role of Pakistani Media .
• Current role of Indian Media .

19. REASONS AND SOLUTIONS OF
PAK-INDIA WATER ISSUE.
• The main reasons for Pak – India water issue are :
 India building dams on Pakistani rivers such as
 Kishan ganga dam.
 Bagilhar dam.
 Dams on Indus river.
 Projects on Chenab river.

21. KISHAN GANGA
DAM
BAGILHAR DAM

22. CONSEQUENCES
• Everyone knows about the traditional rivalry between
India and Pakistan. Which results in so many
consequences in which water issue is the main
consequence.
• India is violating the Indus Water Treaty (IWT). They are
building dams on Pakistani rivers which is the violation of
Indus Water Treaty.

23. SOLUTIONS AVAILABLE
• Minimize the water usage
 Economize on water usage through change in cropping patterns
(less rice and no sugarcane, more pulses, oilseeds) and through
more water efficient crops.
• A Mutual Agreement
 A mutual, peaceful agreement should be carried out between
the two countries.
 A traditional war
 A traditional war should be carried out between the two
countries it is the best solution for the water dispute between
India and Pakistan.

24. THE END
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