Packed Cell volume estimation.pptx
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The packed cell volume (PCV) is a measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells. The value is expressed as a percentage or fraction of cells in blood. For example, a PCV of 40% means that there are 40 millilitres of cells in 100 millilitres of blood.
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PACKED CELL VOLUME.pptx
The hematocrit, also known as the packed cell volume (PCV), measures the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample. It is determined by centrifuging a blood sample in a glass tube to separate the components. The red blood cells pack tightly at the bottom, while the plasma rises to the top, leaving a thin white blood cell layer between them. After centrifugation, the hematocrit is read as the percentage of the total volume occupied by the packed red blood cells. It provides an accurate estimate of the red blood cell mass and can indicate if a patient is anemic, normal, or has too many red blood cells.
PCV.pptx
Hematocrit (packed cell volume) is the ratio of the volume of red cells to that of the whole blood.
It indicates relative volume of red cells and plasma (e.g. in anemia red cells are reduced with corresponding reduction in the hematocrit)
Methods
Macromethod using Wintrobe tube
• Micromethod using capillary tube
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The packed cell volume is a measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells. The value is expressed as a percentage
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The slide will cover the following:
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5. Color index (CI)
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You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
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This document provides instructions for preparing and staining a peripheral blood smear. It describes how to make a thin blood film using the wedge technique and a thick blood film for diagnosing parasites. Potential sources of error in film preparation are outlined. The document then explains the staining process for Leishman's stain and Giemsa stain, including stain preparation, application to blood films, and differentiation to distinguish cells under the microscope. The stains are used to identify cells after a blood film has been prepared.
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Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen throughout the body. Disruptions to red blood cells can affect oxygen-carrying capacity. Red blood cells are biconcave discs that are flexible and can squeeze through narrow vessels. There are manual and automated methods for counting red blood cells. The manual method uses a hemocytometer, diluting fluid, and involves counting red blood cells in a gridded chamber under a microscope. The automated method uses electronic detection and dilution to count thousands of cells rapidly. Normal red blood cell count ranges are provided for adults and newborns. Conditions that decrease or increase red blood cell counts are also outlined.
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Prepration and staining of blood film
1. A peripheral blood film (PBF) is a thin layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide that is stained to allow examination of blood cells.
2. An ideal blood smear is uniformly thick, occupies the central portion of the slide, and tapers from thick at the head to thin at the tail.
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The document discusses the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a common medical test. It defines ESR as the rate at which erythrocytes settle in an hour. There are several methods to measure ESR, including the Westergren and Wintrobe methods. The Westergren method uses a specially designed tube to measure settlement in millimeters after one hour. ESR can be increased in infections, inflammation, and cancers or decreased in anemias and other blood abnormalities. Normal ranges are 0-10 mm for men and 0-20 mm for women and children.
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Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that contain RNA and cytoplasmic remnants from earlier stages of development. A reticulocyte count provides information about bone marrow response and red blood cell production. There are four stages of reticulocyte maturation defined by their morphological appearance after staining. A reticulocyte count can be performed manually using supravital staining or automatically using flow cytometry to measure RNA levels. An increased reticulocyte count indicates bone marrow response to anemia while a decreased count suggests impaired red blood cell production.
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This document provides information about estimating hemoglobin levels. It discusses:
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2) Normal hemoglobin levels vary depending on age and sex, ranging from 11-18 g/dL. Estimating hemoglobin is important for detecting anemia and monitoring blood donations.
3) The Sahli and alkaline hematin methods are two common visual comparison methods that involve converting hemoglobin to different colored compounds and comparing to standards. Spectrophotometric methods provide more accurate measurements.
Peripheral smear staining and morphology
This document provides information on preparing and staining peripheral blood smears (PBS). It discusses how to make a wedge blood smear using the correct technique and equipment. It also describes how to evaluate a quality smear and identify common causes of poor smears. The document outlines the staining process for PBS, including the history and components of Romanowsky staining methods like Wright-Giemsa and May-Grunwald Giemsa. Factors that can influence staining and cause faulty results are discussed. Finally, it provides guidance on examining a PBS under the microscope, including evaluating red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and identifying any parasites.
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This document provides instructions for performing a peripheral blood smear, including preparation of materials, staining technique, examination under the microscope, and diagnostic value. A peripheral smear involves making a thin blood film on a slide, staining it using Leishman's stain, and examining under oil immersion to identify red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and any parasites present. A differential white blood cell count is also performed to classify types of white blood cells. The smear allows evaluation of cell morphology and identification of abnormalities.
Reticulocyte count
This document provides information on reticulocyte counts, including definitions, staining procedures, counting methods, reference values, and interpretations. Key points include:
- Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that contain RNA and stain blue with supravital dyes.
- A reticulocyte count involves staining a blood smear and counting the number of reticulocytes per 1000 red blood cells to determine percentage.
- An increased reticulocyte count indicates bone marrow response to anemia or blood loss, while a decreased count may indicate bone marrow suppression.
- Factors like medications and transfusions can affect the test results. Proper technique and avoiding inclusions
Osmotic fragility test
The osmotic fragility test is used to diagnose different types of anemia by examining how red blood cells react in solutions of different tonicity. Red blood cells will swell and rupture in hypotonic solutions like distilled water due to excess water entering the cell. They will shrink and rupture in hypertonic solutions with high salt content due to water leaving the cell. In a normal saline solution that is isotonic, the red blood cells will remain intact. The test involves adding blood to solutions of varying tonicity, then centrifuging and observing if the fluid portion becomes colored, indicating red blood cell rupture.
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This document discusses packed cell volume (PCV), also known as hematocrit. It defines PCV as the volume of erythrocytes (red blood cells) as a percentage of total blood volume. The document describes how PCV is determined through centrifugation and separation of blood components. It notes several clinical implications of PCV levels, such as increases seen in infants and high altitudes and decreases in pregnancy. The key information provided is an overview of PCV/hematocrit testing and its importance in clinical evaluation.
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2. The AEC test involves diluting a blood sample with a special solution to stain and count eosinophils under a microscope.
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Similar to Packed Cell volume estimation.pptx
PACKED CELL VOLUME.pptx
The hematocrit, also known as the packed cell volume (PCV), measures the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample. It is determined by centrifuging a blood sample in a glass tube to separate the components. The red blood cells pack tightly at the bottom, while the plasma rises to the top, leaving a thin white blood cell layer between them. After centrifugation, the hematocrit is read as the percentage of the total volume occupied by the packed red blood cells. It provides an accurate estimate of the red blood cell mass and can indicate if a patient is anemic, normal, or has too many red blood cells.
PCV.pptx
Hematocrit (packed cell volume) is the ratio of the volume of red cells to that of the whole blood.
It indicates relative volume of red cells and plasma (e.g. in anemia red cells are reduced with corresponding reduction in the hematocrit)
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The packed cell volume is a measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells. The value is expressed as a percentage
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The document provides information about peripheral blood smear examination. It discusses how peripheral blood smears are an important diagnostic tool that provide information about hematologic disorders through examination of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It outlines the procedure for preparing, staining, and examining a peripheral blood smear under the microscope. Key things examined include red blood cell size, shape, color, and inclusions, as well as white blood cell and platelet counts, differentials, and morphologies. Common red blood cell abnormalities seen include microcytosis, macrocytosis, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, hypochromasia, polychromasia, and inclusions.
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CommonLaboratoryTests.ppt
The document provides information about common laboratory tests, including the Complete Blood Count (CBC), Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP), and Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP). It describes what each test measures, how the results are interpreted, and normal ranges. Specifically, it discusses components of the CBC like red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count and differential; electrolytes and kidney function tests in the BMP; and additional liver and protein tests included in the CMP.
Venous thromboembolism, THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS and management
1) Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common cardiovascular disease among hospitalized patients, especially critically ill patients in the ICU.
2) Risk factors for VTE include surgery, trauma, cancer, immobilization, and factors related to the underlying critical illness. Several clinical prediction models can assess a patient's risk.
3) Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound and CT, and assessment of right ventricular function. Treatment involves supportive care, anticoagulation with heparin or low molecular weight heparin, and consideration of thrombolysis for hemodynamically unstable patients.
Laboratory investigations in dentistry
This document provides an overview of laboratory investigations in dentistry. It defines laboratory investigations, outlines their need and applications. It then classifies laboratory investigations and discusses the most common hematological, biochemical, microbiological, immunological, and histopathological/cytopathological investigations. Specific tests are explained in detail including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, bleeding time, and platelet count. The significance and interpretation of results for these common dental laboratory tests are also summarized.
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This document describes methods for counting red blood cells and white blood cells using a hemocytometer. For red blood cell counting, blood is diluted and cells in 5 squares are counted under a microscope. The number of cells is then used to calculate the RBC concentration per microliter. For white blood cell counting, blood is similarly diluted and cells in 4 squares are counted under a microscope to calculate the WBC concentration per microliter. Normal ranges for RBCs and WBCs in human blood are also provided.
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Heamatology Manual
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Determination of Haematocrit in diagnostic hematology
It helps to calculate Haematocrit in CBC analysis
New Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation.pptx
This document discusses laboratory investigations used to supplement clinical findings. It defines haematological, immunological, histopathological and cytopathological tests and provides details on specific tests including complete blood count, bleeding time, prothrombin time and differential leukocyte count. Proper sample collection and test methodologies are outlined. The tests provide quantitative and qualitative information to identify diseases, establish baselines, monitor therapy and confirm clinical impressions.
Imaging in haemoptysis
The document discusses hemoptysis, defined as bleeding from the lungs or bronchial tubes. It describes the dual arterial blood supply to the lungs from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries. Conditions that reduce pulmonary arterial flow can increase bronchial artery contribution, making those vessels prone to rupture and bleeding. A comprehensive evaluation of hemoptysis includes history, physical exam, labs, chest imaging including radiography and CT, and bronchoscopy. CT is particularly useful for evaluating underlying lung abnormalities and identifying abnormal bronchial vessels to guide treatment.
An Octogenarian Patient Of Intracapsular Neck Of Femur Fracture With Pre-oper...
Pre-operative Thrombocytopenia
collection and preparation of sdp single donor platelets
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Flow Cytometry - basics, principles and applications
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Pleural Effusion Lecture Note by Gboneme Sandra
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that can be caused by increased fluid production or reduced absorption. It is classified based on appearance, fluid chemistry, location, and presence of malignant cells. Common causes include congestive heart failure, liver disease, and malignancy. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, fluid analysis, and cytology. Treatment depends on the cause but may include drainage, pleurodesis, or shunting in recurrent cases.
Hematology
Physicians working in the field of hematology are called hematologists. Initially, hematologists complete a four-year medical degree and this is followed by three or four years in an internship or residency program. Thereafter, they spend two or three more years learning how to diagnose and treat blood disorders.
Fluid cytology in serous cavity effusions
The intrathoracic and intraperitoneal organs are covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells, which is continuous with the lining of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. The potential space between the two layers of epithelium contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
Serous fluid lies between the membranes lining the body cavities(parietal) and those covering the organs within the cavities(visceral).
Production and reabsorption are normally at a constant rate. They are influenced by
Changes in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the blood.
Concentration of chemical constituents in the plasma
Permeability of blood vessels and membranes.
An accumulation of fluid, called an effusion, results from an imbalance of fluid production and reabsorption. This fluid accumulation in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities is known as serous effusion.
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Venous thromboembolism, THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS and management
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Packed Cell volume estimation.pptx
- 1. Packed cell volume Estimation Dr. Bimochan Poudel B.V.Sc and A.H , AFU Dr.Bimochan Poudel
- 2. PACKED CELL VOLUME (HEMATOCRIT) • Hematocrit literally means “blood separation” • Packed cell volume is the percentage of volume of blood occupied by the red cells • Methods used for determination of PCV 1. Macrohematocrit method (Wintrobes method) 2. Microhematocrit method 3. Electrical method 4. Indirect method Dr.Bimochan Poudel
- 3. Wintrobes method for estimation of PCV • Apparatus required – Wintrobes tube – • It is 110mm long, narrow, thick walled tube with 3mm internal bore • Graduated from 0 to 10 cm with graduation on both sides in ascending and descending order on 2 sides of tube • Scale with the markings from 0 to 10 from above downwards is used in ESR determination and from below upwards is used for PCV determination – Pasteur pipette – Centrifuge Dr.Bimochan Poudel
- 9. Procedure – – 2ml of venous blood is collected and mixed with double oxalate (ammonium oxalate and potassium oxalate) or EDTA powder in the proportion of 1.5mg/ml – Blood is drawn into Pasteur pipette and introduced in the Wintrobes tube from the bottom to 0 or 10 mark above – Place the Wintrobes tube in the centrifuge machine and other Wintrobes tube filled with water on the opposite side so as to balance it. – Centrifuge the tube at the speed of 3000rpm for 30 minutes – After 30 minutes stop the centrifuge, take out the tube and note the readings – Calculation – • Hematocrit = [ Height of RBC’s in mm/Height of RBC and plasma] X 100 Dr.Bimochan Poudel
- 10. Zones separated after centrifugation • Top layer – Plasma (48 – 52%) – Normally amber or pale yellow colour – yellow – jaundice – Pink or red colour indicates – hemolysis – creamy white – hyperlipidemia – Brown coloured – meth hemoglobinemia – Cloudy (increased viscosity) – Multiple myeloma • Intermediate zone – Buffy coat – Zone of platelets and leukocytes (2% – 3% or 1mm thick) – Greyish – white tan layer – Smears prepared from buffy coat can be used to diagnose • Sub leukemic leukemia • LE cells • Detection of plasma cells • Hemoparasites • Lower most zone or bottom layer – Zone of packed RBC’s (45% – 50%) Dr.Bimochan Poudel
- 12. Clinical implications of PCV • PCV is affected by the number of RBC’s, their size and plasma volume • High PCV – – increased number of RBC’s – Increase in size of RBC – Decrease in plasma volume • Low PCV – Decrease in number of RBC’s – Decrease in size of RBC – Increase in plasma volume • Causes of increased PCV – Polycythemia vera – High altitudes – Hypoxia conditions – Lung and heart diseases – Dehydration – Burns (due to loss of plasma) • Causes of decreased PCV – Anemia – Conditions with increased WBC’s – long term illness, – infection – leukemia – Lymphoma – Hemodilution or overhydration – Acute kidney disease – lower erythropoietin production leads to less RBC’s production by bone marrow – Pregnancy Dr.Bimochan Poudel