What do stock indexes show?
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Stock market performance can indicate the overall health of an economy. When stock values are rising collectively, it is considered a bull market, while falling stock values represent a bear market. Common stock indexes like the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 track the performance of large groups of companies to gauge national economic trends.
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Types of Economies
This document defines and compares different types of economies: market economies rely on supply and demand with minimal government interference; traditional economies prioritize traditional roles over economic growth; command economies involve centralized government planning of production and prices; and mixed economies combine private enterprise with some government regulation, like the United States system. Key economic actors like governments, consumers, and businesses determine how resources are distributed based on the system.
Bonds Defined and Catagorized
Bonds are loans given to governments or corporations. They have a par value (principal/face value), a maturity date when the principal will be repaid, and a coupon rate that is the interest paid annually. Bonds are rated based on risk from AAA (safest) to D (riskiest), with higher ratings receiving lower interest rates due to lower risk. Bonds can be resold before maturity, sometimes at a discount if interest rates have changed. Bonds benefit issuers by providing guaranteed interest payments and not imparting ownership, but also legally obligate coupon and principal payments regardless of economic conditions. Main types of bonds include savings bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, treasury bonds, and high yield "
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Mixed Economy
The document discusses different types of economic systems and the concept of a mixed economy. It explains that a capitalist economy relies on individual decisions and market forces, while a socialist economy relies on decisions made by the state through central planning. Most modern economies are mixed economies, with elements of both private enterprise and state involvement. The concept of a mixed economy emerged as a compromise between purely capitalist and socialist systems.
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Ch02 ppt
The document discusses different types of economic systems:
1. Market economies rely on private ownership and decentralized decision making driven by self interest. They have advantages like economic freedom but disadvantages like unequal distribution of wealth.
2. Command economies involve public ownership and centralized planning aimed at collective welfare. They provide collective goods but suffer from inefficiencies.
3. Mixed economies combine aspects of market and command systems. Most modern economies fall into this category.
The document also describes the transition of former communist economies toward market systems through rapid or gradual reforms.
Traditional economy
A traditional economy is a system where traditions, customs, beliefs, and inheritance determine how a society answers basic economic questions. Traditional economies are found in rural, non-developed countries and rely on subsistence farming and bartering. They prioritize maintaining traditions over progress and have a stable social structure but discourage innovation and limit improvements to standards of living.
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This document presents information about a mixed economy system. It defines a mixed economy as one with characteristics of both capitalism and socialism, allowing some private business driven by profit as well as government intervention in economic activities. It provides examples of private versus public goods and services. It also outlines features, models, examples of mixed economy countries, pros and cons, differences from capitalism and socialism, and the role of government in regulating a mixed economy.
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This presentation discusses different economic systems - capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Capitalism is based on private ownership and profit motive, while socialism involves collective or public ownership and economic planning. A mixed economy combines elements of both systems, with some industries privately owned and others publicly owned. The document provides examples of countries that follow each system and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each type.
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Types of economic systems
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Economy type and characteristics
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American revolution
The American Revolution began with protests against British taxes and control over the colonies. The First Continental Congress organized resistance efforts through economic boycotts. Armed conflict broke out at Lexington and Concord in 1775, starting the war. Key battles like Bunker Hill showed the colonists could stand up to the British. The Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776. Though the British had more resources, the colonists prevailed through resilience and the entry of France as an ally in 1778. The war ended with the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 and recognition of American independence in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
Investing and the Financial System
The financial system allows savers to provide money to borrowers through financial institutions like banks. Savers deposit money in savings accounts or invest in assets, and banks use this money to issue loans to businesses and individuals. Borrowers use the loans to make purchases or investments and pay interest to the bank. The bank then shares some of its profits with savers in the form of interest to incentivize saving. When making financial decisions, savers must consider the tradeoff between return, liquidity, and risk - higher potential returns generally come with higher risks.
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The document discusses modern banking, including measuring the money supply, functions of financial institutions, and e-banking. It defines the M1 and M2 money supplies and explains the functions of storing money, saving money, loans, mortgages, and credit cards. It also discusses interest, the role of banks in earning profits, and modern electronic banking methods like ATMs, debit cards, online banking, automatic bill pay, and stored value cards.
Uses and Characteristics of Money
Money serves three main purposes: as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade beyond bartering, as a unit of account to compare the values of different goods and services, and as a store of value to maintain purchasing power over time. To be considered money, an item must have six key characteristics - it must be durable, portable, divisible, uniform, have a limited supply, and be widely acceptable for transactions.
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Wages are determined by the laws of supply and demand in the labor market. The demand for workers and their wages is set by the competition between companies needing employees, while the supply of workers depends on the number willing to work a given job for the offered compensation. A key factor in wages is the skill level required - jobs are categorized as unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled, or professional labor depending on the specialized skills and training needed, and typically require higher compensation as skill levels increase.
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Ch02 ppt
The document discusses different types of economic systems:
1. Market economies rely on private ownership and decentralized decision making driven by self interest. They have advantages like economic freedom but disadvantages like unequal distribution of wealth.
2. Command economies involve public ownership and centralized planning aimed at collective welfare. They provide collective goods but suffer from inefficiencies.
3. Mixed economies combine aspects of market and command systems. Most modern economies fall into this category.
The document also describes the transition of former communist economies toward market systems through rapid or gradual reforms.
Traditional economy
A traditional economy is a system where traditions, customs, beliefs, and inheritance determine how a society answers basic economic questions. Traditional economies are found in rural, non-developed countries and rely on subsistence farming and bartering. They prioritize maintaining traditions over progress and have a stable social structure but discourage innovation and limit improvements to standards of living.
The choice of an economic system
It's all about The choice of an economic system. You can see the types of economy. (Traditional, Market,Command and Mixed Economy)
Mixed Economy [ECO101]
This document presents information about a mixed economy system. It defines a mixed economy as one with characteristics of both capitalism and socialism, allowing some private business driven by profit as well as government intervention in economic activities. It provides examples of private versus public goods and services. It also outlines features, models, examples of mixed economy countries, pros and cons, differences from capitalism and socialism, and the role of government in regulating a mixed economy.
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A traditional economy is a system where traditions, customs, beliefs, and inheritance determine how a society answers basic economic questions about what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it. Traditional economies are typically found in rural, non-developed areas and rely on customs and subsistence farming rather than modern technology. Economic activities focus on family or ethnic units, with little surplus produced beyond what is needed for basic survival.
Command economy?Planned Economy
A command economy is an economic system where a central authority controls and plans major economic decisions rather than market forces. Key characteristics include government ownership of major resources and means of production, as well as economic problems being solved through central planning rather than demand and supply. While command economies can develop a country initially, growth slows over time due to inefficiencies from lack of competition, innovation, and inability to accurately satisfy consumer demand. Many countries have transitioned to more market-based mixed economies as a result.
Mixed economy
Most countries have a mixed economy that lies between the extremes of a pure command economy and a pure market economy. A mixed economy combines elements of governmental intervention and private enterprise to avoid the potential downsides of both pure systems. While a command economy could exploit workers and favor the rich, and a market economy could allow unsafe products and unchecked prices, most countries aim to achieve a balance through a mixed approach.
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This presentation discusses different economic systems - capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Capitalism is based on private ownership and profit motive, while socialism involves collective or public ownership and economic planning. A mixed economy combines elements of both systems, with some industries privately owned and others publicly owned. The document provides examples of countries that follow each system and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each type.
Mixed economy
The document provides an overview of a mixed economy, which combines elements of a market economy and planned economy. A mixed economy allows for private business and economic freedoms, but the government also regulates businesses and the economy through taxation and public services. It describes how the private sector and public sector benefit each other through taxation that funds infrastructure like roads, which private entities then construct. Examples of mixed economies include the U.S., U.K., and other developed nations. It concludes by listing some key elements of a mixed economy, such as private ownership and participation in managerial decisions.
The role of government in a market economy
The document summarizes key characteristics of a market economy, including private property rights, free enterprise with low barriers to entry, self-interest as the main motivator, competition among buyers and sellers, and supply and demand determining prices. It also discusses the appropriate role of government in a market economy, such as providing legal protections, public goods, addressing market failures, maintaining competition, redistributing income, and stabilizing the economy.
role of government
This document discusses the changing role of governments in economies over time from the 16th century to the present. It notes that governments initially played a large role in economies, which declined with the rise of laissez-faire ideology in the 18th-19th centuries. However, the failures of laissez-faire led to an increased government role in the 20th century to address issues like inequality, externalities, and economic stability. The document concludes that modern mixed economies involve both regulatory and promotional roles for governments, including market interventions to correct failures, providing infrastructure and incentives to stimulate the private sector.
Characteristics of economic systems
A market economy is characterized by private ownership of resources, economic decisions made by individuals competing for profits, and supply and demand determining prices. Command economies have central government planning and allocation of resources with little individual freedom and competition. Traditional economies rely on customs to guide family- and ethnic group-centered economic activities like farming and gathering. Mixed economies involve shared decision-making between government and individuals, with government regulation and private ownership of production.
Types of economic systems
The document outlines three main economic models - traditional, market, and command - and discusses their approaches to answering the three economic questions of what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it. It then examines the mixed economic systems of capitalism, democratic socialism, and authoritarian socialism in more depth, detailing their key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Factors Affecting Demand
The document discusses factors that can affect demand beyond just price. These factors include consumer income, expectations, population change, and tastes/trends. Changes in these non-price factors do not cause movement along the demand curve, but instead shift the entire demand curve, either to the right if demand increases or to the left if demand decreases. Examples are given for how each factor can impact demand for certain goods.
Types of economic systems
The document discusses different types of economic systems, including pure market economies, pure command economies, traditional economies, and mixed economies. It describes the key characteristics of each type of economy, such as how economic decisions are made regarding what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives the goods and services. The document also briefly covers different political philosophies like capitalism, socialism, and communism that influence economic systems.
Economy type and characteristics
This document discusses different types of economic systems. It defines a traditional economy as one based on customs and traditions where resources are owned by a sovereign. A market economy is based on individual choices where private firms produce for profit. A centrally planned economy gives the government control over production and distribution. A mixed economy incorporates aspects of market and planned systems, with both government and private sectors.
Capitalism, socialism & mixed economy
An economic system is the mechanism by which a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services. The main types of economic systems are capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Capitalism is based on private ownership and market forces, while socialism involves public or collective ownership and economic planning. Most modern economies are mixed, combining elements of both capitalism and socialism.
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American revolution
The American Revolution began with protests against British taxes and control over the colonies. The First Continental Congress organized resistance efforts through economic boycotts. Armed conflict broke out at Lexington and Concord in 1775, starting the war. Key battles like Bunker Hill showed the colonists could stand up to the British. The Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776. Though the British had more resources, the colonists prevailed through resilience and the entry of France as an ally in 1778. The war ended with the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 and recognition of American independence in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
Investing and the Financial System
The financial system allows savers to provide money to borrowers through financial institutions like banks. Savers deposit money in savings accounts or invest in assets, and banks use this money to issue loans to businesses and individuals. Borrowers use the loans to make purchases or investments and pay interest to the bank. The bank then shares some of its profits with savers in the form of interest to incentivize saving. When making financial decisions, savers must consider the tradeoff between return, liquidity, and risk - higher potential returns generally come with higher risks.
Forms and Functions of Modern Banking
The document discusses modern banking, including measuring the money supply, functions of financial institutions, and e-banking. It defines the M1 and M2 money supplies and explains the functions of storing money, saving money, loans, mortgages, and credit cards. It also discusses interest, the role of banks in earning profits, and modern electronic banking methods like ATMs, debit cards, online banking, automatic bill pay, and stored value cards.
Uses and Characteristics of Money
Money serves three main purposes: as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade beyond bartering, as a unit of account to compare the values of different goods and services, and as a store of value to maintain purchasing power over time. To be considered money, an item must have six key characteristics - it must be durable, portable, divisible, uniform, have a limited supply, and be widely acceptable for transactions.
Wages and Skill Level
Wages are determined by the laws of supply and demand in the labor market. The demand for workers and their wages is set by the competition between companies needing employees, while the supply of workers depends on the number willing to work a given job for the offered compensation. A key factor in wages is the skill level required - jobs are categorized as unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled, or professional labor depending on the specialized skills and training needed, and typically require higher compensation as skill levels increase.
Other Business Structures
There are many business structures beyond sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. These "other" structures include franchises, cooperatives, and nonprofits. Franchises allow semi-independent businesses to use a parent company's brands in exchange for royalty fees. Cooperatives are businesses composed of individuals working together for shared benefits like lower costs. Nonprofits fulfill specific goals rather than seeking profits, such as advocacy, professional development, or protecting worker rights and benefits.
Multinationals and Conglomerates
There are three main types of corporate expansions discussed in the document: mergers, multinationals, and conglomerates. Mergers can be horizontal between competitors, vertical between different production stages, or form conglomerates between unrelated businesses. Conglomerates allow businesses to diversify across industries to increase profits and reduce risks. Multinationals are the world's largest corporations that operate across multiple countries, facilitating technology spread but also wielding large influence that can enable corruption.
Corporations Defined
Corporations are business structures owned by shareholders with limited liability. Shareholders own stock that represents fractional ownership of the corporation. Corporations can be closely-held, with few shareholders, or publicly-held, with thousands of shareholders trading stock frequently. A board of directors elected by shareholders makes major decisions and hires executive leaders to run daily operations. Corporations offer advantages like limited liability, transferable ownership, and access to resources for shareholders and specialization of roles and bond issuance for the business. However, corporations also face disadvantages such as difficult creation processes, extensive regulations and taxation, and limited individual control that changes over time.
Partnerships
Partnerships are business structures consisting of two or more owners who share responsibilities and profits. There are three categories of partnerships - general partnerships where all members share equal risk and reward, limited partnerships where one partner has control and others provide financial support, and limited liability partnerships where partners have limits on risks and rewards. Partnerships offer advantages like easy creation and access to more resources, but also carry disadvantages like unlimited liability for general partners and potential for conflicts between partners.
Sole Proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a business owned and operated by one individual who receives all profits and is responsible for all debts. It is the most common business structure in the US. Sole proprietorships are easy to create and dissolve but the owner faces unlimited liability and responsibility. While the owner has full control, sole proprietorships have limited resources and lack long-term security compared to other business structures.
Government Intervention in Markets
The document discusses three key roles of government in markets: anti-trust regulation, merger regulation, and deregulation. Anti-trust regulation aims to break up monopolies into smaller competitors to decrease prices. Merger regulation evaluates proposed mergers to prevent monopolies and protect consumer prices through competition. Deregulation removes obsolete or inhibitive regulations as industries evolve over time to promote economic growth and competition.
Monopolistic Competition Defined
Monopolistic competition is a market structure with multiple producers making similar but not identical products. While the goods are substitutes for each other, producers have limited control over price and must engage in non-price competition around factors like location, quality, and branding in order to differentiate their goods and attract consumers. Under monopolistic competition, multiple monopolies coexist producing differentiated goods, where consumers can choose between close substitutes.
Monopolies Defined
A monopoly is a market structure where only one producer exists for a specific good or service due to barriers to entry that prevent new producers from competing. There are two main types of monopolies: natural monopolies, which occur when a single large producer is more efficient, and governmental monopolies, which are created through regulations that intentionally or unintentionally limit competition, such as licenses, patents, and franchises.
Perfect Competition Defined
Perfect competition requires multiple participants, identical products, free information sharing, and easy market entry and exit. It is rare in practice as most markets have some level of government intervention or specialization, violating one of the key characteristics. The characteristics include many producers and consumers, commoditized goods where quality and features are identical, all participants having access to the same information on prices and availability, and easy ability for producers to start or leave production.
Price and Equilibrium
Price and equilibrium are determined by the interaction of supply and demand. At equilibrium, the quantity suppliers are willing to provide equals the quantity demanded by consumers at a price they are both willing to accept. Disequilibrium can occur if there is excess supply, when the price is too high for consumers, or excess demand, when the price is too low for suppliers. Prices then adjust until a new equilibrium is reached that balances supply and demand.
Elasticity of Demand
Elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated by finding the percentage changes in quantity and price and taking the ratio. An elasticity over 1 means demand is elastic and sensitive to price, under 1 means inelastic demand not sensitive to price, and exactly 1 means unitary elastic demand where quantity and price move proportionately. Demand for necessities tends to be inelastic while luxuries have elastic demand more impacted by price changes.
Demand Defined
Demand is defined as the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase varying quantities of a good at different price points within a given time period. The law of demand states that as the price of a good increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa. The law of demand is driven by two factors: the income effect, where consumers purchase less of a good when its price rises due to limited resources, and the substitution effect, where consumers substitute a good for similar alternatives when the initial good's price increases.
Production Costs
Production costs are made up of fixed costs, which do not change such as facility and equipment maintenance costs, and variable costs, which do change depending on production levels such as raw material and labor costs. Together, fixed and variable costs make up a producer's total costs, with fixed costs still being incurred even if production is shutdown temporarily but variable costs adjusting based on production quantity.
Marginal Product of Labor
The document defines marginal product of labor and explains its importance for producers. The marginal product of labor is the change in output from adding one more worker. There are three forms: 1) Increasing marginal returns when adding workers increases per-worker output due to specialization. 2) Diminishing marginal returns when adding more workers decreases per-worker output as they compete for limited resources. 3) Negative marginal returns when adding more workers actually decreases total output by disrupting production. Analyzing the marginal product of labor helps producers determine the optimal workforce size.
Elasticity of Supply
Elasticity of supply measures how responsive the quantity supplied is to changes in price. It can be elastic, inelastic, or unitary elastic. Elasticity is calculated by taking the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price. If the result is greater than 1, supply is elastic. If it is less than 1, supply is inelastic. If it is exactly 1, supply is unitary elastic. Elastic supply responds strongly to price changes in the long run, while inelastic supply is not very sensitive to price changes in the short run. Unitary elastic supply means quantity and price move proportionately.
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https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
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