Osmosis and reverse osmosis are processes involving the movement of solvent molecules across a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis occurs naturally from an area of lower solute concentration to higher concentration. Reverse osmosis applies pressure to overcome this, forcing solvent from the higher concentration side to the lower side. It is used in water purification to remove salts and other contaminants, making the water potable. The document provides detailed explanations, examples, and diagrams of both processes.
Osmosis is the passive movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. It does not require energy. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. It can occur in solids, liquids and gases and does not require a membrane. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. Osmosis influences plant and animal cell structure and functions like nutrient transport and waste removal.
Osmosis role in Animal cell describe the nature of cells in different solutions such as Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic medium cells become become Plasmolysed, Turgid and No change respectively.
This document provides an overview of plasmolysis and osmosis in plant cells. It defines plasmolysis as when plant cells lose water and shrink away from their cell walls after being placed in a hypertonic solution. Osmosis, which is responsible for plasmolysis, is the movement of water across membranes from areas of higher water concentration to lower concentration. The document describes different types of plasmolysis (concave, convex) and explains how solutions can be hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic relative to plant cells. It also distinguishes osmosis, the movement of water, from diffusion, the movement of molecules.
1. The document discusses various processes related to water movement in plants, including absorption, transpiration, and ascent of sap.
2. Key processes discussed include osmosis, which drives the absorption of water from the soil into root cells, and transpiration pull, where water lost through the stomata of leaves creates tension that pulls water up the stem.
3. The document examines several theories to explain the ascent of sap, with emphasis on the cohesion-tension theory where water forms a continuous column through the xylem and adhesion between water molecules allows them to be pulled upward against gravity.
This document provides an overview of diffusion and osmosis in plants. It defines diffusion as the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, which can occur actively through external energy or passively without energy. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. The document outlines the factors that affect diffusion and osmosis rates, the different types of osmosis, and the importance of these processes for water and mineral absorption and transport in plants. Measurement techniques for water potential and status are also discussed.
This document summarizes plasma membrane structure and function, including the different mechanisms by which molecules move across the membrane. It discusses passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, as well as facilitated transport and active transport which use carrier proteins. It also describes how cells are affected by isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, and how large molecules cross the membrane via bulk transport methods like endocytosis and exocytosis.
This document discusses key concepts about cell membranes and transport. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable and regulate movement of molecules in and out of cells. Small molecules can pass through via diffusion down their concentration gradient, while larger molecules require channel proteins. Water transport occurs via osmosis. The direction of osmosis depends on the solution concentrations inside and outside the cell. Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient.
Osmosis is the passive movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. It does not require energy. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. It can occur in solids, liquids and gases and does not require a membrane. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. Osmosis influences plant and animal cell structure and functions like nutrient transport and waste removal.
Osmosis role in Animal cell describe the nature of cells in different solutions such as Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic medium cells become become Plasmolysed, Turgid and No change respectively.
This document provides an overview of plasmolysis and osmosis in plant cells. It defines plasmolysis as when plant cells lose water and shrink away from their cell walls after being placed in a hypertonic solution. Osmosis, which is responsible for plasmolysis, is the movement of water across membranes from areas of higher water concentration to lower concentration. The document describes different types of plasmolysis (concave, convex) and explains how solutions can be hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic relative to plant cells. It also distinguishes osmosis, the movement of water, from diffusion, the movement of molecules.
1. The document discusses various processes related to water movement in plants, including absorption, transpiration, and ascent of sap.
2. Key processes discussed include osmosis, which drives the absorption of water from the soil into root cells, and transpiration pull, where water lost through the stomata of leaves creates tension that pulls water up the stem.
3. The document examines several theories to explain the ascent of sap, with emphasis on the cohesion-tension theory where water forms a continuous column through the xylem and adhesion between water molecules allows them to be pulled upward against gravity.
This document provides an overview of diffusion and osmosis in plants. It defines diffusion as the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, which can occur actively through external energy or passively without energy. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. The document outlines the factors that affect diffusion and osmosis rates, the different types of osmosis, and the importance of these processes for water and mineral absorption and transport in plants. Measurement techniques for water potential and status are also discussed.
This document summarizes plasma membrane structure and function, including the different mechanisms by which molecules move across the membrane. It discusses passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, as well as facilitated transport and active transport which use carrier proteins. It also describes how cells are affected by isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, and how large molecules cross the membrane via bulk transport methods like endocytosis and exocytosis.
This document discusses key concepts about cell membranes and transport. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable and regulate movement of molecules in and out of cells. Small molecules can pass through via diffusion down their concentration gradient, while larger molecules require channel proteins. Water transport occurs via osmosis. The direction of osmosis depends on the solution concentrations inside and outside the cell. Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient.
Diffusion and osmosis are important concepts for cell membranes and biological systems. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium occurs when there is no net movement of molecules. Osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs across semi-permeable membranes, allowing certain molecules like water to pass through. Osmosis regulates water transport and turgor pressure in cells and is essential for cellular functions.
This document provides information about plant water relations and the absorption of water by plant roots. It discusses that water is essential for plant life and is absorbed by root hairs from the soil. Root hairs enter the spaces between soil particles and absorb water through a process of osmosis, facilitated by their selectively permeable cell membranes. Water then moves through the plant, powering processes like photosynthesis and supporting plant structure through turgor pressure in cells.
This document discusses diffusion and osmosis in cells. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium occurs when there is no net movement of particles across a space or boundary. Osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs across a semi-permeable membrane, allowing only certain molecules like water to pass through. Osmosis regulates water transport and turgor pressure in cells, maintaining homeostasis. It is an important process that occurs in human cells through diffusion and is utilized in applications like desalination and water purification.
The document discusses various types of passive transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane according to the water concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to assist with the movement of molecules that cannot freely diffuse through the cell membrane. Ion channels also use protein channels to regulate the passage of ions across the membrane.
Cell physiology involves the processes and functions that occur within cells. There are two main types of cell transport: passive transport which does not require energy and occurs down a concentration gradient, and active transport which uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Osmosis is a type of passive transport where water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration.
Osmosis and Transport across the membrane.pptxMUHAMMAD AKRAM
This document discusses osmosis and transport across membranes. It defines osmosis as the process by which water molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration. There are different types of osmosis including endosmosis, exosmosis, and reverse osmosis. Transport across membranes can occur through passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, or active transport which requires energy. Osmosis and transport are important biological processes that allow for nutrient intake, waste removal, and homeostasis in living cells and organisms.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. Cell membranes allow water to pass through but not larger molecules like sugars. This process is important for plants to absorb water and minerals. In this experiment, carrot tissue will be placed in solutions of varying strengths and weighed to measure how much water enters through osmosis.
This document summarizes different types of cellular transport mechanisms. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis which move molecules from high to low concentration without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. Bulk transport involves cells engulfing large particles or liquids through phagocytosis and pinocytosis respectively. The document also discusses how cells are affected by their surrounding environment, undergoing cytolysis in hypotonic solutions, plasmolysis in hypertonic solutions, and maintaining their shape in isotonic solutions.
This experiment tested the effect of osmosis on red onion cells using solutions of varying concentrations. It was hypothesized that onion cells in distilled water would absorb water and increase in size, those in sugar water would lose water and decrease in size, and those in salt water would remain the same size. Slices of onion were placed in distilled water, 20% sugar water, and salt water for 10 minutes. Observations found that onion cells in distilled water absorbed water and bulged out, those in sugar water shriveled and collapsed, and those in salt water showed no visible change, supporting the hypotheses. The results demonstrated the process of osmosis across cell membranes.
Types of movement across the cell membraneDepEd Ungos
There are three main types of movement across cell membranes: passive transport, which does not require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion; endocytosis and exocytosis, which allow materials to enter and exit cells through membrane vesicles; and active transport, which uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Whether water moves into or out of a cell depends on if the external solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic relative to the cell.
Chapter 2.2 Diffusion, osmosis and imbibition.pptxShakti473611
The document discusses various concepts related to diffusion, imbibition, and osmosis. It defines key terms like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressure, Henry's law, Graham's law, vapour pressure, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, imbibition, endosmosis, exosmosis, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, isotonic solution, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, and wall pressure. It also discusses the significance and practical demonstration of these concepts, as well as reverse osmosis.
Movement in and out of cells occurs through diffusion or active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower water potential. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Cell membranes are partially permeable and control movement in and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
Types of movement across the cell membraneNafeesa Naeem
There are three main types of passive transport across cell membranes: osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential. Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion allows the passage of larger molecules across membranes through transport proteins.
This is an up to date study material for UG & PG students. It describes about Crop-water relationship; absorption; transpiration; stomatal physiology; theories of water uptake; diffusion; osmosis; nutrient uptake mechanism
Imbibition is the absorption of water by solid particles of an adsorbent without forming a solution. It is caused by a water potential gradient between the imbibant and liquid, and an attractive force between them. As the imbibant absorbs water, its volume increases. Imbibition pressure develops due to this volume increase in a confined space. Imbibition plays roles in seed germination, root and cell water absorption, and sap ascent in plants.
The document discusses various processes involved in the absorption and transport of water and minerals in plants. It explains that roots have root hairs and branched structures that help absorb water and minerals from the soil through processes like imbibition, diffusion, and osmosis. The absorbed water and minerals are then transported long distances through vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards through a process called ascent of sap driven by root pressure, capillary action, adhesion and transpirational pull. Phloem transports organic compounds like food downwards, with descent of sap aided by gravity.
This document provides an overview of active and passive transport mechanisms in cells. It defines active transport as movement against a concentration gradient requiring energy, and defines types of active transport including primary and secondary. It then discusses endocytosis and exocytosis, the processes by which cells take in and release substances. It also defines different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and provides examples of each.
Osmosis is the natural movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration to balance solutes on either side of the membrane. This process allows for transport of nutrients and waste in and out of cells and is vital for cellular function and maintaining electrolyte balance in the body. Osmosis also has practical applications like water filtration, food preservation by removing excess water, and desalination of seawater as freshwater resources become limited.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Diffusion and osmosis are important concepts for cell membranes and biological systems. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium occurs when there is no net movement of molecules. Osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs across semi-permeable membranes, allowing certain molecules like water to pass through. Osmosis regulates water transport and turgor pressure in cells and is essential for cellular functions.
This document provides information about plant water relations and the absorption of water by plant roots. It discusses that water is essential for plant life and is absorbed by root hairs from the soil. Root hairs enter the spaces between soil particles and absorb water through a process of osmosis, facilitated by their selectively permeable cell membranes. Water then moves through the plant, powering processes like photosynthesis and supporting plant structure through turgor pressure in cells.
This document discusses diffusion and osmosis in cells. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium occurs when there is no net movement of particles across a space or boundary. Osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs across a semi-permeable membrane, allowing only certain molecules like water to pass through. Osmosis regulates water transport and turgor pressure in cells, maintaining homeostasis. It is an important process that occurs in human cells through diffusion and is utilized in applications like desalination and water purification.
The document discusses various types of passive transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane according to the water concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to assist with the movement of molecules that cannot freely diffuse through the cell membrane. Ion channels also use protein channels to regulate the passage of ions across the membrane.
Cell physiology involves the processes and functions that occur within cells. There are two main types of cell transport: passive transport which does not require energy and occurs down a concentration gradient, and active transport which uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Osmosis is a type of passive transport where water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration.
Osmosis and Transport across the membrane.pptxMUHAMMAD AKRAM
This document discusses osmosis and transport across membranes. It defines osmosis as the process by which water molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration. There are different types of osmosis including endosmosis, exosmosis, and reverse osmosis. Transport across membranes can occur through passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, or active transport which requires energy. Osmosis and transport are important biological processes that allow for nutrient intake, waste removal, and homeostasis in living cells and organisms.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. Cell membranes allow water to pass through but not larger molecules like sugars. This process is important for plants to absorb water and minerals. In this experiment, carrot tissue will be placed in solutions of varying strengths and weighed to measure how much water enters through osmosis.
This document summarizes different types of cellular transport mechanisms. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis which move molecules from high to low concentration without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. Bulk transport involves cells engulfing large particles or liquids through phagocytosis and pinocytosis respectively. The document also discusses how cells are affected by their surrounding environment, undergoing cytolysis in hypotonic solutions, plasmolysis in hypertonic solutions, and maintaining their shape in isotonic solutions.
This experiment tested the effect of osmosis on red onion cells using solutions of varying concentrations. It was hypothesized that onion cells in distilled water would absorb water and increase in size, those in sugar water would lose water and decrease in size, and those in salt water would remain the same size. Slices of onion were placed in distilled water, 20% sugar water, and salt water for 10 minutes. Observations found that onion cells in distilled water absorbed water and bulged out, those in sugar water shriveled and collapsed, and those in salt water showed no visible change, supporting the hypotheses. The results demonstrated the process of osmosis across cell membranes.
Types of movement across the cell membraneDepEd Ungos
There are three main types of movement across cell membranes: passive transport, which does not require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion; endocytosis and exocytosis, which allow materials to enter and exit cells through membrane vesicles; and active transport, which uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Whether water moves into or out of a cell depends on if the external solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic relative to the cell.
Chapter 2.2 Diffusion, osmosis and imbibition.pptxShakti473611
The document discusses various concepts related to diffusion, imbibition, and osmosis. It defines key terms like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressure, Henry's law, Graham's law, vapour pressure, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, imbibition, endosmosis, exosmosis, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, isotonic solution, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, and wall pressure. It also discusses the significance and practical demonstration of these concepts, as well as reverse osmosis.
Movement in and out of cells occurs through diffusion or active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower water potential. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Cell membranes are partially permeable and control movement in and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
Types of movement across the cell membraneNafeesa Naeem
There are three main types of passive transport across cell membranes: osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential. Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion allows the passage of larger molecules across membranes through transport proteins.
This is an up to date study material for UG & PG students. It describes about Crop-water relationship; absorption; transpiration; stomatal physiology; theories of water uptake; diffusion; osmosis; nutrient uptake mechanism
Imbibition is the absorption of water by solid particles of an adsorbent without forming a solution. It is caused by a water potential gradient between the imbibant and liquid, and an attractive force between them. As the imbibant absorbs water, its volume increases. Imbibition pressure develops due to this volume increase in a confined space. Imbibition plays roles in seed germination, root and cell water absorption, and sap ascent in plants.
The document discusses various processes involved in the absorption and transport of water and minerals in plants. It explains that roots have root hairs and branched structures that help absorb water and minerals from the soil through processes like imbibition, diffusion, and osmosis. The absorbed water and minerals are then transported long distances through vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards through a process called ascent of sap driven by root pressure, capillary action, adhesion and transpirational pull. Phloem transports organic compounds like food downwards, with descent of sap aided by gravity.
This document provides an overview of active and passive transport mechanisms in cells. It defines active transport as movement against a concentration gradient requiring energy, and defines types of active transport including primary and secondary. It then discusses endocytosis and exocytosis, the processes by which cells take in and release substances. It also defines different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and provides examples of each.
Osmosis is the natural movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration to balance solutes on either side of the membrane. This process allows for transport of nutrients and waste in and out of cells and is vital for cellular function and maintaining electrolyte balance in the body. Osmosis also has practical applications like water filtration, food preservation by removing excess water, and desalination of seawater as freshwater resources become limited.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
1. Osmosis
“Osmosis is a process by which the molecules of a solvent pass from a solution
of low concentration to a solution of high concentration through a semi-
permeable membrane.”
Table of Contents
Explanation
Solutions
Types
Effects
Osmotic Pressure
Significance
Examples
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is a passive process and happens without any expenditure of energy. It
involves the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower
concentration until the concentrations become equal on either side of the membrane.
Any solvent can undergo the process of osmosis including gases and supercritical
liquids.
Let us have a detailed look at the different types and effects of osmosis in detail.
Osmotic Solutions
Isotonic Solution
There are three different types of solutions:
Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
2. An isotonic solution is one that has the same concentration of solutes both inside and
outside the cell.
A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration outside the cell
than inside.
A hypotonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration inside the cell than
outside.
Types of Osmosis
Osmosis is of two types:
Endosmosis– When a substance is placed in a hypotonic solution, the solvent
molecules move inside the cell and the cell becomes turgid or undergoes
deplasmolysis. This is known as endosmosis.
Exosmosis– When a substance is placed in a hypertonic solution, the solvent
molecules move outside the cell and the cell becomes flaccid or undergoes
plasmolysis. This is known as exosmosis.
Also Read: Difference between endosmosis and exosmosis
Effect of Osmosis on Cells
Osmosis affects the cells differently. An animal cell will lyse when placed in a hypotonic
solution compared to a plant cell. The plant cell has thick walls and requires more water.
The cells will not burst when placed in a hypotonic solution. In fact, a hypotonic solution
is ideal for a plant cell.
An animal cell survives only in an isotonic solution. In an isotonic solution, the plant cells
are no longer turgid and the leaves of the plant droop.
The osmotic flow can be stopped or reversed, also called reverse osmosis, by exerting
an external pressure to the sides of the solute. The minimum pressure required to stop
the solvent transfer is called the osmotic pressure.
Osmotic Pressure
3. Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop water from diffusing through a
membrane by osmosis. It is determined by the concentration of the solute. Water
diffuses into the area of higher concentration from the area of lower concentration.
When the concentration of the substances in the two areas in contact is different, the
substances will diffuse until the concentration is uniform throughout.
Osmotic pressure can be calculated using the equation:
Π=MRT
where Π denotes the osmotic pressure,
M is the molar concentration of the solute,
R is the gas constant,
T is the temperature
Significance of Osmosis
Osmosis influences the transport of nutrients and the release of metabolic waste products.
4. It is responsible for the absorption of water from the soil and conducting it to the
upper parts of the plant through the xylem.
It stabilizes the internal environment of a living organism by maintaining the
balance between water and intercellular fluid levels.
It maintains the turgidity of cells.
It is a process by which plants maintain their water content despite the constant
water loss due to transpiration.
This process controls the cell to cell diffusion of water.
Osmosis induces cell turgor which regulates the movement of plants and plant
parts.
Osmosis also controls the dehiscence of fruits and sporangia.
Higher osmotic pressure protects the plants against drought injury.
Also Refer: Passive Transport
Examples of Osmosis
Osmosis has a significant role to play in plants, animals and also in humans. In
an animal cell, osmosis helps in absorbing water from the intestines to the blood.
Listed below are more examples of Osmosis.
The absorption of water from the soil is due to osmosis. The plant roots have a
higher concentration than the soil. Therefore, the water flows into the roots.
The guard cells of the plants are also affected by osmosis. When the plant cells
are filled with water, the guard cells swell up, and the stomata open.
If a freshwater or saltwater fish is placed in the water with different salt
concentrations, the fish dies due to the entry or exit of water in the cells of the
fish.
Humans suffering from cholera are also affected by osmosis. The bacteria that
overpopulate the intestines reverse the flow of absorption and do not allow water
to be absorbed by the intestines, which results in dehydration.
5. When the fingers are placed in water for a longer period of time, they become
pruney due to the flow of water inside the cells.
Also Read: Reverse Osmosis
For more information on osmosis, its definition, types, effects and osmotic pressure,
keep visiting BYJU’S Biology website or download the BYJU’S app for further reference.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1
How do you define osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of solvent from a region of lower solute concentration to a
region of higher solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Q2
What are the three types of osmotic conditions that affect living cells?
The three types of osmotic conditions include- hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic.
Q3
What are the different types of osmosis?
The different types of osmosis include:
1. Endosmosis- when a substance is placed in a hypotonic solution, the solvent molecules
move inside the cell and the cell becomes rigid.
2. Exosmosis-when a substance is placed in a hypertonic solution, the solvent molecules move
out of the cell and the cell becomes flaccid.
Q4
Why is osmosis important for the cells?
Osmosis is important for the cells for many reasons. It helps in the movement of
important materials inside and out of the cell. The nutrients, water and other solutes
move in and out of the cell by the process of osmosis.
Q5
6. How is osmosis different from diffusion?
Osmosis is a process of movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane
from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. On the
contrary, diffusion does not require a semi-permeable membrane to occur and the
molecules move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Q6
Do dead cells exhibit osmosis?
Yes, dead cells also exhibit osmosis. If a dead cell is placed under a hypotonic solution, water
moves inside the cell and it bulges.
Q7
What is the main function of osmosis?
Osmosis helps in stabilizing the internal environment of the organism by balancing the
levels of water and intracellular fluids. Also, the nutrients and minerals enter the cell by
osmosis which is necessary for the survival of cells.
Q8
What is forward osmosis?
Forward osmosis is a natural phenomenon that occurs around us on a daily basis. It is
the type of osmosis that uses a semi-permeable membrane in the separation of water
from dissolved solutes. This type of osmosis is widely used in wastewater treatment,
osmotic power generation, etc.
Q9
List of some examples of osmosis.
The real-life examples of osmosis are:
1. Feeling thirsty after having salty food.
2. Dialysis of kidney in the excretory system.
3. Swelling of resins and other seeds when they are soaked in water.
4. Movement of salt-water in the animal cell across our cell membrane.
5. Movement of water and minerals from root nodules to various parts of plants.
7. Q10
What are the factors affecting the rate of Osmosis?
The factors affecting the rate of osmosis include:
1. Pressure.
2. Temperature.
3. Surface Area.
4. Water Potential.
5. Concentration gradient.
Q11
What is Osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure is defined as the minimum pressure applied to a solution to stop the
flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure
of a solution is proportional to the molar concentration of the solute particles in the
solution.
π = iCRT is the formula used for finding the osmotic pressure of a given solution.
Q12
What is a semipermeable membrane?
The semipermeable membrane is a biological membrane, which functions by permitting
the movements of certain molecules or ions to pass through it.
Q13
What is reverse osmosis?
Reverse osmosis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the opposite direction of the
natural osmosis. This type of osmosis is used for removing the majority of contaminants
from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.
Q14
What is the significance of osmosis?
The biological importance of osmosis includes:
8. 1. It is essential for the survival of a cell.
2. Osmosis plays a key role during the germination of seeds.
3. Involved in the movement of water molecules between the cell and cell organelles.
4. In plants, it is involved in the movement of water molecules from the soil into the root
nodules.
5. The mechanism of stomata is mainly because of the response to the osmotic pressure of the
guard cells in relation to the epidermal cell
Newdata
What is Reverse Osmosis?
The process of movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the
solution to the pure solvent by applying excess pressure on the solution side is
called reverse osmosis.
Reverse osmosis is a membrane treatment process primarily used to separate
dissolved solutes from water. Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in
drinking water purification, particularly with regard to removing salt and other effluent
materials from water molecules.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis Principle
Reverse Osmosis Process
Experiment of reverse osmosis
Advantages of Reverse Osmosis
Disadvantages of Reverse Osmosis
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
Introduction to Reverse Osmosis
9. Reverse osmosis is one of the oldest and most popular separation techniques used
mainly for the purification of water. The process was mainly adopted for the
desalination of seawater in the year 1950 when the whole process was relatively slow
and limited to certain laboratories. However, after a lot of research and advancements
in technology, there were significant developments, especially in the field
of polymers and the production of efficient membranes.
Today, this technique is extensively used by many around the world to purify water for
industrial, residential, commercial and scientific purposes. While reverse osmosis
technology is one of humanity’s important scientific innovations we will develop a basic
understanding of the whole process here on this page.
Reverse Osmosis Principle
To break down the process further, due to the presence of a membrane, large
molecules of the solute are not able to cross through it and they remain on the
pressurised side. The pure solvent, on the other hand, is allowed to pass through the
membrane. When this happens the molecules of the solute start becoming concentrated
on one side while the other side of the membrane becomes dilute. Furthermore, the
levels of solutions also change to some degree.
In essence, reverse osmosis takes place when the solvent passes through the
membrane against the concentration gradient. It basically moves from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration.
Reverse Osmosis Process
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure required to stop solvent flow through the
semipermeable membrane. Therefore, when the solution side (the side where the solute
concentration is high) is subjected to a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure, the
solvent particles on the solution side move through the semipermeable membrane to
the region where the solute concentration is low. Such inverse solvent movement
through the semipermeable membrane is called reverse osmosis.
It is important to note that the pressure applied to the solution side must be higher than
the osmotic pressure for the reverse osmosis process to proceed. Osmotic pressure is a
colligative property, which depends on the concentration of the solution. In water
10. purification, the reverse osmosis process is very important. Many water purifiers used
today use reverse osmosis in the purification process as one of the steps.
Experiment of Reverse Osmosis
The reverse osmosis process is explained below with the help of an experiment.
How does Reverse Osmosis work?
An easy experiment can be conducted by taking some freshwater and a concentrated
aqueous solution. The solutions should be kept on opposite sides with a semipermeable
membrane placed in between to separate the two solutions. Pressure should be applied
on the side with the concentrated solution. Now this will result in water molecules
moving through the membrane to the freshwater side. This basically sums up the
process of reverse osmosis.
Benefits of Reverse Osmosis
Some of the benefits of reverse osmosis are discussed below.
This process can be used to effectively remove many types of dissolved and suspended
chemical particles as well as biological entities (like bacteria) from the water.
This technique has a wide application in treating liquid wastes or discharges.
It is used in purifying water to prevent diseases.
It helps in desalinating seawater.
It is beneficial in the medical field.
Advantages of Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis has several advantages, including the following:
Bacteria, viruses and pyrogen materials are rejected by the intact membrane. In this respect,
RO water approaches distilled water in quality.
Available units are relatively compact and require little space. They are well suited to home
dialysis.
In average use, the membrane has a life of a little more than one to two years before
replacement is necessary.
Periodic complete sterilization of the RO system with formalin or other sterilant is practical.
11. Disadvantages of Reverse Osmosis
The disadvantages of RO systems include the following;
Cellulose acetate membranes have limited pH tolerance. They degrade at temperatures
greater than 35o
C. They are vulnerable to bacteria. They eventually hydrolyze.
Polyamide membranes are intolerant of temperatures greater than 35oC. They have poor
tolerance for free chlorine.
Thin-film composites are intolerant of chlorine. High flux polysulfones require softening or
deionization of feed water to function properly.
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
Q1
How does reverse osmosis work?
Reverse Osmosis works by using a high-pressure pump to increase the pressure on the
salt side of the RO and force the water across the semipermeable RO membrane,
leaving almost all (around 95 to 99 %) dissolved salts in the reject stream behind.
Q2
What is an example of the use of reverse osmosis?
Reverse osmosis is a means of pulling clean water out of polluted water or salt water by
pushing water through a membrane under pressure. An example of reverse osmosis is
the process by which contaminated water is filtered under pressure.
Q3
What are the disadvantages of reverse osmosis?
The drawback of RO water is that it can significantly reduce the good minerals which
can help in the overall health of the heart and muscles. Those who use reverse osmosis
as their primary source of water may suffer from side effects such as tiredness, muscle
cramps, general weakness and cardiovascular disorders in severe cases.
Q4
What are osmosis and reverse osmosis?
12. Osmosis is a process in which liquid water flows through a semipermeable membrane
from a diluted solution into a more concentrated solution. The process of movement of
solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the solution to the pure solvent by
applying excess pressure on the solution side is called reverse osmosis.
Q5
What is the principle of reverse osmosis?
Reverse osmosis ( RO) is a water purification process that removes ions, unwanted
molecules and larger particles from drinking water using a partially permeable
membrane. As a result, the solute is kept on the membrane’s pressurised side and the
pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other sid