Electricity is an invisible force that can produce effects like heat, light, motion and sound. It is present in all matter due to electrons and can be static (stored) or dynamic (in motion). There are two main types: alternating current (AC) found in household power which changes polarity, and direct current (DC) found in batteries which has a fixed polarity. Electricity can be converted into different forms of energy like light, heat, motion or sound.

1. Electricity
Electricity is an invisible force that can create
heat, light, motion, sound and many other physical
effect. All the materials we know including solids,
liquids and gases contains two basic particles. An
electron is the smallest amount of electric charge
having a characteristic called negative polarity.

2. Kinds Of Electricity
1. Static Electricity- is also called electricity
at rest as energy, static electricity is called
energy of position or potential energy.
Ex: flashlight, batteries and car batteries
2.Dynamic Electricity- is also called
electricity in motion.Can also be called
energy of motion or kinetic energy.
Ex: batteries- move or to perform useful
work

3. BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
NUCLEUS
Free Electrons

4. MOLECULE – the combination of two or more atom’s. the
smallest unit into which a substance such as water can be
divided and still be identified as the substance.
ATOM – the smallest particle into which an element such
as oxygen can be divided and still retain its original
properties.
NUCLEUS – the heavy positively charged central part of
the atom.
NEUTRON – the heavy neutral particles in the nucleus that
behave like a combination of a proton and an electron.
PROTON – the heavy positively charged particles in the
nucleus.

5. Four types of energy that electricity can be
converted
1.Light energy
2.Heat energy
3.Mechanical energy
4.Sound energy

6. Light energy
Electricity is converted light energy when it is made to flow
In the electric bulb.

7. Heat energy
Electricity is converted to heat energy when it is made to flow in
the electric stove.

8. Mechanical energy
Electricity is converted to mechanical energy when it is made to
flow in the electric fan.

9. Sound energy
Electricity is converted to sound energy when it is connected to
the radio receiver set.

10. Basic Unit of Voltage
The basic unit of voltage is volt. It is represented by
the letter symbol V. Smaller units are millivolt (mv) and
microvolt (uv). The bigger unit is kilovolt (kv).
The word volt came from the name Alessandro
Volta, an Italian scientist.

11. Convertion of Units
1. Volt to millivolt - we multiply volt by 103.
Ex. We convert 1 volt and 12 volts to millivolt.
a. 1 volt = 1 x 103 = 1,000 millivolt or 1,000 mv.
b. 12 volts = 12 x 103 = 12,000 mv.
2. Millivolt to volt - we multiply millivolt by 10-3.
Ex. We convert 1,000 and 12,000 millivolts to volt.
a. 1,000 mv. = 1,000 x 10-3 =1 volt
b. 12,000 mv. = 12,000 x 10-3 = 12 volts

12. 3. Volt to microvolt - we multiply volt by 106.
Ex. We convert 0.001 volt and 0.5 volt to microvolt.
a. 0.001 volt = 0.001 x 106 = 1,000 microvolts.
b. 0.5 volts = 0.5 x 106 = 500,000 microvolts
4. Microvolt to volt - we multiply microvolt by 10-6.
Ex. We convert 1,000 and 500,000 microvolts to volts.
a. 1,000 uv = 1,000 x 10-6 =0.001 volt
b. 500,000 uv = 500,000 x 10-6 =0.5 volts
5. Volt to kilovolt – we multiply volt by 10-3.
Ex. We convert 5,000 volts to kilovolts or kV unit.

13. 6. Kilovolt to volt - we multiply kiloVolt by 103.
Ex. We convert 5 kV. to Volts unit.
a. 5 kV. = 5 x 103 = 5,000 volts.
7. Ampere to milliampere - we multiply ampere by 103.
Ex. We convert 2 and 20 amperes to milliampere unit.
a. 2 amp. = 2 x 103 =2,000 milliamperes or 2,000 ma.
b. 20 amp = 20 x 103 = 20,000 milliamperes or 20,000
ma.
8. Milliampere to ampere – we multiply milliampere by
10-3.
Ex. We convert 2,000 and 20,000 milliamperes to
ampere unit.

14. a. 2,000 ma. =2,000 x 10-3 = 2 amps.
b. 20,000 ma. =20,000 x 10-3 =20 amps.
9. Ampere to microampere – we multiply ampere by 106.
Ex. We convert 0.5 ampere and 1.5 ampere to
microampere unit
a. 0.5 ampere = 0.5 x 106 = 500,000 microamperes or
500,000 ua.
b. 1.5 ampere = 1.5 x 106 =1,500,000 microamperes or
1,500,000 ua.

15. 10. Microampere to ampere – we multiply microampere by
10-6.
Ex. We convert 500,000 and 1,500,000 ua. To ampere unit.
a. 500,000 ua. = 500,000 x 10-6 = 0.5 amp.
b. 1,500,000 ua = 1,500,000 x 10-6 =1.5 amp.

16. Two types of Voltages
1. AC voltage – Literally, AC means alternating
current. AC voltage come from the power supply
companies, such as National Power Corporation
(NAPOCOR), and it’s distributing agency, the
Manila Electric Company (MERALCO). We call
this AC because it has no fix polarity. In simple
words, the polarity of voltage varies as it flows
in the circuit.
Ex. Electricity in our house

17. Wave form of AC voltage

18. 2. DC voltage – Literally, DC means direct current. DC
voltage comes from batteries such as dry cell and storage
batteries. We call this DC because this type has fixed
polarity. In other words this type of voltage has permanent
positive and negative points.
Ex. Flashlight batteries, car batteries, DC power supply,etc

19. Waveform of Positive and Negative voltage