Other Financial Assets
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Other financial assets include stocks, money market mutual funds, and certificates of deposit. Stocks represent ownership in a company, money market mutual funds invest in short-term assets but are not FDIC insured, and certificates of deposit are bank deposits for a fixed time period at a higher interest rate. Financial assets are traded on capital markets, which involve assets that mature in over a year, or money markets, which involve assets that mature in under a year. They can also be traded on primary markets, where only the original holder can redeem the asset, or secondary markets, where the asset can be resold.
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives of this chapter are to:
· ▪ describe the types of financial markets that facilitate the flow of funds,
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· ▪ describe the role of financial institutions within financial markets, and
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Financial markets transfer funds from those who have excess funds to those who need funds. They enable college students to obtain student loans, families to obtain mortgages, businesses to finance their growth, and governments to finance many of their expenditures. Many households and businesses with excess funds are willing to supply funds to financial markets because they earn a return on their investment. If funds were not supplied, the financial markets would not be able to transfer funds to those who need them.
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This document provides an overview of investment analysis and portfolio management. It discusses key concepts like markets, securities, returns, risks, and the investment process. Specific topics covered include different types of markets and securities (like stocks, bonds, derivatives), calculating returns, factors that influence risk, and the basic steps in the investment process. Margin accounts and short selling are also introduced. The document is intended as teaching material for a course on investment analysis and portfolio management.
Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management
This document summarizes key points about investment analysis and portfolio management. It discusses the module website resources, gains and losses from past investments, markets and security types, brokers, returns and risks, and the investment process. The essential topics covered are types of markets and securities, factors that influence investment returns and risks, and the basic steps in analyzing investments and constructing a portfolio.
Security analysis & management
The document provides an overview of an investment analysis and portfolio management course. It discusses various topics that will be covered over the semester including different types of markets and securities, calculating returns and risks, and the investment process. The document also provides examples of past investment gains and losses to illustrate the variability and unpredictability of stock prices.
Financial securities
A financial market allows people to trade securities like stocks, bonds, and precious metals at low costs. A major platform for trading short-term financial instruments is the money market, where assets like treasury bills and commercial paper are exchanged. There are several types of equity accounts that make up total shareholders' equity, including common stock, preferred stock, and retained earnings. Common stock represents shareholder investment and ownership, while preferred stock has a guaranteed dividend but no voting rights. Debt securities are financial instruments that borrow money to be repaid at a future date with interest, such as bonds, bills, and notes. Derivatives are contracts between parties whose value is based on underlying assets like securities, commodities, or indexes. Common
Govt sec markts
Government securities are tradable debt instruments issued by the Central Government and State Governments to finance fiscal deficits and public development programs. They are issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the government. Government securities include Treasury bills and State Development Loans. They are needed to finance government functions like infrastructure creation and maintenance. Government securities are issued at face value, carry no default risk due to sovereign guarantee, offer high liquidity, and provide interest payments semi-annually. Major participants in the government securities market include banks, financial institutions, companies, mutual funds, and individuals.
Capital Market Assignment PPT 1.pptx
The document discusses money and capital markets. It defines money markets as trading highly liquid short-term products with safety and low returns. Capital markets refer to venues where funds are exchanged between those seeking capital and suppliers of capital like businesses and investors. Capital markets are divided into primary markets where new stocks/bonds are issued, and secondary markets where previously issued securities are traded. The main components of capital markets are the equity market for stocks, debt market for bonds, and derivatives market for financial contracts deriving value from underlying assets. Common capital market instruments include equities like shares, debt securities like bonds and debentures, derivatives like futures and options, and exchange-traded funds.
1.nlt wsbs stock lecture notes
The document provides an overview of financial markets and their key functions. It discusses how financial markets channel funds from those with surplus capital to those with a shortage, through the borrowing and lending of funds. The main types of financial markets are money markets, which deal in short-term debt, and capital markets, which deal in long-term debt and equity shares. Capital markets include the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, and other securities. Financial markets play an important role in price determination, risk sharing, and improving market efficiency.
Money market Instruments.pptx
The document discusses various types of depositary receipts including:
- American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) which allow US investors to invest in non-US companies and give non-US companies access to US capital markets.
- Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) which allow companies from developing markets to raise capital from foreign markets by issuing shares that trade as depositary receipts on an exchange outside the company's home country.
- European Depositary Receipts (EDRs) which function similarly to ADRs but are listed and traded only on European stock exchanges.
Money market Instruments.pptx
The document discusses various types of depositary receipts including:
- American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) which allow US investors to invest in non-US companies and give non-US companies access to US capital markets.
- Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) which allow companies from developing markets to raise capital from foreign markets by issuing shares that trade as depositary receipts on an exchange outside the company's home country.
- European Depositary Receipts (EDRs) which function similarly to ADRs but are listed and traded only on European stock exchanges.
Lesson 10 stocks and bonds
Stocks represent shares of ownership in a company, while bonds are loans made to companies or governments. Stockholders own a stake in the company and may receive dividends, while bondholders are lenders who receive interest payments. There are various types of stocks, including common and preferred stocks, as well as growth stocks and value stocks, which can be categorized by size, sector, region, and growth potential. Bond types include government bonds, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, and zero-coupon bonds which are issued by governments, local authorities, corporations, and accrue interest over time respectively. External economic factors like interest rates and money supply can also impact stock and bond prices.
Financial market and institutions
This document provides an overview of financial markets and institutions. It discusses the key functions of financial markets in channeling funds from surplus to deficit units. It describes the structure of financial markets, including the distinction between debt and equity markets, primary vs secondary markets, and money vs capital markets. The main instruments traded in these markets are also outlined. The document then discusses the role of financial institutions in providing indirect finance and transforming financial assets. It identifies the main types of financial institutions like depository institutions, contractual savings institutions, and investment intermediaries. Finally, it covers the rationale for regulating financial markets and institutions to increase information and ensure overall financial system stability.
Primary market and secondary market
The document discusses primary and secondary capital markets. The primary market issues new securities, allowing companies to raise funds. The secondary market allows investors to buy and sell existing securities from other investors. It also discusses the roles of investment banks in originating, underwriting, and distributing new securities issues through public offerings. The public offering process involves investment bank tasks like due diligence, negotiating the offering price, and distributing securities to investors.
Investment Alternatives
The document describes various types of financial assets including money market securities like treasury bills, commercial paper, repurchase agreements, and bankers' acceptances. It also discusses fixed income securities like bonds and their characteristics. Additionally, it covers equity securities such as preferred stock, income trusts, and common stock. The document also briefly outlines derivative securities including options and futures.
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Session 02 - Role of Financial Markets and Institutions.pptx
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1 Role of Financial Markets and InstitutionsCHAPTER OBJECTIVES.docx
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Money and capital market instrument by tahseen ullah shah
Money and capital market instrument by tahseen ullah shah
More from Brian Coil
American revolution
The American Revolution began with protests against British taxes and control over the colonies. The First Continental Congress organized resistance efforts through economic boycotts. Armed conflict broke out at Lexington and Concord in 1775, starting the war. Key battles like Bunker Hill showed the colonists could stand up to the British. The Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776. Though the British had more resources, the colonists prevailed through resilience and the entry of France as an ally in 1778. The war ended with the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 and recognition of American independence in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
What do stock indexes show?
Stock market performance can indicate the overall health of an economy. When stock values are rising collectively, it is considered a bull market, while falling stock values represent a bear market. Common stock indexes like the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 track the performance of large groups of companies to gauge national economic trends.
Forms and Functions of Modern Banking
The document discusses modern banking, including measuring the money supply, functions of financial institutions, and e-banking. It defines the M1 and M2 money supplies and explains the functions of storing money, saving money, loans, mortgages, and credit cards. It also discusses interest, the role of banks in earning profits, and modern electronic banking methods like ATMs, debit cards, online banking, automatic bill pay, and stored value cards.
Uses and Characteristics of Money
Money serves three main purposes: as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade beyond bartering, as a unit of account to compare the values of different goods and services, and as a store of value to maintain purchasing power over time. To be considered money, an item must have six key characteristics - it must be durable, portable, divisible, uniform, have a limited supply, and be widely acceptable for transactions.
Wages and Skill Level
Wages are determined by the laws of supply and demand in the labor market. The demand for workers and their wages is set by the competition between companies needing employees, while the supply of workers depends on the number willing to work a given job for the offered compensation. A key factor in wages is the skill level required - jobs are categorized as unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled, or professional labor depending on the specialized skills and training needed, and typically require higher compensation as skill levels increase.
Other Business Structures
There are many business structures beyond sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. These "other" structures include franchises, cooperatives, and nonprofits. Franchises allow semi-independent businesses to use a parent company's brands in exchange for royalty fees. Cooperatives are businesses composed of individuals working together for shared benefits like lower costs. Nonprofits fulfill specific goals rather than seeking profits, such as advocacy, professional development, or protecting worker rights and benefits.
Multinationals and Conglomerates
There are three main types of corporate expansions discussed in the document: mergers, multinationals, and conglomerates. Mergers can be horizontal between competitors, vertical between different production stages, or form conglomerates between unrelated businesses. Conglomerates allow businesses to diversify across industries to increase profits and reduce risks. Multinationals are the world's largest corporations that operate across multiple countries, facilitating technology spread but also wielding large influence that can enable corruption.
Corporations Defined
Corporations are business structures owned by shareholders with limited liability. Shareholders own stock that represents fractional ownership of the corporation. Corporations can be closely-held, with few shareholders, or publicly-held, with thousands of shareholders trading stock frequently. A board of directors elected by shareholders makes major decisions and hires executive leaders to run daily operations. Corporations offer advantages like limited liability, transferable ownership, and access to resources for shareholders and specialization of roles and bond issuance for the business. However, corporations also face disadvantages such as difficult creation processes, extensive regulations and taxation, and limited individual control that changes over time.
Partnerships
Partnerships are business structures consisting of two or more owners who share responsibilities and profits. There are three categories of partnerships - general partnerships where all members share equal risk and reward, limited partnerships where one partner has control and others provide financial support, and limited liability partnerships where partners have limits on risks and rewards. Partnerships offer advantages like easy creation and access to more resources, but also carry disadvantages like unlimited liability for general partners and potential for conflicts between partners.
Sole Proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a business owned and operated by one individual who receives all profits and is responsible for all debts. It is the most common business structure in the US. Sole proprietorships are easy to create and dissolve but the owner faces unlimited liability and responsibility. While the owner has full control, sole proprietorships have limited resources and lack long-term security compared to other business structures.
Government Intervention in Markets
The document discusses three key roles of government in markets: anti-trust regulation, merger regulation, and deregulation. Anti-trust regulation aims to break up monopolies into smaller competitors to decrease prices. Merger regulation evaluates proposed mergers to prevent monopolies and protect consumer prices through competition. Deregulation removes obsolete or inhibitive regulations as industries evolve over time to promote economic growth and competition.
Monopolistic Competition Defined
Monopolistic competition is a market structure with multiple producers making similar but not identical products. While the goods are substitutes for each other, producers have limited control over price and must engage in non-price competition around factors like location, quality, and branding in order to differentiate their goods and attract consumers. Under monopolistic competition, multiple monopolies coexist producing differentiated goods, where consumers can choose between close substitutes.
Monopolies Defined
A monopoly is a market structure where only one producer exists for a specific good or service due to barriers to entry that prevent new producers from competing. There are two main types of monopolies: natural monopolies, which occur when a single large producer is more efficient, and governmental monopolies, which are created through regulations that intentionally or unintentionally limit competition, such as licenses, patents, and franchises.
Perfect Competition Defined
Perfect competition requires multiple participants, identical products, free information sharing, and easy market entry and exit. It is rare in practice as most markets have some level of government intervention or specialization, violating one of the key characteristics. The characteristics include many producers and consumers, commoditized goods where quality and features are identical, all participants having access to the same information on prices and availability, and easy ability for producers to start or leave production.
Price and Equilibrium
Price and equilibrium are determined by the interaction of supply and demand. At equilibrium, the quantity suppliers are willing to provide equals the quantity demanded by consumers at a price they are both willing to accept. Disequilibrium can occur if there is excess supply, when the price is too high for consumers, or excess demand, when the price is too low for suppliers. Prices then adjust until a new equilibrium is reached that balances supply and demand.
Elasticity of Demand
Elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated by finding the percentage changes in quantity and price and taking the ratio. An elasticity over 1 means demand is elastic and sensitive to price, under 1 means inelastic demand not sensitive to price, and exactly 1 means unitary elastic demand where quantity and price move proportionately. Demand for necessities tends to be inelastic while luxuries have elastic demand more impacted by price changes.
Factors Affecting Demand
The document discusses factors that can affect demand beyond just price. These factors include consumer income, expectations, population change, and tastes/trends. Changes in these non-price factors do not cause movement along the demand curve, but instead shift the entire demand curve, either to the right if demand increases or to the left if demand decreases. Examples are given for how each factor can impact demand for certain goods.
Demand Defined
Demand is defined as the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase varying quantities of a good at different price points within a given time period. The law of demand states that as the price of a good increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa. The law of demand is driven by two factors: the income effect, where consumers purchase less of a good when its price rises due to limited resources, and the substitution effect, where consumers substitute a good for similar alternatives when the initial good's price increases.
Production Costs
Production costs are made up of fixed costs, which do not change such as facility and equipment maintenance costs, and variable costs, which do change depending on production levels such as raw material and labor costs. Together, fixed and variable costs make up a producer's total costs, with fixed costs still being incurred even if production is shutdown temporarily but variable costs adjusting based on production quantity.
Marginal Product of Labor
The document defines marginal product of labor and explains its importance for producers. The marginal product of labor is the change in output from adding one more worker. There are three forms: 1) Increasing marginal returns when adding workers increases per-worker output due to specialization. 2) Diminishing marginal returns when adding more workers decreases per-worker output as they compete for limited resources. 3) Negative marginal returns when adding more workers actually decreases total output by disrupting production. Analyzing the marginal product of labor helps producers determine the optimal workforce size.
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