this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
The distinctive character of modern biology is the study of biology as information. Merging of biology and information sciences is a fundamental drive in biomedicine. Indeed, the post-genomic era is providing a huge of amount of molecular data, pertaining to different levels of evidence, which requires specific expertise in raw data processing, explorative data analysis and systems biology.
Translational genomics relies on our ability to recognize the functional elements of the genome and to disentangle the complexity of their interactions, starting from the sequence and following its implications in transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics. The promise of genomic medicine is improved diagnosis and treatment through the application of genomic information and technologies, leading to precision medicine.
This talk will give an overview of computational genomics and its current challenges.
microRNAs in Arabidopsis : discovery, functions & involvment in the control o...Frédéric Bouché
Discovered about 20 years ago, microRNA are small non-coding RNA (21-23 nt) involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They are involved in numerous regulatory pathways. However, the analysis of their function and their expression level is a bit tricky, explaining that they were only integrated in the molecular pathways during the last decade.
Here, we present a brief summary of the events that lead to the discovery of microRNAs, as well as the molecular tools used for their analysis and their role in the molecular control of flowering time.
Of course, feel free to leave any constructive comment about those slides !
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
The distinctive character of modern biology is the study of biology as information. Merging of biology and information sciences is a fundamental drive in biomedicine. Indeed, the post-genomic era is providing a huge of amount of molecular data, pertaining to different levels of evidence, which requires specific expertise in raw data processing, explorative data analysis and systems biology.
Translational genomics relies on our ability to recognize the functional elements of the genome and to disentangle the complexity of their interactions, starting from the sequence and following its implications in transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics. The promise of genomic medicine is improved diagnosis and treatment through the application of genomic information and technologies, leading to precision medicine.
This talk will give an overview of computational genomics and its current challenges.
microRNAs in Arabidopsis : discovery, functions & involvment in the control o...Frédéric Bouché
Discovered about 20 years ago, microRNA are small non-coding RNA (21-23 nt) involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They are involved in numerous regulatory pathways. However, the analysis of their function and their expression level is a bit tricky, explaining that they were only integrated in the molecular pathways during the last decade.
Here, we present a brief summary of the events that lead to the discovery of microRNAs, as well as the molecular tools used for their analysis and their role in the molecular control of flowering time.
Of course, feel free to leave any constructive comment about those slides !
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
It contains introduction on basic molecular biology followed by detailed description on discovery , mechanism of oncogene activation, their effect on tumerogenesis , name of important oncogenes , their detection and targeted therapies against oncogenes in treating cancer
Role of molecular marker play a significant supplementary role in enhancing yield along with conventional plant breeding methods. the result obtain through molecular method are more accurate and at genotypic level. It had wider applications in field of plant breeding, biotechnology, physiology, pathology, entamology, etc. The mapping information obtained from these markers had created a revolution in the sequencing sector and open many pathways for developments, innovations and research.
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Genetic polymorphism and It's Applicationsawaismalik78
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic polymorphism is the inheritance of a trait controlled by a single genetic locus with two alleles, in which the least common allele has a frequency of about 1% or greater. Genetic polymorphism is a difference in DNA sequence among individuals, groups, or populations.
Types of polymorphisms
Protein/enzyme polymorphisms
In the early days of human genetics, majority of polymorphisms were those associated with proteins and enzymes. To detect the polymorphism and a person’s genotype, one performed assays for the gene product, i.e., the protein or enzyme produced by the genetic blueprint.
DNA polymorphisms
The large class of polymorphisms are those that detect Slight variations at the level of DNA nucleotides.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a sequence of DNA on which humans vary by one and only one nucleotide . Because humans differ by one nucleotide per every thousand or so nucleotides, there are millions of SNPs scattered throughout the human genome.
Tandem repeat polymorphisms
A tandem repeat polymorphism consists of a series of nucleotides that are repeated in tandem (i.e., one time after another). The polymorphism consists of the number of repeats.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a type in which organisms may be differentiated by analysis of patterns derived from cleavage of their DNA. If two organisms differ in the distance between sites of cleavage of a particular restriction endonuclease, the length of the fragments produced will differ when the DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme.
Applications of Genetic Polymorphism
The study of polymorphism has many uses in medicine, biological research, and law enforcement. Genetic diseases may be caused by a specific polymorphism. Scientists can look for these polymorphisms to determine if a person will develop the disease, or risks passing it on to his or her children.
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
It contains introduction on basic molecular biology followed by detailed description on discovery , mechanism of oncogene activation, their effect on tumerogenesis , name of important oncogenes , their detection and targeted therapies against oncogenes in treating cancer
Role of molecular marker play a significant supplementary role in enhancing yield along with conventional plant breeding methods. the result obtain through molecular method are more accurate and at genotypic level. It had wider applications in field of plant breeding, biotechnology, physiology, pathology, entamology, etc. The mapping information obtained from these markers had created a revolution in the sequencing sector and open many pathways for developments, innovations and research.
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Genetic polymorphism and It's Applicationsawaismalik78
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic polymorphism is the inheritance of a trait controlled by a single genetic locus with two alleles, in which the least common allele has a frequency of about 1% or greater. Genetic polymorphism is a difference in DNA sequence among individuals, groups, or populations.
Types of polymorphisms
Protein/enzyme polymorphisms
In the early days of human genetics, majority of polymorphisms were those associated with proteins and enzymes. To detect the polymorphism and a person’s genotype, one performed assays for the gene product, i.e., the protein or enzyme produced by the genetic blueprint.
DNA polymorphisms
The large class of polymorphisms are those that detect Slight variations at the level of DNA nucleotides.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a sequence of DNA on which humans vary by one and only one nucleotide . Because humans differ by one nucleotide per every thousand or so nucleotides, there are millions of SNPs scattered throughout the human genome.
Tandem repeat polymorphisms
A tandem repeat polymorphism consists of a series of nucleotides that are repeated in tandem (i.e., one time after another). The polymorphism consists of the number of repeats.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a type in which organisms may be differentiated by analysis of patterns derived from cleavage of their DNA. If two organisms differ in the distance between sites of cleavage of a particular restriction endonuclease, the length of the fragments produced will differ when the DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme.
Applications of Genetic Polymorphism
The study of polymorphism has many uses in medicine, biological research, and law enforcement. Genetic diseases may be caused by a specific polymorphism. Scientists can look for these polymorphisms to determine if a person will develop the disease, or risks passing it on to his or her children.
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
Conferencia de la Dra. Ana María Roa, Bióloga Molecular, sobre Epigenética, impartida en la Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos el 1 de marzo de 2013.
Más información en:
http://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/448-conferencia-una-revision-de-los-conocimientos-fundamentales-de-la-biologia-de-la-celula-la-epigenetica
Introduction to Cancer
Stem cells and cancer cells
major pathways that lead to formation of tumors.
Tumor Supressors
Colon cancer to prove Knudson hypothesis.
The modern treatments available to treat cancer.
Covers the flow of information from DNA to Protein synthesis, Transcription, Types of RNA, Genetic code, Protein Synthesis, Cell Function and cell reproduction
-Basic Concepts in Genetics
-What is Epigenetic?
-History of Epigenetic
-How do epigenetics work?
-Epigenetics and the Environment
-Epigenetic Inheritance
-Epigenetics in Psychiatry
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdfssuser3e63fc
Just a game Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?
Dr. Nazrul Islam, Northern University Bangladesh - CV (29.5.2024).pdf
Selman A. Wakman award for Carol A. Gross
1. Selman A. Waksman award
for Carol A. Gross
M. Kokila
Ph. D., Research Scholar
Department of Microbiology
Faculty of Science
Annamalai University
AUM to PET
1
2. Carol A. Gross was post doctoral researcher and then faculty
member at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
2
3. Carol A. Gross is a Professor of cell and tissue biology at the
University of California San Francisco (UCSF).
3
4. She is very active in the graduate programs, especially
teaching and mentoring students.
In most of her research career, she used molecular
approaches to study transcriptional regulation and stress
responses in the bacterium E. coli.
Recently the laboratory has switched to functional
Genomics, where she is team are developing high throughput
phenotyping approaches to rapidly discover gene function
and cellular networks. 4
5. Her Work:
Transcriptional regulation
Controlling the rate of gene transcription for
example by helping or hindering RNA polymerase binding
to DNA.
Transcription
The process of making RNA from a DNA template
by RNA polymerase
5
6. Transcription factor
A substance, such as a protein, that contributes to
the cause of a specific biochemical reaction or bodily
process.
Promoter
A region of DNA that initiates transcription of a
particular gene
Sigma factor
Specialized bacterial co-factors that complex with
RNA Polymerase and encode sequence specificity
6
7. Coactivator
A protein that works with transcription factors
to increase the rate of gene transcription
Corepressor
A proteins that work with transcription factors
to decrease the rate of gene transcription
7
9. • Selman A. Waksman award was first awarded in 1968. A
prize of $20,000 that is presented to recognize a major
advance in the field of Microbiology
• In 2011 Carol A. Gross has been awarded Selman A.
Waksman Award in Microbiology by the U.S. National
Academy of Sciences. For “Her pioneering studies on
mechanisms of gene transcription and its control, and for
defining the roles of sigma factors during homeostasis and
under stress.” 9
10. Research Interests:
• Research interests are Transcription regulation
• Heat shock control and global control networks.
10
11. Transcriptional regulation
In Molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional
regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the
conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription) there by
orchestrating gene activity.
A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from
altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed,
to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed.
This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a
variety of intra- and extra cellular signals and thus mount a
response.
11
13. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that
encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source,
producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific
activities and producing the gene products responsible for
cellular differentiation in multicellular eukaryotes, as studied
in evolutionary developmental biology.
The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living
organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other
proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA
being produced through a variety of mechanisms.
13
14. Prokaryotic organisms and Eukaryotic organisms have
very different strategies of accomplishing control over
transcription.
Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which
is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific
combination of factors to control transcription.
This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more
than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than
10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program
of the entire cell.
14
15. Transcriptional Regulation In Prokaryote:
Much of the early understanding of transcription
came from Prokaryotic organisms, although the extent and
complexity of transcriptional regulation is greater in
eukaryotes. Prokaryotic transcription is governed by three
main sequence elements:
1. Promoters
2. Operators
3. Positive control elements that bind to DNA and incite
levels of transcription.
15
17. Promoter:
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that leads
to initiation of transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are
located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on
the DNA (towards the 5 region of the sense strand). Promoters
can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.
17
18. Operator:
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit
of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a
single promoter The genes are transcribed together into
an mRNA strand and either translated together in the cytoplasm, or
undergo splicing to create mono cistronic mRNAs that are
translated separately, several strands of mRNA that each encode a
single gene product.
18
19. Complexity of generating a eukaryotic cell carries with an
increase in the complexity of transcriptional regulation.
Eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases, known as Pol I, Pol II,
and Pol III. Each polymerase has specific targets and activities,
and is regulated by independent mechanisms.
There are a number of additional mechanisms through which
polymerase activity can be controlled. These mechanisms can be
generally grouped into three main areas.
Transcriptional Regulation In Eukaryote:
19
21. Transcription factor
In molecular biology a transcription factor (TF)
or (Sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that
controls the rate of transcription of genetic information
from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA
sequence.
Groups of TFs function in a coordinated fashion to direct cell
division, cell growth, and cell death throughout life cell
migration and organization (body plan) during embryonic
development and intermittently in response to signals from
outside the cell, such as a hormone.There are up to 1600 TFs in
the human genome. 21
23. Carol A Gross areas of Expertise
1. Virology & Microbial Pathogenesis
2. Human Genetics
3. Regulation of Gene Expression
23
24. Primary Thematic Area: Virology & Microbial Pathogenesis
Virology and Microbial Pathogenesis are intrigued by how
microbes manipulate their multi-cellular hosts to cause disease.
The resultant research programs provide an unprecedented
opportunity to influence global health. World-wide, infectious
diseases are the leading cause of death, with simple diarrheal
illness, malaria and TB leading the pack.
.
24
25. Other infectious diseases, including AIDS, are a major
impediment to economic advancement in the third world. The
identification of new pathogens, the re-emergence of old
pathogens and the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance
reflect the globalization of humanity and microbes.
New well as old pathogens can rapidly move great distances
and establish footholds in new niches. Strategies for the
prevention, treatment and control of infectious diseases require
fundamental bench research that takes advantages of rapid
advances in genomics, proteomics, cell biology, and
immunology.
25
26. Secondary Thematic Area: Human Genetics
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs
in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety
of overlapping fields including classical genetics,
cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics,
genomics, population genetics, developmental
genetics, clinical genetics and genetic counseling.
Genomics Population Genetics 26
27. Genes are common factor of the qualities of most human-
inherited traits. Study of human genetics can answer
questions about human nature, can help understand diseases
and the development of effective disease treatment, and help
us to understand the genetics of human life.
27
28. Gene expression is the process by which information from
a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding
genes such as transfer RNA or small nuclear RNA genes, the
product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known as life
eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms) prokaryotes
(bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses to generate
the macromolecular machinery for life.
Regulation of Gene Expression
28
30. Regulation of transcription in cancer:
In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG
island with numerous CpG sites When many of a gene's promoter
CpG sites are Methylated the gene becomes silenced. Colorectal
cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to
66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations.
CpG island& CpG Sites
Methyl Groups
30
31. Transcriptional silencing may be more importance than
mutation in causing progression to cancer. For example, in
colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally
silenced by CpG island methylation (see regulation of
transcription in cancer).
Transcriptional repression in cancer can also occur by
other epigenetic mechanisms, such as altered expression
of microRNAs. In breast cancer, transcriptional repression
of BRCA1 may occur more frequently by over-expressed
microRNA-182 than by hyper methylation of the BRCA1
promoter (see Low expression of BRCA1 in breast and
ovarian cancers). 31
Her research focus on transcriptional regulation in bacteria
A typical prokaryotic cell contains a cell membrane, chromosomal DNA that is concentrated in a nucleoid, ribosomes, and a cell wall. Some prokaryotic cells may also possess flagella, pili, fimbriae, and capsules.