84 مبادرة #تواصل_تطوير المحاضرة الرابعة والثمانون من المبادرة مع الاستاذ الدكتور / عادل شريف استاذ هندسة المياه والطاقة المتجددة بجامعة سري البريطانية بعنوان " Overcoming the Global Challenges - Securing the World’s Food, Energy and Water " التغلب على التحديات العالمية - تأمين الغذاء والطاقة والمياه في العالم الثامنة والنصف مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة السابعة والنصف توقيت القاهرة الأربعاء 18 نوفمبر 2020 وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUtd-GspzsjH9Vu8it5Du4vWaXwt1YB4qQK علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين ونأمل أن نوفق في تقديم ما ينفع المهندس ومهمة الهندسة في عالمنا العربي والله الموفق للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة التليجرام https://t.me/EEAKSA ومتابعة المبادرة والبث المباشر عبر نوافذنا المختلفة رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية https://www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/ رابط قناة التويتر https://twitter.com/eeaksa رابط قناة الفيسبوك https://www.facebook.com/EEAKSA رابط قناة اليوتيوب https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9

2. Overcoming the Global Challenges –Securing the
World's Water, Energy and Food
Adel Sharif. CEng, FIChemE
University of Surrey, UK
a.sharif@surrey.ac.uk
18/11/2020

3. Humankind Development
Progress has little to do with speed, but much to do with direction

4. 3
 Water, Food & Energy the most
important commodities for our
existence and the survival of our
society and our civilization.
 Highest global priority -Ensuring an
adequate, safe, sustainable and
secure supply of Food, Water and
Energy.
Essential Requirements to Address GCs

5. 4
The Perfect Storm 2030?
Population growth 20%
Increased demand
50% by 2030 (IEA)
Energy
Water
Increased demand
30% by 2030
(IFPRI)
Food
Increased demand
50% by 2030
(FAO)
Climate
Change
• Source: UK Government Office for Science. Prof. Sir. John Peddington

6. 8
Water Security
Source: UN-Water Analytical Brief on Water Security and the Global Water Agenda, 2013

7. Population,
climate change,
environment Agriculture
growth in irrigation &
pollution-chemical
microbial
Consumer
behaviour, affordability,
public health, MDG,
confidence,
smart metering
Infrastructure
Resilience
Networks, storage,
flood protection
Sustainable
resources/ production
freshwater management
desalination
energy
Risk, events,
consequences
Economics,
industry & services
local / regional
water footprint
Politics,
laws & regulation
Water security – Global issues

9. Desalination: A Solution for Water Security?
• Desalinated water meets +90% of domestic needs in the Gulf countries
• 40% of the world desal capacity is in the ME.
• Sea is a sustainable source with 70% of world population live within 50km.
• Current desalination significantly more expensive than conventional water
treatment due to high energy costs
• Step change in technology required
Source: Wangnick Consulting GmbH
Desalination capacity by region

10. Desalination Plants in the GCC
Source: DesalData (2012)

11. 10Bringing new technology to the water industry
Thermal Vs. Membrane Desalination

12. Problems
- Energy Intensive
- Environmental impacts (CO2 emission, Brine
discharge, high salinity & temperature,
chemicals, etc.)
- Water intake quality (high salinity, harsh water,
red tides, algae bloom)
Suggested Solutions
- More efficient and higher recovery processes
(e.g. Retrofitting, optimization)
- Adaptation of new technologies to local
environment (FO+RO, FO+MSF, RO+MSF,
CSP+MSF, etc.)
- New processes (FO, Hybrid systems, and
advanced Pre-treatment)
- Improved water intake systems
- Reduced or Zero Liquid Discharge
- Mining the minerals for rare metals
- Salt harvesting for construction materials or other
usages (e.g. batteries) ,
Limitations of Current Desalination Technologies
© 2020- Copyrighted & IP Materials, Adel Sharif

13. 12
Forward and Reverse Osmosis
Water diffuses naturally through membrane
from low concentration side to high
concentration side
Pressure is applied to concentrated solution to
overcome osmotic pressure and force water through
the membrane from the high concentration side to
the low concentration side
Water Flow
Water Flow
PressureMembrane
Membrane
Forward Osmosis Reverse Osmosis

14. 13
Regeneration
Osmotic agent
Water molecules
Stage 2: extract water and recover agent for reuse
Stage 2
Stage 1
Osmotic agent
Water molecules
NaCl ions
Other ions
Forward Osmosis
Stage 1: create a ‘clean’ intermediary solution
Two stage process
Innovative Forward Osmosis Process
Sharif and Al-Mayahi, US Patent US7879243

15. Manipulated Osmosis System
Regeneration Membranes
Seawater or brackish
water feed
Reject from manipulated
osmosis system
Product Water
Concentrated
Osmotic Agent
Diluted
Osmotic Agent
Forward Osmosis Desalination
Sharif and Al-Mayahi, European Patent EP1,651,570

16. Bringing new technology to the water industry15
•15
The Modern Water Story
•Research developed at Surrey University with key inventions & patents
• The Royal Society Brian Mercer Award for Innovation, 2005
•Institute of Chemical Engineers Awards of Excellence, 2011
• Queen’s Prize for Water Research (2012)
• Initial Public Offering raised GBP 30m (US$ 60m)
• Listed on UK AIM Exchange Market in June 2007
• Sustainability Award 2009
• Development and commercialisation of technologies
• Build, Own and Operate
• Plant sales
• 1st desalination proving plant, Gibraltar, 2008
• 2nd desalination and first commercial plant, Oman, 2009
• 3rd evaporative cooling proving plant Oman, 2010
• More commercial plants (Oman, India, China,… )
Bringing new technology to the water industry 15

17. 16Bringing new technology to the water industry
Pioneer of Forward Osmosis Desalination -
World’s 1st Plant (Oman, - Nov-2009)
16Bringing new technology to the water industry

18. Normalised Flow –Old RO & New FO Plant
•FO Plant
•RO Plant
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Jan-2010 Feb-2010 Mar-2010 Apr-2010 May-2010 Jun-2010 Jul-2010 Aug-2010 Sep-2010 Oct-2010 Nov-2010 Dec-2010
NormalisedPermeateFlow(m3
/h)
New Membranes Installed
30% Decline in Output Over Just Five Months
Cleaning Activity on New Membranes
Membranes Installed
August 2009, 4.2 m3
/h
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Jan-2010 Feb-2010 Mar-2010 Apr-2010 May-2010 Jun-2010 Jul-2010 Aug-2010 Sep-2010 Oct-2010 Nov-2010 Dec-2010
FONormalisedFlow(m3/h)
Bringing new technology to the water industry
17

19. 18Bringing new technology to the water industry
Desalination
Technologies ‘Coefficient
of Desalination Reality’
scores
18Bringing new technology to the water industry

20. 19Bringing new technology to the water industry

21. 20
Food Security
“All people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active, healthy life’ (FAO 1996).

22. Bringing new technology to the water industry21
Food security hotspots =
hunger + food aid + dependence on agric GDP
derived from FAOStat + WRI; 2001-03
Lowest
concern
Highest
concern
Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL

23. Bringing new technology to the water industry22
Stages of food Security
• Food security exists when all people, at all
times, have access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food to meet their dietary needs
and food preferences for an active healthy
life (FAO)
• What affects food security
• Food supply (weather/natural factors)
• Poverty and inequality
• Politics/institutions
Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL

24. Bringing new technology to the water industry23
Demand for food
Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL

25. 24
Seawater Irrigation Techniques
• Innovative techniques using seawater have been invented
and developed at Surrey University for:
• High value crops (e.g. vegetables)
• Trees and date palms

26. 25
Seawater Irrigation Techniques
© 2020- Copyrighted & IP Materials: AquaMa Ltd, UK

27. 26
26
SWI Technique –Field Trial Oman

28. 27
Importance of Energy

29. ‫معقولة‬ ‫وبأسعار‬ ‫نظيفة‬ ‫طاقة‬
2811/24/2020 Add a footer
Source: UNDP

30. ‫المناخي‬ ‫العمل‬
2911/24/2020 Add a footer Source: UNDP

31. Source: G.E.Halkos and E.C. Gkampoura, energies, 13, 2908,2020
Energy Mix and Share of Renewables in Primary Energy Supply

32. Bringing new technology to the water industry31
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1980 2005 2030
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1980 2005 2030
Global Energy Demand and Supply
By Sector
Quadrillion BTUs
By Fuel
Quadrillion BTUs
Power Generation
Industrial
Transportation
Res/Comm
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Biomass
Hydro, Geo
Wind, Solar, Biofuels
Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL

33. Energy Resources PRO & CONS
Energy Resource Advantages Disadvantages
Fossil fuels Reliable
pollution & will run
out
Nuclear power Reliable
Safety, will run out,
dangerous waste
Wind turbines
Clean and cheap to
run
Expensive and wind
not always available
Hydroelectric power
stations
Clean and cheap to
run
Expensive and site
specific
Solar cells
Clean and cheap to
run
Not always sunny and
output & cost and long
PBT.

34. Renewable Energy Sources
• Natural resources that
continuously replenish
• Examples of RE & Clean En:
Wind, Solar, Hydropower,
Biomass, Geothermal,
Tidal, Wave, Osmotic,
Gravity, Nuclear, H2

35. Advantages of Renewable Energy -I
 Safe form of energy (no high power supply; radiation risk, etc.)
 Abundant form of energy (plenty of sun light, winds, etc.)
 Clean form of energy to use (no emissions, etc.)
 It can be collected in multiple locations simultaneously (different locations, HP, wind, etc.)
 Offered in multiple formats (diversity and new technologies)
 Can provide nations with energy independence (self reliance and independency, COVID example)
 Stable form of energy (integration with the national grid and supply all units, etc.)
 An economic force (jobs creation…)
 It is a technology (a technology not a fuel to consume, with time gets cheaper)
 Relatively easy to maintain renewable energy collectors (Capex and Opex cost are going down with
time…)
 It may be able to improve public health (cleaner air, etc.)
 Can be used to recycle our waste products (biomass for power production, etc.)
 Can be profitable ($. $. $.)
© 2020- Copyrighted & IP Materials, Adel Sharif

36. Disadvantages of Renewable Energy-I
 Not as cost-effective as other E options. (Cost is down
but is still high, e.g. Coal $0.095/kWh, wind $0.158/kWh) UK £0.143 /kWh
 Not always commercially-viable. (geographical restrictions,
e.g. solar, wind, HP)
 It still generates pollution. (equipment CFP, biomass
emissions, etc.)
 It may not be a permanent energy resource. (location
constrains, climate and time variations)
 It can often be manipulated by politics. (negative
politics and not given a priority)
© 2020- Copyrighted & IP Materials, Adel Sharif

37. Limitations of Renewable Energy -II
 RE is difficult to access for many people
(Funding, subsidies, etc.)
 Takes lot of space to install. (20MW solar PV requires
40 hectares; 2MW wind requires 1.5 acres)
 Not constant En source. (time limit, wind speed,..
 Expensive storage costs. (batteries, durability,
materials constrains, etc.
 Large capital costs. (Currently is but may change…
 Efficiency and Physics reality (solar max 33% and
wind max 60% , heat, dusts, corrosion, etc.
© 2020- Copyrighted & IP Materials, Adel Sharif

38. Share of primary energy supply in 2015 and 2050
Current RE technologies will not provide that energy supply by 2050; but only RE can
provide zero CO2 emissions by 2050.

40. New RE Technology – Gravity Power
 Gravity is sustainable & huge source of energy
✓ Scientific Principle:
❖ Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s 3rd Law.
✓ Thermodynamics Consistency:
❖ No volitions of energy & mass conservation principles nor thermodynamics laws.
© 2020- Copyrighted & IP Materials, Adel Sharif

41. Concluding Words
 Science and Technology will address the Water, Food and
Energy challenges.
 Desalination and water purification technologies will
contribute significantly to ensuring a safe, sustainable,
affordable, and adequate water supply for the Gulf and
the MENA region.
 Existing RE technologies have constrains and limitations
which will make the projected target of them suppling
50% of the world’s energy by 2050 is challenging if not
impossible.
 To limit global temperature rise to below 2 C, the share of
RE needs to be increased to 65% by 2050.

42. ‫ومؤمنه‬ ‫رخيصة‬ ‫وغذاء‬ ‫وطاقة‬ ‫مياه‬‫للجميع‬

43. Thank You