Paired genes in stem cells shed new light on gene organization and regulation and epigenetic control of cardiogenesis. Studies have found that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important regulatory role in gene expression and organ development. Experiments deactivating an lncRNA gene caused heart deformities and death in mouse embryos, demonstrating lncRNAs' role in tissue development. These findings open up new understanding of genetic regulation and expression, leading to potential advances in genetic therapy and treatment of genetic diseases.
The Central Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Neurode...QIAGEN
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown aberrant expression profiles in neurodegenerative disorders. This slideshow reviews the roles of lncRNAs and their mechanisms of action in the regulation of neurodegeneration. Learn more about novel solutions to isolate RNAs from blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). A new qPCR-based lncRNA platform for lncRNA detection and profiling is also presented.
The document discusses repetitive DNA elements in human chromosomes, focusing on tandem repeats classified as satellites, minisatellites, and microsatellites. It describes the characteristics of each type of repeat, including length, copy number, location, and uses. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) are highlighted as being highly polymorphic due to variation in repeat number between individuals, making them useful for genetic analysis and forensic identification.
Feature story from the Garvan Institute of Medical Research's April 2013 issue of Breakthrough newsletter. More at https://www.garvan.org.au/news-events/newsletters
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotesPaul Gardner
Presented at the NZSBMB/NZMS Conference in Christchurch 2016
CustomScience Award
A core assumption of gene expression analysis is that mRNA abundances broadly correlate with protein abundance, but these two can be imperfectly correlated. Some of the discrepancy can be accounted for by two important mRNA features: codon usage and mRNA secondary structure. We present a new global factor, called mRNA:ncRNA avoidance, and provide evidence that avoidance increases translational efficiency. We demonstrate a strong selection for the avoidance of stochastic mRNA:ncRNA interactions across prokaryotes, and that these have a greater impact on protein abundance than mRNA structure or codon usage. By generating synonymously variant green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNAs with different potential for mRNA:ncRNA interactions, we demonstrate that GFP levels correlate well with interaction avoidance. Therefore, taking stochastic mRNA:ncRNA interactions into account enables precise modulation of protein abundance.
Role of molecular marker play a significant supplementary role in enhancing yield along with conventional plant breeding methods. the result obtain through molecular method are more accurate and at genotypic level. It had wider applications in field of plant breeding, biotechnology, physiology, pathology, entamology, etc. The mapping information obtained from these markers had created a revolution in the sequencing sector and open many pathways for developments, innovations and research.
Gene cloning involves using recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reaction to make multiple copies of DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut a human gene and bacterial plasmid, which are then combined using DNA ligase to form a recombinant DNA molecule. This molecule is inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The transformed cells are then plated and screened to identify colonies containing the cloned human gene.
The Central Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Neurode...QIAGEN
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown aberrant expression profiles in neurodegenerative disorders. This slideshow reviews the roles of lncRNAs and their mechanisms of action in the regulation of neurodegeneration. Learn more about novel solutions to isolate RNAs from blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). A new qPCR-based lncRNA platform for lncRNA detection and profiling is also presented.
The document discusses repetitive DNA elements in human chromosomes, focusing on tandem repeats classified as satellites, minisatellites, and microsatellites. It describes the characteristics of each type of repeat, including length, copy number, location, and uses. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) are highlighted as being highly polymorphic due to variation in repeat number between individuals, making them useful for genetic analysis and forensic identification.
Feature story from the Garvan Institute of Medical Research's April 2013 issue of Breakthrough newsletter. More at https://www.garvan.org.au/news-events/newsletters
Random RNA interactions control protein expression in prokaryotesPaul Gardner
Presented at the NZSBMB/NZMS Conference in Christchurch 2016
CustomScience Award
A core assumption of gene expression analysis is that mRNA abundances broadly correlate with protein abundance, but these two can be imperfectly correlated. Some of the discrepancy can be accounted for by two important mRNA features: codon usage and mRNA secondary structure. We present a new global factor, called mRNA:ncRNA avoidance, and provide evidence that avoidance increases translational efficiency. We demonstrate a strong selection for the avoidance of stochastic mRNA:ncRNA interactions across prokaryotes, and that these have a greater impact on protein abundance than mRNA structure or codon usage. By generating synonymously variant green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNAs with different potential for mRNA:ncRNA interactions, we demonstrate that GFP levels correlate well with interaction avoidance. Therefore, taking stochastic mRNA:ncRNA interactions into account enables precise modulation of protein abundance.
Role of molecular marker play a significant supplementary role in enhancing yield along with conventional plant breeding methods. the result obtain through molecular method are more accurate and at genotypic level. It had wider applications in field of plant breeding, biotechnology, physiology, pathology, entamology, etc. The mapping information obtained from these markers had created a revolution in the sequencing sector and open many pathways for developments, innovations and research.
Gene cloning involves using recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reaction to make multiple copies of DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut a human gene and bacterial plasmid, which are then combined using DNA ligase to form a recombinant DNA molecule. This molecule is inserted into bacterial cells via transformation. The transformed cells are then plated and screened to identify colonies containing the cloned human gene.
Minisatellites are sections of DNA that contain short repeating sequences between 10-60 base pairs in length. They occur at over 1,000 locations in the human genome. Minisatellites are distinguished from microsatellites by the size of the repeating sequences, with microsatellites containing repeats of 1-7 base pairs and minisatellites containing repeats of 10-100 base pairs or more. Minisatellites contain repetitive GC-rich sequences that vary in length and are found in tandem arrays, making them useful for studying DNA mutation mechanisms. Due to their high level of polymorphism, minisatellites have been extensively used for DNA fingerprinting and genetic analysis.
MPSS is a technique for analyzing gene expression that involves sequencing cDNA fragments cloned onto microbeads. It allows for the simultaneous sequencing of over 1 million cDNA clones. MPSS generates 17-base signature sequences that uniquely identify mRNA transcripts. Gene expression levels are quantified by counting the number of signatures for each gene. MPSS provides a more in-depth analysis of gene expression compared to other methods as it can detect genes expressed at very low levels and does not require prior knowledge of gene sequences.
Delivering Small interfering RNA or si-RNA molecules in-vivo to treat diseases. Definitions, Approaches, Barriers, Solutions, Delivery systems, and more.
With an overview on gene delivery systems and philosophy.
This document summarizes the history and applications of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants. It discusses how small RNAs guide regulatory processes, how dicer and argonauts are involved, and some of the early discoveries in RNAi from the 1990s onward. It then lists several applications of RNAi/miRNAs in plants, such as improving traits like biomass, yield, stress resistance, and nutrition. Specific examples are given of overexpressing miRNAs like miR156 to increase biomass and yield in maize and rice. In conclusion, RNAi/miRNAs can be powerful tools for improving important agricultural traits in plants.
The document provides a timeline and overview of important developments in genomics from 1871 to present day. It begins with Friedrich Miescher identifying nuclein in cell nuclei in 1871 and continues through modern developments like CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Key events include discoveries of DNA structure, the genetic code, DNA sequencing techniques, sequencing the first plant and animal genomes, and launching of major genome projects. The document also outlines types and branches of genomics as well as some applications and limitations of genomics research in crops like rice, chili, wheat, barley, chickpea and maize.
1. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that identifies individuals based on unique patterns of restriction enzyme cutting in DNA regions. It involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments by size via gel electrophoresis, transferring DNA to membranes, and detecting specific sequences via hybridization probes. RFLP is used for genome mapping, genetic disease analysis, and DNA fingerprinting.
2. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) are locations with repeated sequences that vary in number among individuals. They can be analyzed via RFLP or PCR to produce unique band patterns for individual identification useful for forensics, genetics research, and studying population diversity.
3. Short interspersed
Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Their Applications in Ornamental ...Ravindra Kumar
This document summarizes research on DNA sequencing and genome sequencing techniques. It discusses early Sanger sequencing and the development of next-generation sequencing platforms like Roche 454, Illumina, Ion Torrent, and SOLiD. The document also presents two case studies, one on sequencing the carnation genome and another on obtaining the rose transcriptome to identify genes related to traits of interest. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the evolution of DNA sequencing technologies and their applications in sequencing plant genomes and transcriptomes.
Next generation-sequencing.ppt-convertedShweta Tiwari
The advance version, sequences the whole genome efficiently with high speed and high throughput sequencing at reduce cost is termed as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) or massively parallel sequencing (MPS).
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
Role of transcriptomics in gene expression studies andSarla Rao
Transcriptomics provides a global view of gene expression by analyzing the transcriptome, which includes mRNA and various non-coding RNA transcripts. It can be used to study gene expression changes during development, in different diseases and in response to drugs. RNA-sequencing is now widely used for transcriptome analysis and offers advantages over microarrays. Transcriptomics has revealed non-coding RNAs like miRNAs play important regulatory roles. Differential miRNA expression is observed in cancers and miRNAs can influence cancer metastasis. They also show promise as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and potential therapeutics.
This document discusses bladder cancer and different types (T1NP and T1P), which are differentiated by whether the disease progresses to become muscle-invasive or metastatic. RNA sequencing was used to analyze gene expression differences between the two types. The sequencing was done using the Illumina Genome Analyzer II, and the resulting reads were analyzed using CASAVA, TopHat, and Cufflinks software. CASAVA aligns reads and detects variants, TopHat identifies splice junctions, and Cufflinks assembles transcripts and tests for differential expression. Biomarkers identified through this analysis may help predict cancer progression using archived samples.
This document discusses differential gene profiling methods, specifically differential display and subtractive hybridization. It provides details on how differential display and subtractive hybridization work, including that differential display allows comparison of gene expression between two samples and was commonly used in the 1990s before being replaced by microarrays in 2000. Subtractive hybridization identifies differences in nucleic acids between two populations and enriches for sequences not common to both. The document discusses applications and references for further information.
This document discusses RNA viruses. It describes how RNA viruses were discovered and studied using random sequence RNAs. RNA viruses have protein capsids that protect their RNA genomes. Their RNA can be directly used for protein synthesis upon entering a host cell. Retroviruses are a category of RNA virus that use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA, which can then integrate into the host cell's genome. RNA viruses mutate frequently due to the lack of proofreading by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication, with mutation rates estimated between 10-4 to 10-6 mutations per base pair per generation.
B.sc. agri i pog unit 1 introduction to geneticsRai University
The document provides an overview of genetics principles including:
1) DNA serves as the repository for genetic information in cells and replicates through a complex process to minimize errors. The flow of information goes from DNA to RNA to protein.
2) Early experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty demonstrated that DNA carries genetic information by showing it was responsible for bacterial transformation. Further work by Hershey and Chase using bacteriophage showed that viral DNA, not protein, entered host cells to direct new virus production.
3) The relationships between DNA, RNA, and protein were established as the central dogma of molecular biology, where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein
RNA structure is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine. RNA can form secondary structures through internal base pairing. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which contains only RNA and protein. Experiments in the 1950s-60s showed that the RNA of TMV determines the properties of progeny viruses and carries the genetic information rather than the protein, proving that RNA acts as the genetic material for some viruses.
Transposable elements, or transposons, are DNA sequences that can move within genomes. There are two main classes of transposons: those that encode proteins to directly move the DNA element, and retrotransposons that move via an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s and 1950s through her studies of maize, where she observed "jumping genes" that caused mosaic color patterns in kernels. Transposons are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and can insert into new locations in genomes, sometimes causing mutations. They have played an important role in genome evolution and can continue to induce genetic variation.
This document discusses forward and reverse genetic approaches for understanding gene function. Forward genetics begins with a phenotype and identifies the underlying gene, while reverse genetics starts with a gene and determines its phenotype. Specific reverse genetic techniques described include large-scale random mutagenesis, homologous recombination, transposable element excision, RNA interference, genome editing using ZFNs/TALENs/CRISPR, and site-directed mutagenesis combined with transgenics. The document provides details on how each technique is used to alter genes and study their function.
This document discusses the use of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing for bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis. It explains that the 16S rRNA gene is highly conserved, making it useful for comparing distantly related organisms. The document outlines the process of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including PCR amplification using conserved primer regions and sequencing of variable regions. It also discusses various methods that have been developed using 16S rRNA, such as TRFLP profiling and ribotyping, to study microbial communities.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells derived from fertilized eggs, and adult or somatic stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. Regulations govern stem cell research and use to ensure safety and ethics. Laws like the EU Tissue Directive and UK Human Tissue Act require consent and establish standards for donation, processing, storage and research use of cells and tissues. Various codes also provide guidance on issues like characterizing cell lines, donor screening, and ensuring confidentiality. As scientific progress continues in stem cell medicine, the law aims to adapt regulations to changing circumstances.
1) The document discusses recent research showing that protein-coding genes in stem cells often come in pairs with long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes.
2) Most lncRNA genes are located near their paired mRNA genes, making co-transcription easier. Transcription of the mRNA is activated in 65% of cases by promoters associated with the mRNA.
3) While the functions of most lncRNAs are still unknown, they appear to play a role in regulating gene expression during stem cell differentiation. Understanding these RNA pairings and their regulation could provide insights into normal cell functions and diseases.
Stem cell research and cloning the poet009515phanduycuong
This document is an introduction to a book about stem cell research and cloning. It provides background on the two main controversies surrounding embryonic stem cell research: that it involves destroying human embryos, and that alternatives may be better. It also discusses therapeutic cloning, which creates genetically identical human embryos for research and is very controversial. The introduction aims to present balanced arguments on both sides of these issues.
Minisatellites are sections of DNA that contain short repeating sequences between 10-60 base pairs in length. They occur at over 1,000 locations in the human genome. Minisatellites are distinguished from microsatellites by the size of the repeating sequences, with microsatellites containing repeats of 1-7 base pairs and minisatellites containing repeats of 10-100 base pairs or more. Minisatellites contain repetitive GC-rich sequences that vary in length and are found in tandem arrays, making them useful for studying DNA mutation mechanisms. Due to their high level of polymorphism, minisatellites have been extensively used for DNA fingerprinting and genetic analysis.
MPSS is a technique for analyzing gene expression that involves sequencing cDNA fragments cloned onto microbeads. It allows for the simultaneous sequencing of over 1 million cDNA clones. MPSS generates 17-base signature sequences that uniquely identify mRNA transcripts. Gene expression levels are quantified by counting the number of signatures for each gene. MPSS provides a more in-depth analysis of gene expression compared to other methods as it can detect genes expressed at very low levels and does not require prior knowledge of gene sequences.
Delivering Small interfering RNA or si-RNA molecules in-vivo to treat diseases. Definitions, Approaches, Barriers, Solutions, Delivery systems, and more.
With an overview on gene delivery systems and philosophy.
This document summarizes the history and applications of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants. It discusses how small RNAs guide regulatory processes, how dicer and argonauts are involved, and some of the early discoveries in RNAi from the 1990s onward. It then lists several applications of RNAi/miRNAs in plants, such as improving traits like biomass, yield, stress resistance, and nutrition. Specific examples are given of overexpressing miRNAs like miR156 to increase biomass and yield in maize and rice. In conclusion, RNAi/miRNAs can be powerful tools for improving important agricultural traits in plants.
The document provides a timeline and overview of important developments in genomics from 1871 to present day. It begins with Friedrich Miescher identifying nuclein in cell nuclei in 1871 and continues through modern developments like CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Key events include discoveries of DNA structure, the genetic code, DNA sequencing techniques, sequencing the first plant and animal genomes, and launching of major genome projects. The document also outlines types and branches of genomics as well as some applications and limitations of genomics research in crops like rice, chili, wheat, barley, chickpea and maize.
1. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that identifies individuals based on unique patterns of restriction enzyme cutting in DNA regions. It involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments by size via gel electrophoresis, transferring DNA to membranes, and detecting specific sequences via hybridization probes. RFLP is used for genome mapping, genetic disease analysis, and DNA fingerprinting.
2. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) are locations with repeated sequences that vary in number among individuals. They can be analyzed via RFLP or PCR to produce unique band patterns for individual identification useful for forensics, genetics research, and studying population diversity.
3. Short interspersed
Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Their Applications in Ornamental ...Ravindra Kumar
This document summarizes research on DNA sequencing and genome sequencing techniques. It discusses early Sanger sequencing and the development of next-generation sequencing platforms like Roche 454, Illumina, Ion Torrent, and SOLiD. The document also presents two case studies, one on sequencing the carnation genome and another on obtaining the rose transcriptome to identify genes related to traits of interest. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the evolution of DNA sequencing technologies and their applications in sequencing plant genomes and transcriptomes.
Next generation-sequencing.ppt-convertedShweta Tiwari
The advance version, sequences the whole genome efficiently with high speed and high throughput sequencing at reduce cost is termed as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) or massively parallel sequencing (MPS).
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
Role of transcriptomics in gene expression studies andSarla Rao
Transcriptomics provides a global view of gene expression by analyzing the transcriptome, which includes mRNA and various non-coding RNA transcripts. It can be used to study gene expression changes during development, in different diseases and in response to drugs. RNA-sequencing is now widely used for transcriptome analysis and offers advantages over microarrays. Transcriptomics has revealed non-coding RNAs like miRNAs play important regulatory roles. Differential miRNA expression is observed in cancers and miRNAs can influence cancer metastasis. They also show promise as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and potential therapeutics.
This document discusses bladder cancer and different types (T1NP and T1P), which are differentiated by whether the disease progresses to become muscle-invasive or metastatic. RNA sequencing was used to analyze gene expression differences between the two types. The sequencing was done using the Illumina Genome Analyzer II, and the resulting reads were analyzed using CASAVA, TopHat, and Cufflinks software. CASAVA aligns reads and detects variants, TopHat identifies splice junctions, and Cufflinks assembles transcripts and tests for differential expression. Biomarkers identified through this analysis may help predict cancer progression using archived samples.
This document discusses differential gene profiling methods, specifically differential display and subtractive hybridization. It provides details on how differential display and subtractive hybridization work, including that differential display allows comparison of gene expression between two samples and was commonly used in the 1990s before being replaced by microarrays in 2000. Subtractive hybridization identifies differences in nucleic acids between two populations and enriches for sequences not common to both. The document discusses applications and references for further information.
This document discusses RNA viruses. It describes how RNA viruses were discovered and studied using random sequence RNAs. RNA viruses have protein capsids that protect their RNA genomes. Their RNA can be directly used for protein synthesis upon entering a host cell. Retroviruses are a category of RNA virus that use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA, which can then integrate into the host cell's genome. RNA viruses mutate frequently due to the lack of proofreading by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication, with mutation rates estimated between 10-4 to 10-6 mutations per base pair per generation.
B.sc. agri i pog unit 1 introduction to geneticsRai University
The document provides an overview of genetics principles including:
1) DNA serves as the repository for genetic information in cells and replicates through a complex process to minimize errors. The flow of information goes from DNA to RNA to protein.
2) Early experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty demonstrated that DNA carries genetic information by showing it was responsible for bacterial transformation. Further work by Hershey and Chase using bacteriophage showed that viral DNA, not protein, entered host cells to direct new virus production.
3) The relationships between DNA, RNA, and protein were established as the central dogma of molecular biology, where DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein
RNA structure is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine. RNA can form secondary structures through internal base pairing. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which contains only RNA and protein. Experiments in the 1950s-60s showed that the RNA of TMV determines the properties of progeny viruses and carries the genetic information rather than the protein, proving that RNA acts as the genetic material for some viruses.
Transposable elements, or transposons, are DNA sequences that can move within genomes. There are two main classes of transposons: those that encode proteins to directly move the DNA element, and retrotransposons that move via an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s and 1950s through her studies of maize, where she observed "jumping genes" that caused mosaic color patterns in kernels. Transposons are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and can insert into new locations in genomes, sometimes causing mutations. They have played an important role in genome evolution and can continue to induce genetic variation.
This document discusses forward and reverse genetic approaches for understanding gene function. Forward genetics begins with a phenotype and identifies the underlying gene, while reverse genetics starts with a gene and determines its phenotype. Specific reverse genetic techniques described include large-scale random mutagenesis, homologous recombination, transposable element excision, RNA interference, genome editing using ZFNs/TALENs/CRISPR, and site-directed mutagenesis combined with transgenics. The document provides details on how each technique is used to alter genes and study their function.
This document discusses the use of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing for bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis. It explains that the 16S rRNA gene is highly conserved, making it useful for comparing distantly related organisms. The document outlines the process of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including PCR amplification using conserved primer regions and sequencing of variable regions. It also discusses various methods that have been developed using 16S rRNA, such as TRFLP profiling and ribotyping, to study microbial communities.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells derived from fertilized eggs, and adult or somatic stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. Regulations govern stem cell research and use to ensure safety and ethics. Laws like the EU Tissue Directive and UK Human Tissue Act require consent and establish standards for donation, processing, storage and research use of cells and tissues. Various codes also provide guidance on issues like characterizing cell lines, donor screening, and ensuring confidentiality. As scientific progress continues in stem cell medicine, the law aims to adapt regulations to changing circumstances.
1) The document discusses recent research showing that protein-coding genes in stem cells often come in pairs with long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes.
2) Most lncRNA genes are located near their paired mRNA genes, making co-transcription easier. Transcription of the mRNA is activated in 65% of cases by promoters associated with the mRNA.
3) While the functions of most lncRNAs are still unknown, they appear to play a role in regulating gene expression during stem cell differentiation. Understanding these RNA pairings and their regulation could provide insights into normal cell functions and diseases.
Stem cell research and cloning the poet009515phanduycuong
This document is an introduction to a book about stem cell research and cloning. It provides background on the two main controversies surrounding embryonic stem cell research: that it involves destroying human embryos, and that alternatives may be better. It also discusses therapeutic cloning, which creates genetically identical human embryos for research and is very controversial. The introduction aims to present balanced arguments on both sides of these issues.
Stem cells in regenerative biology and medicinePasteur_Tunis
Présentation réalisée par Shahragim Tajbakhsh durant le cours du réseau international des instituts Pasteur de "Médecine Génomique: du diagnostic à la thérapie " (17-21 octobre 2016)
Gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene into cells to compensate for a defective gene that causes disease. There are four main approaches: gene replacement, gene repair, gene regulation, and immunization. The first human gene therapy trial took place in 1990 for severe combined immunodeficiency, but it only worked temporarily. While progress is being made, challenges remain such as immune responses, short-lived effects, and difficulties targeting multi-gene disorders.
This document discusses stem cells and their clinical implications. It begins by defining stem cells and outlining their ability to self-renew and differentiate. The document then reviews the history of stem cell research, types of stem cells based on potential, sources of stem cells, the steps of stem cell therapy, and potential applications of stem cells. It also debates the arguments for and against stem cell research.
The document discusses meristematic tissues and apical meristems in plants. It summarizes that the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) contain stem cells and are responsible for postembryonic growth. The SAM contains four distinct cell groups and is maintained by genes like SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, WUSCHEL, and CLAVATA1/3. The RAM contains a quiescent center and produces root cells. Key genes that regulate SAM and RAM development include MONOPTEROS and HOBBIT.
Elsi of gene therapy, stem cell research copyjayaganesh13
The document discusses the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy, stem cell research, and the Human Genome Project. It describes how these areas of research offer promise for new medical treatments but also raise concerns about germline editing, enhancement, identity, and equitable access. Specific issues addressed include the difference between somatic and germline gene therapy; debates over therapy versus enhancement; impacts on personal identity; and concerns about eugenics, resource allocation, and social context.
Stem cells are one of the important cells present in both plant and animals. these cells have ability to regenerate any part of the body work similarily as meristem cells in plant. The advances in the stem cell technology has open a new era in medical field. the advances in this technology has been presented here and their important application has been included in this present in this presentation.
ABC of STEM CELL therapy (Lifecare - ReeCure Centre)Lifecare Centre
This document provides information about LifeCare - ReeCure Centre for Stem Cell Therapy. It introduces the directors and board members. It discusses sources of stem cells, procedures for stem cell therapy, and indications that can be treated. Key points include that stem cell therapy depends on cell type, technology for differentiation and multiplication, and quality control analysis. A variety of diseases are described that stem cell therapy may help treat, including cardiovascular, liver, bone, neurological, and more. The document outlines the stem cell therapy process and notes it is safe, non-toxic, and without side effects. Pricing for various conditions is also listed. The future of stem cell medicine is described as having great potential. Contact information is provided
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
The document summarizes key concepts about gene expression and regulation:
1. DNA contains genes that encode instructions for proteins; during transcription, genes are copied into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins.
2. In eukaryotes, mRNA must carry DNA information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, since DNA is in the nucleus but protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
3. Transcription involves copying a gene into mRNA, which then directs ribosomes during translation to synthesize the encoded protein according to the genetic code where RNA codons specify amino acids.
Gene Therapy / Cell Therapy / Stem Cells – Regulations for the "New Biol...wrtolbert
This document summarizes FDA regulations for gene therapy, cell therapy, and stem cell products. It discusses:
1) How these "new biologics" are regulated under different FDA centers and parts depending on their characteristics and risks. Products are either regulated solely under section 361 of the PHS Act or under both 361 and 351.
2) Key aspects of the new 21 CFR Part 1271 regulations including establishment registration and listing, donor eligibility, good tissue practice standards, and inspection authorities.
3) Issues related to specific cell therapies like stem cells, gene therapy vectors, and manufacturing challenges. The paradigm of regional manufacturing facilities for patient-specific products is presented as an optimal model.
To download presentation and additional classroom activities: http://www.eurostemcell.org/toolkititem/introducing-stem-cells-powerpoint-presentation-and-activities-set
Introduces basic stem cell biology and concepts. Suitable for students 16+ and adults. Slides include jargon-free explanations of key concepts for the presenter.
Gene therapy involves introducing normal genes into patients to compensate for mutated genes that cause disease. The first gene therapy trial treated a girl with severe combined immunodeficiency. While it initially strengthened her immune system, the effects only lasted a few months. Gene therapy shows promise for diseases caused by single gene defects like cystic fibrosis, but faces challenges like short-lived effects, immune responses, and safety issues. Continued research aims to address these challenges through techniques like RNA interference and improved gene delivery methods.
This document outlines methods for creating transgenic animals. It begins with definitions and historical background, then describes the general strategy which involves isolating a gene of interest, generating a DNA construct, injecting the construct into embryos, and analyzing expression in offspring. Three main methods are discussed: DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. DNA microinjection involves directly injecting DNA into the nucleus of cells, but results in transgenic progeny in less than 5% of cases. Retroviral vectors can be used to introduce genes. Embryonic stem cells are modified then injected into blastocysts. The document also covers getting embryonic cells, selecting transfected cells using genetic markers,
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
Transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of gene expressionDr. Kirti Mehta
Gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Transcriptional regulation involves proteins binding to promoter and enhancer sequences to control RNA polymerase recruitment and initiation of transcription. Eukaryotic gene expression requires transcription factors, coactivators, and basal transcription factors to assemble the transcription initiation complex. Post-transcriptional regulation influences RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation.
This document discusses messenger RNA (mRNA). It explains that mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of nucleotide triplets called codons, which specify amino acids. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and transports this genetic code to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate it into proteins. The document also briefly describes transfer RNA (tRNA), which matches codons to corresponding amino acids, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which combines with proteins to form ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs.
This document discusses non-coding RNA and its important regulatory roles. It notes that while RNA was originally thought to only act as a messenger between DNA and protein, recent evidence shows extensive transcription of non-coding sequences and diverse biological functions of non-coding RNA beyond information transfer. Different types of non-coding RNA are involved in fundamental cellular processes as well as higher-level regulatory functions. Studies have found thousands of non-coding transcripts expressed in complex organisms, and non-coding RNA is emerging as a key player in gene regulation.
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLESTRANDED RNAerickmadness
This document summarizes recent progress in understanding the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi), a process by which double-stranded RNA induces sequence-specific silencing of homologous genes. RNAi was first discovered in C. elegans, where injection of dsRNA was found to potently and specifically silence target genes. The mechanism of RNAi remains unclear but involves the recognition and destruction of target mRNA by dsRNA or a derivative. RNAi shares similarities with gene silencing phenomena in plants known as post-transcriptional gene silencing and cosuppression, which can be induced by transgenes or viruses and involves the degradation of mRNA.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique that uses double-stranded RNA to silence gene expression. It involves introducing dsRNA into a cell that is complementary to the target mRNA. This dsRNA is processed by the Dicer enzyme into siRNAs which are incorporated into the RISC complex. The RISC complex uses the siRNA to identify and cleave the target mRNA, preventing it from being translated into protein. RNAi provides a valuable tool for studying gene function and has applications in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine by allowing researchers to knock down gene expression.
1) The document discusses RNA interference (RNAi), which is a process by which double-stranded RNA regulates gene expression.
2) The discovery of RNAi was made in 1998 by Fire and Mello through experiments in C. elegans showing that double-stranded RNA could efficiently silence gene expression.
3) RNAi involves the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which is activated by double-stranded RNA. RISC then uses one of the RNA strands as a template to find and cleave or degrade the matching mRNA, preventing its translation into protein.
DNA And RNA As The Basic Unit Of The Living SystemAlison Reed
This document discusses RNA G-quadruplex (GQ) structures, which are secondary structures that can both enable and repress translation. GQ structures typically inhibit translation but can act as essential elements when present in internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES). The document reports that an independently folding GQ domain interacts directly with the 40S ribosomal subunit, and this interaction determines the GQ structure's binding affinity and function in cap-independent translation initiation mediated by IRES.
The document discusses transcriptomics and the relationship between transcriptome size and organism complexity. It questions how gene expression contributes to transcriptome size and what new studies reveal about size and complexity. Specifically, it notes that alternative splicing and RNA editing increase transcriptome size and complexity. It also discusses that the human genome is pervasively transcribed, with one stretch of DNA encoding many RNAs, including microRNAs, which control mRNA expression and are involved in development, gene regulation, and diseases like cancer.
RNA is a polymer made of ribonucleotides linked together. There are three main classes of RNA - transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and messenger RNA. In eukaryotes, primary transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being transported to the cytoplasm for translation. MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs are types of small regulatory RNAs that cause inhibition of gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing. Both miRNAs and siRNAs have potential applications as therapeutic targets in humans.
1. Scientists have discovered a small molecule that binds to defective RNA and inhibits its toxicity, providing a potential new therapeutic approach for diseases caused by RNA abnormalities.
2. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is an example of a disease caused by a defective RNA "triplet repeat", and scientists have designed molecules that act against the RNA defect and improved biological defects in models of the disease.
3. Molecular biology research is increasingly being used for clinical diagnosis and understanding the genetic causes of diseases, opening possibilities for prevention and future solutions.
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in development and functioning of organisms. It stores genetic information long-term. RNA transfers genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis. RNA comes in three main types - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA - which work together in transcription and translation to make proteins from DNA's genetic code. RNA is similar to DNA but contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine. The RNA world hypothesis proposes that early in the origin of life, self-replicating RNA molecules stored and transmitted genetic information without proteins.
Antisense rna experiments lead to the discovery ofBruno Mmassy
The document summarizes the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) through experiments using antisense RNA in C. elegans. Scientists discovered that injecting double-stranded RNA into C. elegans triggered the degradation of homologous mRNA through a process called RNAi. Today, RNAi is a widely used gene silencing technique where exogenous double-stranded RNA is introduced into cells to specifically destroy target mRNA and reduce gene expression.
This presentation provides an overview of RNA interference (RNAi) including its history, components, mechanism, advantages, and applications. It discusses how RNAi involves long double-stranded RNAs being cut by the enzyme Dicer into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that then guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade messenger RNAs with complementary base sequences, preventing gene expression. The presentation also compares siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), noting similarities in their biogenesis and roles in post-transcriptional gene silencing, while distinguishing their origins, sizes, targets, and effects on mRNA. Recent applications of RNAi modulation of viral replication and gene expression are highlighted.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling.
RNA sequencing is a powerful tool for transcriptome analysis that has several advantages over traditional microarray methods. It provides digital read counts that have a wider dynamic range and higher sensitivity than microarray intensities. RNA-seq can detect alternative splice sites, novel isoforms, and noncoding RNA without relying on predesigned probes. It also has no bias and allows for hypothesis-free experimental design. The ability to control sequencing depth supports a broad dynamic range spanning over five orders of magnitude, which is typically higher than microarray technologies. This high sensitivity allows RNA-seq to detect a greater percentage of differentially expressed genes, especially those with low abundance.
Scientists view genome as it turns on and[1]zapata25
Scientists have made advances in understanding how genomes are regulated as DNA is converted to RNA inside cells. By combining new sequencing technologies with biochemical techniques, researchers examined how nucleosomes and histone proteins control transcription of DNA to RNA in baker's yeast. Separately, a study shed light on riboswitches, stretches of RNA that act as on/off switches to regulate gene expression in response to cellular metabolites. These findings provide insights into fundamental gene regulation processes and could aid in developing new antibiotics.
Scientists view genome as it turns on and[1]zapata25
Scientists have made advances in understanding how genomes are regulated as DNA is converted to RNA inside cells. By combining new sequencing technologies with biochemical techniques, researchers examined how nucleosomes and histone proteins control transcription of DNA to RNA in baker's yeast. Separately, a study shed light on riboswitches, stretches of RNA that act as on/off switches to regulate gene expression in response to cellular metabolites. These findings provide insights into fundamental gene regulation processes and could aid in developing new antibiotics.
The document summarizes two scientific studies:
1) A new study developed a sequencing technique called Chromatin Interaction Analysis to map long-range interactions between chromatin in mammalian cells. This provides insights into how gene transcription is regulated through interactions between regulatory DNA sequences like enhancers and promoters.
2) A second study showed that cells under stress from toxins modify transfer RNA (tRNA) to alter protein production. Specifically, cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide increase an RNA modification called m5C in tRNAs that carry the amino acid leucine, diverting protein building to stress response. This reveals how cells have emergency systems to respond to poisons.
central dogma of genetic information and DNA replicationandreacaro27
The document discusses three scientific studies related to genetic information and DNA replication. The first study provides visual evidence of "zip code" signaling that ensures mRNA is transported to the correct location in the cell for protein synthesis. The second study captures images of the interaction between the origin recognition complex (ORC) and helicase during DNA replication, revealing how their positioning facilitates binding to DNA. The third study details the cryo-electron microscope images obtained of the helicase loading process onto DNA, showing how ORC shifting induces a spiral shape matching DNA's structure.
Similar to Paired Genes in Stem Cells Shed New Light On Gene Organization and Regulation & Epigenetic Control of Cardiogenesis (20)
central dogma of genetic information and DNA replication
Paired Genes in Stem Cells Shed New Light On Gene Organization and Regulation & Epigenetic Control of Cardiogenesis
1. Paired Genes in Stem Cells Shed New Light On
Gene Organization and Regulation
&
Epigenetic Control of Cardiogenesis
David mejia arango medical student
2. Medical utility Bibliography
In its deeper level, human
Bibliogrphy:
beings. their intelligence, [http//sciencedaily.com/rele
technology, religion, ases/2013/02/13020415360
philosophy, health and 8.htm] cheeked on February
sickness are the expression of 9th of 2013, 16: 30. “Paired Molecular biology
the DNA code that rest in our David Mejia Arango –
sells, the compression of the
Genes in Stem Cells Shed
New Light On Gene medical student
human being and also the 3rd semester
pathogens that attack him, in Organization and Universidad Pontificia
their most fundamental level Regulation” bilivariana
gibes great perspectives of
curing all human diseases and Proffesor: Lina Marìa
defects. To the date a lot have
[http//sciencedaily.com/rele Martìnez Sanchèz
been archived, however the ases/2013/01/13012910024 February 11/2013
complexity of gen expression 7.htm] cheeked on February
and regulation steel drain 9th of 2013, 16: 45.
from human hands and with “Epigenetic Control of
in all its mythical possibilities.
Cardiogenesis”
3. the lncRNAs its an active lncRNAs have can control
Introduction
contra part to RNAm: the gestation of mayor
tissues:
Genetic transcription is the process
in which a RNA molecule is since long time scientist thought In a revolutionary
synthesized from the genetic the transcribing mechanism for the experiment scientist
information contained in a single DNA attached to a specific spot deactivated a gen from a
strand o DNA (directed from 3‘ to called promoters and moved in a lncRNAs causing disruption
5‘). The RNA sequence in single direction with the objective in the development of the
complementary to the one in the of codifying RNAm, recently is know heart to deadly labels for
DNA so it contains just the same that the lncRNAs is also created at animal embryos with the
information. From the multiple the same time from the contrary
kinds of RNA, the RNAm is the one addition of damage to the
DNA strand (5‘ to 3‘) but despite its
which in the end will pass its ventral body wall making it
importance in gen transcription and
information to the new developed genesis of diseases the have been apparent that lncRNAs are
protein, however the other kids of themselves capable o
very little studied. Since the up and
RNA are also vital to the regulating the development
down regulation of genes is
transcription process and their o tissues and organogenesis.
deficiencies have the power to implicated in the pathogenesis of
affect the result of the genetic many deceases including cancer, The science now hope to
expression. the lncRNAs is very likely to be also locate more lncRNAs genes
implanted. implicated in organogenesis.
It have been recently described
that the process of genetic Opinión : I think the discovering of Opinion: I think this
transcription in which the RNAm is a whole new line of factors experiment is a clear show
created also gives as a result a long implicated in the expression of the of the new world that is
non coding sequence of RNA genome is a gigantic step toward de
(lncRNAs), studies show this new opining for genetic science
understanding of the mechanism
RNA may have determining effects because the studies of the
that traduce genotype in
in the control of organogenesis in phenotype. epigenetic importance of
the intrauterine period. lncRNAs.
4. Introduction
Genetic transcription is the process
Genetic transcription is the
in which a RNA molecule is
synthesized from the genetic process in which the genetic
information contained in a single code is encrypted in the form
strand o DNA (directed from 3‘ to of RNAm with the ending
5‘). The RNA sequence in development of its decoding
complementary to the one in the
DNA so it contains just the same to produce proteins.
information. From the multiple
kinds of RNA, the RNAm is the one
which in the end will pass its In this process there is an
information to the new developed extra factor the lncRNAs
protein, however the other kids of which role is just being
RNA are also vital to the
transcription process and their
studied.
deficiencies have the power to
affect the result of the genetic
expression.
It have been recently described
An important significance
that the process of genetic of lncRNAs has been
transcription in which the RNAm is experimentally probed in
created also gives as a result a long studies with animal embryos
non coding sequence of RNA
(lncRNAs), studies show this new
during the gestation.
RNA may have determining effects
in the control of organogenesis in
the intrauterine period.
5. the lncRNAs its an active
contra part to RNAm: Paired Genes in Stem Cells Shed New Light
On Gene Organization and Regulation
since long time scientist thought
the transcribing mechanism for the
DNA attached to a specific spot
called promoters and moved in a Alla A. Sigova, Alan C. Mullen, Benoit Molinie,
single direction with the objective Sumeet Gupta, David A. Orlando, Matthew G.
of codifying RNAm, recently is know
that the lncRNAs is also created at
Guenther, Albert E. Almada, Charles Lin, Phillip A.
the same time from the contrary Sharp, Cosmas C. Giallourakis, and Richard A.
DNA strand (5‘ to 3‘) but despite its Young. Divergent transcription of long noncoding
importance in gen transcription and RNA/mRNA gene pairs in embryonic stem
genesis of diseases the have been
very little studied. Since the up and cells. PNAS, 2013 DOI:10.1073/pnas.1221904110
down regulation of genes is
implicated in the pathogenesis of
many deceases including cancer,
the lncRNAs is very likely to be also
implanted.
Opinión : I think the discovering of
a whole new line of factors
implicated in the expression of the
genome is a gigantic step toward de
understanding of the mechanism
that traduce genotype in
phenotype.
6. Paired Genes in Stem Cells Shed New Light On Gene
Organization and Regulation
•Humans have 20.000 genes dedicated to
transcribing proteins
•When a mRNAs gen is activated a lncRNAs have
to be activated ass well
•Therefore all codes are transcribed in pairs.
The transcription of about 65% of lncRNAs
originates at active promoters associated with
these mRNAs' genes.
•lncRNA and mRNA are transcribed in opposite
directions
7. Opinión: I think the discovering of a whole new line of factors
implicated in the expression of the genome is a gigantic step
toward de understanding of the mechanism that traduce
genotype in phenotype and approaches to developing
treatments for genetic deceases and cancer.
8. lncRNAs have can control
the gestation of mayor
tissues: Epigenetic Control of Cardiogenesis
In a revolutionary
experiment scientist
deactivated a gen from a Phillip Grote, Lars Wittler, David Hendrix,
lncRNAs causing disruption Frederic Koch, Sandra Währisch, Arica
in the development of the
heart to deadly labels for Beisaw, Karol Macura, Gaby Bläss, Manolis
animal embryos with the Kellis, Martin Werber, Bernhard G.
addition of damage to the Herrmann. The Tissue-Specific lncRNA
ventral body wall making it
apparent that lncRNAs are
Fendrr Is an Essential Regulator of Heart
themselves capable o and Body Wall Development in the
regulating the development Mouse. Developmental Cell, 2013; 24 (2):
o tissues and organogenesis.
The science now hope to
206 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.12.012
locate more lncRNAs genes
implicated in organogenesis.
Opinion: I think this
experiment is a clear show
of the new world that is
opining for genetic science
because the studies of the
epigenetic importance of
lncRNAs.
9. •RNA chains consisting of more than 300
nucleotides and having not protein
transcription capacities are denominated
long non codifying RNA.
•They are known to interact with isotones,
modifying protein complexes and changing
gene expression by influencing the level of
their activity.
•They have the capacity of aggregate
methyl groups to histones by what they can
activate specific genes, this changes
predicate during the cellular division giving
as a result the proliferation of gene
expression changes.
10. •Investigation indicates lncRNAs may be
indispensable for embryonic development; the
discovery was made after the experimentation
with the lncRNA gene Fendrr which repression
caused deformation to the heart and ventral wall
tissue in mouse embryos, causing the dead.
•The deformation appeared several days after de
gene was deactivated, that delay is explained for
its effect in the regulating role of lncRNA, after
their control on the expression of important
transcription factors was gone, the gene
expression of all the descendant cells was
chaotic.
11. Medical utility
Medical utility: the discovery of
In its deeper level, human lncRNA regulation on transcription
beings. their intelligence,
technology, religion, open a whole new understanding of
philosophy, health and
sickness are the expression of
the way genetics works, this
the DNA code that rest in our understanding will led to more
sells, the compression of the
human being and also the developments genetic therapy.
pathogens that attack him, in
their most fundamental level
gibes great perspectives of
curing all human diseases and
defects. To the date a lot have
been archived, however the
complexity of gen expression
and regulation steel drain
from human hands and with
in all its mythical possibilities.
12. Medical utility
The developments in the compression
In its deeper level, human
beings. their intelligence,
of genetic expression will lead to
technology, religion, progress in the treatment and
philosophy, health and
sickness are the expression of
prevention of genetic based deceases.
the DNA code that rest in our
sells, the compression of the
human being and also the
pathogens that attack him, in
their most fundamental level
gibes great perspectives of
curing all human diseases and
defects. To the date a lot have
been archived, however the
complexity of gen expression
and regulation steel drain
from human hands and with
in all its mythical possibilities.
14. ''How do you know so
much about
everything?'' was asked
of a very wise and
intelligent man; and the
answer was ''By never
being afraid or
ashamed to ask
questions as to
anything of which I was
ignorant.