Osi model
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The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Created at a time when network computing was in its infancy, the OSI was published in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Though it does not always map directly to specific systems, the OSI Model is still used today as a means to describe Network Architecture.
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D. Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical
1. Application Layer
topmost layer of the OSI reference model, is the application layer. This layer directly support
user applications, like software for file transfers, database access, and e-mail. It serves as a
window through which application processes can access network services.
2.Presentation Layer
It defines the format used to exchange data among networked computers. It is a network\'s
translator. When dissimilar systems want to communicate, certain translation and byte reordering
is done. It translates data from the format from the application layer into a recognized format. At
the receiving computer, this layer translates intermediary format into format that can be useful to
that computer\'s application layer.
3. Session Layer
It allows two applications on different computers to open, use, and close a connection called a
session. It performs name-recognition and other functions, such as security, that are needed to
allow two applications to communicate over the network.
4. Transport Layer
It provides an additional connection level beneath the session layer. It ensures that packets are
delivered error free, in sequence, and without losses or duplications. At the sending computer,
this layer repackages messages, dividing long messages into several packets and collecting small
packets together in one package. T
5. Network Layer
It is responsible for addressing messages and translating logical addresses and names into
physical addresses. This layer also determines the route from the source to the destination
computer. It determines which path the data should take based on network conditions
6. Data-Link Layer
It sends data frames from the network layer to the physical layer. It controls the electrical
impulses that enter and leave the network cable. On the receiving end, the data-link layer
packages raw bits from the physical layer into data frames.
7. Physical Layer
This layer transmits the unstructured, raw bit stream over a physical medium (such as the
network cable). The physical layer is totally hardware-oriented and deals with all aspects of
establishing and maintaining a physical link between communicating computers. The physical
layer also carries the signals that transmit data generated by each of the higher layers.
Solution
The OSI Reference Model layers, in order from top to bottom
D. Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical
1. Application Layer
topmost layer of the OSI reference model, is the application layer. This layer directly support
user applications, like software for file transfers, database access, and e-mail. It serves as a
window through which application processes can access network services.
2.Presentation Layer
It defines the format used to exchange data among networked computers. It is a network\'s
translator. When dissimilar systems want .
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The document provides an overview of the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) The physical layer defines physical connections and transmission of raw bit streams.
2) The data link layer provides addressing and error checking for data transmission between systems on a local network.
3) The network layer establishes logical addressing to route packets across multiple networks and provides fragmentation and reassembly of packets.
4) The transport layer offers reliable or unreliable data transmission and handles issues like flow control and multiplexing of data streams.
5) The session layer manages communication sessions, synchronizing data flow between endpoints.
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- 1. 1 OSI Model Submitted By : Name : Alid Hasan Sourab ID : 151382316 Batch : 41 Program : B.Sc. in CSE Submitted To : Pranab Bandhu Nath Lecturer, Dept. of CSE City University, Dhaka.
- 2. 2 Osi Model: OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical medium to the software application in another computer. www.geeksforgeeks.org
- 3. 3 The 7 Layers of the OSI Model Physical Layer The lowest layer of the OSI Model is concerned with electrically or optically transmitting raw unstructured data bits across the network from the physical layer of the sending device to the physical layer of the receiving device. It can include specifications such as voltages, pin layout, cabling, and radio frequencies. At the physical layer, one might find “physical” resources such as network hubs, cabling, repeaters, network adapters or modems. www.geeksforgeeks.org
- 4. 4 Data Link Layer At the data link layer, directly connected nodes are used to perform node-to-node data transfer where data is packaged into frames. The data link layer also corrects errors that may have occurred at the www.geeksforgeeks.org
- 5. 5 Network Layer The network layer is responsible for receiving frames from the data link layer, and delivering them to their intended destinations among based on the addresses contained inside the frame. The network layer finds the destination by using logical addresses, such as IP (internet protocol). At this layer, routers are a crucial component used to quite literally route information where it needs to go between networks. www.geeksforgeeks.org
- 6. 6 Transport Layer The transport layer manages the delivery and error checking of data packets. It regulates the size, sequencing, and ultimately the transfer of data between systems and hosts. One of the most common examples of the transport layer is TCP or the Transmission Control Protocol. www.geeksforgeeks.org
- 7. 7 Session Layer The session layer controls the conversations between different computers. A session or connection between machines is set up, managed, and termined at layer 5. Session layer services also include authentication and reconnections.
- 8. 8 Presentation Layer The presentation layer formats or translates data for the application layer based on the syntax or semantics that the application accepts. Because of this, it at times also called the syntax layer. This layer can also handle the encryption and decryption required by the application layer.
- 9. 9 Application Layer At this layer, both the end user and the application layer interact directly with the software application. This layer sees network services provided to end-user applications such as a web browser or Office 365. The application layer identifies communication partners, resource availability, and synchronizes communication.
- 10. 10