The document is a physical therapy assignment submitted by Aamir Rauf Memon to Dr. Maria. It includes explanations of inductive coil methods used in shortwave diathermy and the physiological effects of paraffin wax baths, such as increased local blood flow, analgesia, and improved skin pliability for stretching. The assignment addresses questions about inductive coil heating mechanisms and the circulatory, analgesic, and stretching impacts of paraffin wax treatments.

1. Submitted to: Dr. Maria
Submitted by: Aamir Rauf Memon
CMS #: 7690
Subject: Physical agents & Electrotherapy-II
Semester: 6th
Assignment # 02
References:
Clayton’s Electrotherapy 9th Ed (Angela Foster,Nigel Palastanga)
(Question # 01).
Lecture (Question # 01 & 02)

2. Q.1: Explain Inductive coil method used is SWD
Inductive Coil
 “It is made up of a coil through which AC flows & produces magnetic field
perpendicular to the coil, inducing Electric eddy currents in the tissue causing
the tissue electron oscillation.”
 Friction produced by electron oscillation ↑ tissue temperature.
 Strength of Induced Eddy currents is determined by:
1. Strength of magnetic field in the area
2. Electric Conductivity of the tissues
 Tissues with high H2O & electrolyte content (muscle & synovial fluid) → high
electric conductivity.
 Tissues with low H2O & electrolyte content → Fat, Bone, Collagen → low electric
conductivity.
 Heat transmitted is deeper & to the superficial tissues
 Produce most heat in tissues:
Closer to the applicator
With highest Electrical conductivity
 Available in two basic forms → Cable & Drum.
 Induction Electrode consists of a Cable or Coil wrapped circumferentially around in
the extremity or coiled within the electrode. It creates stronger magnetic field than
the electrical.
a) Cable Electrodes
 Cable or Coil is usually used for limbs
 Used in two ways:
Wrapped around the treatment area
Pancake → used on Back
 Space b/w turns (wrapping) → 5-10 cm
 It heats deeper tissues only.
b) Drum Electrodes
 It heats deeper tissues only
 Penetration to 3cm → Fat layer not > 2cm → > 2cm limits heat penetration &
absorption → Burn
 Heated tissues → Blood vessels & Muscles
 One or more Monopolar coils rigidly fixed in a housing unit depending on
treatment area
 Towelling is important.

3. Q.2: Explain different physiological effects of paraffin
Wax Bath?
There are 3 major effects i.e. Circulatory, Analgesic, and Stretching Effect explained
below:
1. Circulatory Effects
 Stimulation of superficial capillaries & arterioles →local hyperaemia → Reflex
vasodilation (skin)
 Reflex heating of the joints
 ↓in skin temperature after 15-20 minutes
 Exercise after Wax Rx→ ↑ ROM & Muscle Strength
2. Analgesic Effects
 Most important effect → Sedative effect
 Moist heat → Soothing effect
 Pre-exercise → Good for Superficial joints
3. Stretching Effect
 Skin becomes moist, soft, & pliable
 Useful to stretch Scar & Adhesions