04- Occlusion in prosthodontics- Concepts of occlusion.ppt

CONCEPTS OF COMPLETE
DENTURE OCCLUSION
Dr. Amal Fathy Kaddah
Professor of Prosthodontic,
Faculty of Oral &Dental Medicine,
Cairo University

Everything is okay in
the end
If it's not okay,
then it's not the end

• The stomatognathic system
• What 'occlusion' is and why it is important
• Definitions.
• The significance of 'ideal occlusion‘
• Difference between natural and artificial Occ.
• Mandibular Movements.
• Articulators and Facebows.
• Balanced Occlusion and Factors affecting Balanced O.
• Concepts of occlusion (Balanced and Non balanced Occlusion).
• Recording of Occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
• Occlusal correction for Removable Prosthesis.
• Occlusion and implant restorations (Loading protocols)
Occlusion Outline

Occlusion in complete denture
must be developed to
function efficiently and with
the least amount of trauma
to the supporting tissues.

 Preservation of the remaining tissues
 Proper masticatory efficiency
 Enhancement of denture stability,
retention and support
 Enhancement of phonetics and
esthetics
Objectives

Philosophies of Denture
Occlusion
• Many philosophies of arranging
denture occlusion
• No definitive scientific studies
prove one occlusal scheme
clearly superior

There are numerous concepts and techniques
concerning complete denture occlusion.
This presentation has not concluded or
recommended a superior tooth form or occlusal
scheme to satisfy the requirements of completely
edentulous patients with respect to comfort,
mastication, phonetics, and esthetics.
However, a balanced articulation appears to be
most appropriate because tooth contacts observed
during nonfunctional activities of patients.

Significance of Balanced
Concepts
• Centric occlusion is the relation of the
maxillary and mandibular teeth when they
are in maximum intercuspation.
• Normal individual makes masticatory tooth
contact nearly for 20 mins in one day compared to
20 hours of total tooth contact during other
functions. So, for these hours of tooth contact,
balanced occlusion is important to maintain
denture stability.

Balanced is necessary because
Maximum intercuspation exists
In the terminal
position of the
masticatory
stroke
During
Swallowing

The early history of the first artificial tooth is
obscure, but it is known that 100s of years ago, teeth
were carved from stone, wood, ivory, and metal.
Human teeth were also used in early dentures. Every
time opposing teeth contact there is a resultant force.
Although this force may vary in magnitude and
direction, it must always be resisted by supporting
tissues.
Some dentists believe there should be cusps on the
teeth and that they must be in complete harmony with
the dynamics of temporomandibular joint function.
Others believed that the teeth should not have cusps.
Historical Review

 The first description of the occlusal relation-ships of the
teeth was made by Edward angle 1809
 Bownwill in 1858 described the equilateral triangle.
Theory based on points of occlusal balance. He was the
one who coined the word articulation. As teeth move in
relation to each other as guided by the condylar control
and incisal points.
 Bownwill in 1864 is known as the father of
anatomicbalanced three-point contact of occlusion.
 Spee in 1890 introduced the concept of curve of Spee.
 Alfred Gysi in 1914 designed first porcelain anatomical
teeth.
Historical Review

Gysi in 1914, introduced the cuspal form 33°. He
gave an inclination of 33° to the cuspal inclines to
harmonize them with the condylar inclination of 33° to
the horizontal. In lateral mandibular movements,
cusps contact bilaterally to enhance the stability of
the dentures. In centric occlusion (a), the masticatory
forces directed toward the ridges. In a right lateral
position, the occlusal contact forces are directed
away from the ridges (outside the ridges (b)

Hall (1915) gave conical theory of
occlusion. As the lower teeth move over the
surface of the upper teeth as over the
surface of a cone and with central axis of
the cone tipped at 45 degree angle to the
occlusal plane.
Monson 1918 put forth the spherical
theory of occlusion based on the
observation of the natural teeth and skulls
made by von Spee.

Gysi (1920 -1921) produced the GEOMETRIC theory: the
first scientific theory about the position of artificial anterior
teeth.
Our modern concepts of balanced occlusion are derived from
geometrical theories of Gysi. It is the ideal occlusal concepts
of complete denture, but never exist in natural dentition.
He had calculated the slope of the occlusal facets of the
premolars and molars geometrically starting with the shape
of the gothic arch, the slope of the condylar paths, and the
slope of the anterior teeth moving over each other. He
recommended the use of a facebow when condylar path and
anterior tooth guidance did not coincide. He was the first to
record the Bennett movements and the first to understand
the importance of the anterior teeth as guiding elements for
mandibular movement..

Sears in 1922-1927 developed a balanced
occlusion for non anatomic teeth by a curved
occlusal plane anteroposteriorly and laterally or
with the use of a second molar ramp. In centric
occlusion, nonanatomic teeth will exert contact
forces toward the ridges.
In the right lateral position, the occlusal contact
forces directed toward the ridge on the working
side and toward the buccal side of the ridge on
the balancing side.
“Channel” tooth.
To permit unlimited
protrusive glide .

Hanau believed articulation of artificial teeth was
related to nine factors:
• Horizontal condylar inclination
• Compensating curve
• Protrusive incisal guidance
• Plane of orientation
• Buccolingual inclination of tooth axes
• Sagittal condylar pathway
• Sagittal incisal guidance
• Tooth alignment
• Relative cusp height.
Hanau combined the original nine factors and reduced
them to five.
Hanau in 1926 formulated laws of balanced
articulation (called Hanau’s quint).

Hanau in 1925-1926 formulated laws of balanced
articulation (called Hanau’s quint).
Hanau’s articulation Quint
Arrow pointing
away from center
indicates increasing
values
Arrow pointing
toward center
indicates decreasing
values

C= Condylar Inclination x Incisal Guidance
Occ. Plane x Cuspal Inclination x Comp. Curve
Hanau’s Quint
• Within the confines of esthetics and phonetics,
minimize Incisal Guidance in Complete Dentures
to minimize inclined tipping forces.
• Thielemann subsequently simplified Hanau's
factors in a formula for balanced articulation.
(1926)

Condylar
guidance
Incisal
guidance
Occlusal
Plane
Cusp
Height
Compensating
curve
Thielmann’s Formula
Thielmann’s related the five factors of
balanced occlusion to one another on a
balance beam. To keep the occlusion
in balance is a simple procedure once
the factors are related to this way

French concept in 1935 modified Sear’s channel
tooth with very shallow
• The occlusal surface of the mandibular posterior teeth
had been reduced to increase the stability of the
dentures. a balanced occlusion could be developed
laterally as well as antero-posteriorly by the
arrangement of teeth on a curved occlusal plane.
Gysi (1927) was first to report the biomechanical
advantages of lingualized tooth forms

In 1937, Dr. Max Pleasure Described a reverse
occlusal scheme called “Pleasure curve“ in which
the posterior teeth are set with buccal tilt providing
total lever balance during function.
• Buccal tilt (reverse curve) is
given at the premolars, no tilt or
flat occlusal surface at first
molars and a lingual tilt (Monson
curve) to second molars.
 This scheme is especially beneficial for patients
with class II jaw relation.

In 1937, Dr. Max Pleasure presented an
occlusal scheme called the "pleasure
curve"
Payne in 1941 and Pound in 1973 described
the basic lingualized concept of occlusion.
Sears 1952 published some axioms for
planning complete denture occlusion
Jakelson in 1955 disagreed with bilateral
balanced theory in all patients

Devan in 1954 suggested the concept of
Neutrocentric occlusion which embodies
the centralization of occlusal forces which
act on the basal seat when the mandible is
in centric relation to the maxilla.
Stuart, Stallard in 1961 and Thomas in
1967 described Organic occlusion
concept.

Trapazzano in 1963 and Levin in 1978
laid down laws called triad and quad of articulation. He
decided that only three factors were actually concerned
in obtaining balanced occlusion:
1.Condylar guidance 2.Incisal guidance 3.Cuspal angle
He stated occlusal plane could be located at various
heights to favour weaker ridge.
He stated, no need for a compensating curve, as it is
obsolete since the cuspal angulation will produce a
balanced occlusion.

Frush’s concept (1966)
• He advised arranging teeth in a
one – dimensional contact
relationship, which should be
reshaped during try – in to
obtain balanced occlusion.
Intent of this occlusion was to remove occlusal deflective
contacts and provides greater stabilization of dentures.
Buccal blades of the lower posterior teeth should form a perfect
straight blade. This blade should be perfectly straight to support
one-dimensional contact against the opposing occlusion.

Swenson in 1964, Yurkstas in 1968, Bruce
in 1971 described methods of establishing
occlusion in single complete denture.
Boucher concept: There are 3 fixed factors :
1. The orientation of the occlusal plane, the incisal guidance, and the
condylar guidance.
2. Occlusal plane be located exactly as it was when the natural teeth
were present.
3. The angulation of the cusp is more important than the height of the
cusp.
4. The compensating curve enables one to increase the effective
height of the cusps without changing the form of the teeth.

Boucher concept:
Boucher believed that the compensatory
curve is important since it helps in
increasing the effective height of the cusps
without changing the form.
Boucher’s disagreed with Trapazzano that
the occlusal plane could be located at
various heights to favour a weaker ridge
and recommended that the plane be
orientated exactly as when natural teeth
were present.

The Lott’s concept
• The greater the angle of the condyle path, the greater
is the posterior separation, the greater, or higher,
must be the compensation curve to balance the
occlusion and the greater must be the posterior teeth.
• The greater the angle of the
overbite (vertical overlap), the
greater is the separation in
the anterior region and the
posterior region regardless of
the angle of the condylar path

Bernard levin's Quad concept
Bernard Levin's concept of the laws of
articulation is quite similar to Lott's,
but he eliminated the plane of
orientation.
The compensating curve is the most
important factor for obtaining balance.
Monoplane or low cusp teeth must
employ the use of a compensating
curve.
According to Brien R. Lang tooth forms or molds are of
four types: Anatomic, Nonanatomic, Zero degree, Cuspless
teeth.

Occlusion:
This words is used to describe the static contact
relationship between the incising or masticating
surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teeth or
tooth
Articulation:
Refers to the static and dynamic contact
relationship of maxillary and mandibular teeth as
they move against each other during function
Terminology

Terminology
Balanced Occlusion:
It refers to the bilateral, simultaneous, anterior, and
posterior occlusal contact of teeth in centric and
eccentric position.
Free Mandibular Movement:
Any mandibular movement without interference.

Occlusal Interference:
Any tooth contact that inhibits the remaining
occluding surfaces from achieving stable and
harmonious contacts.
Occlusal Pattern:
The form or design of the masticatory surfaces of a
tooth or teeth based on natural or modified
anatomic or non anatomic teeth
Terminology

A condition in centric
and eccentric jaw relation
in which there are no
interceptive or defective
contacts of occluding surfaces.
Occlusal Harmony:

Bonwill’s Triangle
• 4 inches between the
centre of the
condyles=base of the
triangle
• 4 inches from each condyle
to the mesial contact area
between the mandibular
central incisors- sides of
the triangle

Effect Of Bonvill’s equilateral Triangle
theory On Complete Dentures
The construction of
average articulators is
generally in accordance
with Bonwill’s theory, and
Monson’s pyramid is based
also on Bonwill’s triangle.
This theory proposed that teeth move in relation
to each other as guided by the condylar controls
and the incisal point.
Christensen (1959)

Christensen’s phenomenon
• A gap occurring in the natural
dentition or between the
opposing posterior flat occlusal
rims when the mandible is
protruded (posterior open bite).
It can lead to instability in full
dentures unless compensating
curves are incorporated into
the dentures.

1. The wider and larger the ridge, the narrower the teeth and
closure the teeth are to the ridge, the greater the lever
balance.
2. The more centered the force of occlusion anterior-
posteriorly, the greater the stability of the base
3. Vertical force applied to an inclined occlusal surface and
to the supporting tissue, causes non-vertical forces on the
denture base.
4. Vertical forces applied to a denture base supported by
yielding tissue causes the base to teeter when the force is
not centered on the base.
5. Vertical force applied outside (lateral) to the ridge crest
creates tipping forces on the base.

I- Concepts Of Occlusion In Centric
Position
a. Concepts of balanced occlusion
II- Concepts Of Occlusion In
Eccentric Position:
b. Concepts of non-balanced occlusion

I-Concepts of Occlusion in
Centric Position
1- Point centric.
2- Long centric.
3- Slide centric.
4- Power centric.
These are not
followed for
complete
denture

1- Point centric
Anatomic teeth set in tight interdigitated
centric occlusion with an incisal overlap
for esthetics
I-Concepts of Occlusion in Centric Position

The point centric concept is that in
which centric occlusion coincide
with centric relation, such occlusion
is neither stable nor physiologic.
Both function and stability of
complete dentures are well served by
the freedom in centric concept
1- Point centric

Dictates that tooth contacts be
multiple with the anatomic guides and
functional characteristics of each
patient. It involves positioning of the
teeth with a compound curve running
antero-posteriorly and Monson’s curve
running transversely (mediolaterally)
to simulate natural teeth
1- Point centric

1- Curve of Spee (1890)
The anatomic curvature of the occlusal alignment of the
lower teeth beginning at the tip of the lower cuspid and
following the buccal cusps of the natural bicuspids and
molars continuing to the anterior border of the ramus

The buccal cusps of
the lower posterior
teeth are slightly
higher than the
lingual cusps, and a
line drawn through
the buccal and
lingual cusps of the
teeth on the other
side forms a lateral
curve called the
2- Curve of Wilson

A proposed ideal curve of occlusion..
the curve of occlusion in which each cusp and
incisal edge of upper and lower teeth of right and
left sides touches or conforms to a segment of the
surface of a sphere eight inches in diameter its
center in the region of the Glabella

Curve of Monson:
• It is a combination of curve of
Spee and the curve of Wilson.
• Coronal and sagittal planes.
• Concave for the mandibular
arch and convex for the
maxillary arch.
• in centric occlusion form a
segment of a sphere of 4 inches
radius with the center of the
sphere at the glabella

The compensating curve of the
artificial occlusion corresponds
to a combination of these
curves in natural teeth. It is
considered one of the more
important factors in
establishing balanced occlusion

Once CR is established, CO can
be built to coincide with it
providing a broad area of
tooth contact in this position
(a so called "freedom in centric")
2- Freedom of centric
(Long centric)

• The continuous line denote maximal intercuspal position,
the shaded line denotes the positioned centric occlusion.

Two points to understand
about long centric are:
1. Long centric involves primarily
the anterior teeth.
2. Long centric refers to freedom
from centric, not freedom in
centric.

It is a relatively flat area created
between centric relation and
maximum intercuspal position on
the occlusal surfaces of the teeth,
(from hinge position to habitual
intercuspal position)
(Long centric)

This flat region, having
a length of 0.5-1mm,
gives the mandible
freedom to close in
Centric or slightly
anterior to it without
any interference.
(Long centric)

In Long Centric, the patient is
given the opportunity to move
on a horizontal plane from
centric relation to centric
occlusion without any changes
in vertical dimension
(Long centric)

When cuspless teeth are used this
freedom exists automatically.
In both situations the anterior teeth
are arranged to allow this freedom
of movement i.e. the anterior teeth
are not arranged in contact when
the jaws are in centric relation.
(Long centric)

The occlusal surface of the teeth could
be altered to allow freedom of tooth
movement in harmony with the rotation
of condyle. (From hinge position to
habitual intercuspal position).

The coincidence of Centric Occlusion & Centric Relation
(CO = CR), when there is freedom for the mandible to move
slightly forwards from that occlusion in the same sagittal
and horizontal plane (Freedom in Centric Occlusion).
“LONG” CENTRIC No Anterior Contacts

Through wear, caries, loss of teeth or poor
dentistry, sliding movement that the mandible
makes as it moves from retruded contact
position to intercuspal position i.e. the slide is
often a combination of forward and lateral
movements, as well as vertical components
3- Slide in Centric (eccentric slide)
It is the difference between centric occlusion
and (maximum intercuspation) in natural
dentition is called slide in centric. It is usually
of 0.5 – 2.0 mm. in 80% of population.

Point Centric
Slide in Centric
Freedom in
centric

Occlusion of teeth and
mandibular position
1. Ligamentous position:
• This is the extreme position to which
mandible can be displaced posteriorly.
• It is repeatable and reproducible.
• It is a point at the
intersection of the right
and left border positions
of the Gothic arch.

• This position can be
obtained by
interdigitation of upper
and lower teeth.
2.Tooth position (Maximum intercuspation):
• The maximum intercuspation position
alters with abrasion and loss of the teeth
as well as periodontal disorders.

• It is the physiologic
center of the
mandibular muscle
balance (center of
muscular activity)
• It is normally
coincide with tooth
position.
3. Muscular position:
Habitual
Arc of
Closure

Slide in Centric
Q: Does the mandible really “slide” into
MI from the Retruded Contact Position
during closure (not chewing) ?
A: No, it closes along an arched path
which leads directly to MI position.
Q: What is the name of this path?
A: Habitual Arc of Closure (Muscular p.)

MP
MO
ICP
RCP
H A
Posselt’s Figure
Habitual Arc of Closure
The upper extent of posselt”s envelope of
motion is product of tooth contact.
MP = Maximal protrusion
ICP = Intercuspal position
RCP= Retruded Contact position
HA = Hinge axis
MO = Maximum opening
EE=edge to edge

Habitual Arc of Closure
In that case the intercuspal
position is in a position
forward to the centric
relation, and at a lower
vertical dimension

“Slide” In Centric
RC POSITION
MI POSITION
Pin Height

MI POSITION
RC POSITION
Pin Height
VERTICAL SLIDE
HORIZONTAL SLIDE
HABITUAL
ARCH OF
CLOSURE
CR=HINGE AXIS
Measuring Amount of Slide

RC POSITION
Pin Height
Correcting the slide RC MI
CUT #1: HOLLOW
GRIND FOSSA
MESIAL-FACING
SLOPE OF
UPPER TEETH
(MU)
CUT #2: HOLLOW
GRIND FOSSA
DISTAL-FACING
SLOPE OF
LOWER TEETH
(DL)
The Mandible is now free to move UP along the Hinge Axis to the
Correct Vertical Dimension without being forced to slide forward
GRINDING RULE = MUDL (Mesial-facing Upper/Distal-facing
Lower)

CR OCCLUSION
Pin Height
“OLD” MI POSITION
“LONG” CENTRIC
The Result…

Should there be centric on
Anteriors ?
• Anterior teeth are arranged to
allow freedom of movement i.e.
the anterior teeth are not
arranged in contact when the
jaws are in centric relation.

Anterior Contacts in “old” MI and CRO
after Correction

CONCEPTS OF ARTIFICIAL OCCLUSION

I- Concepts Of Occlusion In Centric
Position.
a. Concepts of balanced occlusion
II- Concepts Of Occlusion In
Eccentric Position:
b. Concepts of non-balanced occ.

• Anatomic, balanced
• Semi-anatomic,
balanced
• Non-anatomic,
balanced
• Lingualized balanced
Non-balanced occlusion
• Organic Occlusion
• Conventional monoplane
• Neutrocentric concept
• Lingualized non-balanced

• Anatomic, balanced
• Semi-anatomic,
balanced
• Non-anatomic, balanced
• Lingualized balanced

The contact between
the opposing surfaces of any
two teeth occurs in three
dimensions, These dimensions
the width, length, and the depth
of the occluding surface
BALANCED OCCLUSION (Cusp occlusion)

ADVANTAGES OF BALANCED OCCLUSION:
1 – Fenestration of food is easy.
2 – Resists the rotation of the denture base.
3 – Provides better esthetics.
4 – Acts as a guide for proper jaw closure.
DISADVANTAGES OF BALANCED OCCLUSION:
1 – More occlusal disharmony during setting which is
difficult to adjust.
2 – Increases horizontal forces.
3 – Difficult to adapt to abnormal jaw relationship.
BALANCED OCCLUSION (Cusp occlusion)

Pros (as stated by Winkler)
1. If this contact is interruptive and deflective; and not bilateral,
the denture base will not be stable. Hence, bilateral balanced
contacts during the terminal arc of closure help to seat the
denture in a stable position.
2. Bilateral balanced occlusion is important during activities
such as swallowing saliva, closing to reseat the dentures and
bruxism of teeth during times of stress.
3.Patient with a balanced design do not upset the normal static,
stable and retentive position of their dentures.
4.In bilateral balance the bases are stable during bruxing
activity and they are tight when the patient separate the teeth.

1. It may tend to encourage lateral and protrusive grinding,
although this habit may be confined to those people who
are subjected to irrelevant muscle activity.
2. It is difficult to achieve in mouths where an increased
vertical incisor overlap is indicated, and is better to retain
the vertical overlap, than to sacrifice it in order to achieve
articular balance.
3. A semi-adjustable or fully adjustable articulator is required.
There are some possible disadvantages of bilateral
balanced articulation:
Cons (as stated by Winkler)

Balanced occlusion in eccentric
position is usually associated with
cusp form posterior teeth, with the
exception of organic occlusion, that
employs cusp form posterior teeth that
are not arranged to provide protrusive
and bilateral balance.
A-Concepts of Balanced Occlusion in
Eccentric Position

1. Spherical theory of occlusion.
2. Centralizing concept of occlusion.
3. Lingualized occlusion concept (Gysi):
French’s modified posteriors.
Max Pleasure’s scheme.
Payne’s modification.
Lingualized occlusion with cutter bar.
4. Linear occlusion concept.
5. Flat (0o) teeth arranged with balancing ramp or
Compensating Curves
6. Dynamic occlusion (functional g. p.)
Occlusal Designs of Balanced Occlusion

1- Spherical Concept of Occlusion
Anatomic (≥ 30°) or
semi anatomic (< 30°) teeth
are arranged in point centric
occlusion.
It dictates that tooth contact
be multiple and in harmony
with the anatomic guides and
functional characteristics of
each patient.

He proposed the first
concept towards balanced
occlusion in 1914. He
suggested that 33 degree
anatomic teeth could be
used under various
Gysi’s concept (1914)
movements of the articulator to
enhance the stability of the denture.

Spherical concept of occlusion
Positioning artificial anatomic posterior teeth to
simulate natural occlusion. The teeth, must be
arranged with a compensating curve running
anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally

Max. arch alignments of cusped posterior
teeth and the mand. Residual ridge as a
landmark for setting teeth

The resultant force of
the tooth contacts
(dotted lines) is
represented by the line R
as directed to the upper
and lower ridges.
The position of the tooth
in relation to the ridge is
the important factor in
controlling the force and
its effect on stability of
the base

Spherical concept of occlusion
Teeth make contact in lateral excursion
on the working and balancing sides

Bilateral Balanced Denture Occlusion
with Anatomic Posterior Denture Teeth

Excursive Movements
Protrusive – No Posterior Contact

Excursive Movements
Protrusive – Posterior Interference

Excursive Movements
Laterotrusive and Mediotrusive
Non-working Side
(Mediotrusive)
Working Side
(Laterotrusive)
LEFT MANDIBULAR EXCURSION

Distribution of masticatory pressure
over the supporting tissues help in:
Advantages of the gnathologist C
1. Increased stability of the dentures
during functional and parafunctional
movements of the mandible.
2. Reduced trauma to the underlying
tissues.
3. Increased efficiency of mastication

2-The Centralizing Occlusion Concept:
(Balanced occlusion by centralization of forces)
The concept of centralizing the
working occlusal surfaces
requires bringing the occlusal
surfaces toward the center of the
denture foundation to their ideal
positions for favorable leverage

Most favorable leverage is obtained
when the occlusal working
surfaces are placed to the lingual
sides of the ridge crests. The
second molars are not always
placed in the arrangement; or are
placed out of occlusion.

Working occlusal units ideally consist of the lingual
halves of the two maxillary bicuspids and the first molar
and their corresponding mandibular teeth.

Depending upon the patient’s
maxillo-mandibular relation
records, the working occlusal
unit may consist of the distal half
of the second bicuspid and the
first molar or just the first molar.

New occlusal theory
“Occlusal power zone”
(Power Zone = E zone)

As people age their number of teeth
decrease, the temporomandibular
joint collapses and the movable area
of the mandible gets wider. There is
one thing that doesn’t change by
people age, that is the origin and
insertion of the orbicularis oris
muscle, which is pulling the mandible.

It is hypothesized that there is an occlusal
area (Power Zone) provided by the orbicularis
oris muscle, where the best usage is given
without any biomechanical change.

This area located in the
upper deciduous molar
(from the upper mesial-
second premolar to the
upper mesiobuccal
cusp-first molar. This
zone is the most
important for the
stability of the denture
as well as mastication

When you
lose, don't
lose the
lesson

3- The Lingualized Occlusion
• No anterior vertical
overlap (overbite)
• May or may not have
balancing contacts in
excursions
• Anterior teeth - must
make the least grazing
contacts in excursions
Lingualized
(lingual contact)

• Lingual bone resorption
prevents placing teeth within
the neutral zone
• Maintaining teeth on the ridge
preserves lever balance
• Lingualized occlusion helps
centralization of force

Biomechanical Advantages of
Lingual Contact Occlusion
centric Working
side
balancing
side

Balanced Non- Balanced
– Maxillary anatomic (33°)
– Mandibular Teeth
 Non-anatomic
(Portrait 0°)
If Shallow Condylar
Guidance
If Steep Condylar
Guidance
– Maxillary anatomic (33°)
– Mandibular Teeth
 Shallow Cusped
(Anatoline)
The Lingualized Occlusion

Set mandibular premolars
& 1st molar :
• Level with occl. plane
• Centered over ridge
Line indicating the crest of the ridge
The Lingualized Occlusion
Occlusal plane

A method to achieve bilateral
balanced occlusion with an
attempt to maintain the
esthetic and food penetration
advantages of the maxillary
anatomic form while
maintaining the mechanical
freedom of the mandibular
semi-anatomic and non-
anatomic form
The Balanced Lingualized Occlusion

Reducing the efficiency of the lower buccal cusps,
Vertical forces are centralized on the mandibular
teeth. thus directing the forces to the lingual side
of the lower ridge crest to encourage lever stability
of the lower denture.
P. C.
L.O.

The maxillary lingual
cusps act as the centric
holding cusps.
This give mortar and pestle
type contact that lingualizes
the resultant force without
moving the teeth in relation
to the ridge.
Cusped maxillary teeth
oppose mandibular semi-anatomic teeth

Centric Position
• In centric- simultaneous bilateral posterior
contacts (maxillary lingual cusp)

•Maxillary lingual
cusp make a point
of contact
somewhere along
the mandibular
central fossa.

Max. lingual cusps
contact central
fossae/marginal
ridge
~ 1mm space
between buccal
cusps
No max. buccal cusp contacts in:

Maxillary lingual cusps firmly
contact bilaterally simultaneously

In excursions-
 Anterior teeth are in
contact during excursions
Working Excursions
 Bilateral contacts of posterior (max. ling.
cusp) so denture does not displace/tip

Note the balancing contacts
Balancing Excursions

In lateral excursive movements clearance
between the maxillary and mandibular
buccal cusps to increase lever stability to
the lower denture.

Theoretically, there should be less lateral displacement of
the denture and less lateral forces during function when
using lingualized posterior denture teeth.
Centric Occlusion
Conventional
Anatomic
Force
Lingualized

(A) when considerable
horizontal overlap is
present between the
anterior teeth. Esthetic
vertical overlap of the
teeth can be
accommodated.
(B) When little horizontal
overlap then the vertical
overlap must be reduced

In lateral excursion
The maxillary buccal
cusps are not in
contact, leaving only
the maxillary lingual
cusps as the centric
holding cusps,
which helps to stabilize the upper and lower
dentures and minimizes the number of tooth
contacts (balancing position)
oppose mandibular nonanatomic teeth
Balancing
ramp

The anterior region there should be light contact
during lateral excursion
In all lateral excursions you should observe at least
three points of contact
bilaterally to maintain bilateral balance.
oppose mandibular nonanatomic teeth

Advantages of lingualized occlusion
1. Esthetics is maintained.
2. Efficiency is maintained.
3. Mechanical freedom of occlusion from the semi
and non-anatomic teeth form.
4. Mechanical stability due to centralized forces.
5. Bilateral balanced occlusion is readily obtained
for a region around centric relation.
6. No lateral forces due to one contact point.
7. Lingualized occlusion can be used with all
morphologic ridge contours.
8. Buccal cusp allows escapeway for the bolus of food.
..Good penetration of the bolus.

Achieving Balance
• Condylar angulation
• Recorded with protrusive record
• Cusp angle
• Selected by dentist
• Occlusal Plane
• Determined by dentist with wax
rims
• Curve of Spee & Curve of Wilson
• Controlled by inclination of teeth

4- Lineal Occlusion Concept of Complete
Dentures
(Dr. John P. Frush 1945)
In this type of occlusion the
teeth are arranged so that the
masticatory surfaces of the
mandibular posterior teeth
have straight long, very
narrow occlusal form
resembling that of a line
articulating with apposing
monoplane teeth.

The decision as to
whether to locate the
lineal ridge of contacts
in the maxillary or
mandibular arch
depends on the factors
of denture stability and
esthetics

A line of occlusal contact in
one dental arch occluding
with a flat occlusal table in the
other dental arch,
The idea is to minimize the
force penetrating food by
sharp linear contact
between the upper and lower posterior teeth.
So, It was promoted to increase the stability of
denture bases by minimizing the lateral forces
applied to those bases

French’s modified posteriors
(1954)
Frush
1967
They Modified posterior teeth to control the forces directed to the
ridges, which favored the stability of the lower denture.
1- Decreased the occ. table width of lower posterior teeth while maintaining
the balance with lingual inclines of maxillary posteriors
2- Maxillary & mandibular posteriors were flat with a single mesiodistal ridge
usually on the lower
1 2

5. Balance with non-anatomic teeth
1. Placing "balancing ramps" behind the
lower second molars.
2. Tilting the second molars to create an
inclined plane.
3. Arranging teeth in a compensating
curves.
4. Anti Monson curve.
5. Pleasure curve.

2. Monoplane or Non anatomical occlusion
The arrangement of teeth by which they are positioned in a
single plane.
The maxillary, and mandibular teeth are arranged without
vertical overlap.
The maxillary posterior teeth are set first, and the occlusal plane
must fulfill certain requirements:
 It should result in an occlusal plane that evenly divides the
space between the maxillary, and mandibular ridge.
 It should provide an occlusal plane that parallels the mean
denture base foundation.
 The plane should fall at the junction of the upper , and the
middle thirds of the retromolar pads.

A- Zero Degree Teeth with Balancing Ramp
Setting up the
teeth in a flat
plane and utilize a
balancing ramp
just distal to the
second molar.

• Balance and the Monoplane Occlusion
Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes -
Lingualized Occlusion Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials
and Hospital Dentistry UCLA School of Dentistry.

Monoplane with Balancing Ramps:
Working, Balancing and Protrusive
balance can be obtained with
nonanatomic posterior teeth if
balancing ramps are employed. In all
lateral excursions at least three points
of contact should be observed; if
bilateral balance is to be achieved
Monoplane with Balancing Ramps
Lingualized Occlusion Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and
Hospital Dentistry UCLA School of Dentistry.

Balanced occlusion Vs Non-Balanced Occ.

•Artificial tooth
•An acrylic ramp
•Non anatomic porcelain teeth
•Amalgam or gold balancing ramp
Types of balancing ramps
Sears advocated the use of second molar
ramp which is adjusted to provide
protrusive and lateral balance (three point
balanced occlusion),

Protrusive Balance Compensation in Monoplane
Denture occlusion: Second Molar Slant
b . Tilting the second molars

C- Zero Degree Teeth with a
Compensating Curve
Zero degree teeth can be
set on lateral and
anteroposterior curves
harmonious with the
condylar inclination to
attain reasonable balance
contacts in lateral and
protrusive positions.

d- Max Pleasure’s lingualized occlusion:
A reverse curve is used in the bicuspid area for a lever
balance, A flat scheme of occlusion is set in the first molar,
and a spherical scheme set in the second molar area by raising
the buccal incline to provide for balancing contact in lateral
position. The distal of the second molar can also be elevated
to produce a compensating curve for protrusive balance.

skull with a reverse
curve of Wilson.

Non cusp teeth. A. Without balance. Teeth are set
in a flat plane with no vertical overlap of the ant. t.
B. With a balancing ramp. C. With balanced
occlusion using Compensating curves.

Disadvantages of
Non-Anatomic Occlusion
• Aesthetics
• Mastication
• Encourages lateral movement –
bruxism
• Christensen’s Phenomenon

Contraindications of balanced
occlusion
Extreme cases of the following:
• Difficulty in obtaining repeatable centric
record (incoordination, jaw malrelations)
• Severe ridge resorption (lateral forces
displace the denture) may more easily be
handled with a monoplane scheme

6- Functional Occlusion (Dynamic Occlusion)
The ultimate harmonious balanced
occlusal form because the patient
generates it by himself resulting in an
occlusion that is in harmony with T.M.J
and neuromuscular system. This
occlusion will allow freedom in lateral
excursions and maintain maximum
bilateral contact in function.

Functionally generated
occlusion

The character of the supp. foundation
II- Concepts of Non-Balanced Occlusion
In Eccentric Position
Horizontal forces are unstabilizing and
potentially destructive to the supporting
tissue.
Monoplane teeth are more adaptable for
unusual jaw relationships and permits the use
of a simplified and less time-consuming
technique

Non-balanced occlusion concept
To accept the concept of non-balancing occlusion,
the following points should be accepted:
1. The mucosa resiliency makes it almost impossible to
harmonize tooth arrangement with mandibular movements in
the eccentric relations and maintain this harmony.
2. The contact of the teeth during masticatory and non
masticatory mandibular movements takes place when the
mandible is in centric relation to the maxilla.
3. The artificial teeth should not contact when the mandible is in
eccentric relation to the maxilla, whereas, horizontal and
torquing forces are directed to the supporting structures.
4. When the jaws are in centric relation, the contact of the teeth
produces no discomfort to the supporting tissues or the joints.

RE A L EFF
Resiliency and Like (Life) effect

Sharry said that “It makes a
little sense to spend several
hours in articulator
adjustment to construct a
denture which can not be
differentiated from dentures
made in simple instrument.”

Is Balance necessary
Prime gave the concept of “ENTER
BOLUS EXIT BALANCE” which implies that
introduction of food on one side will prevent the
teeth of opposite side from contacting and hence
occlusal balance is impossible during mastication.

However, Brewer and Hudson 1963 have shown
that complete denture teeth do contact at times
during mastication. However, it will last for 17 min
in a day. Balance is now deemed necessary
during many excursive movements such as
swallowing ...
Sheppard (1964) later gave the concept of ENTER
BOLUS ENTER BALANCE according to which even
while chewing, the teeth cut through the bolus
and come in contact with each other, for few
fractions of a second. Hence the stability of the
denture is maintained during various movements
of mandible during chewing.

Advantages of non-balanced
Occlusion
1. Simple technique.
2. No lateral forces.
3. Freedom of occlusion.
4. Used with compromised ridges.
5. Necessitates minimum adjustments.

1. Poor esthetics.
2. Poor masticatory efficiency.
3. No balancing contacts.
4. Restricted protrusion and incision.
5. Lateral chewing cycle.
Disadvantages of non-
balanced Occlusion

1- Organic Occlusion
Stuart, Stallard in 1961 and Thomas in 1967
Concept that
employs cusp
form posterior
teeth that are not
arranged in
protrusive or
lateral balance.
Organic concept of occlusion can not be
accepted, in constructing complete dentures

Canine Guidance / Rise /
Canine Protected Articulation
Which of the anterior teeth are
best suited to accept
horizontal forces in eccentric
movements?
Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Canines
Why?

Which of the anterior teeth are
best suited to accept horizontal
forces in eccentric movements?
• Canines
Why?
– Longest and largest roots
– Best crown: root ratio
– Surrounded by dense compact bone compared to the medullary bone
of posterior teeth
– Due to sensory input, there is lower muscle activity when the canines
are in contact
• Therefore, the canines are the best teeth to be in contact during
a laterotrusive movement
• Arrangement is called canine guidance or canine rise occlusion

Canine Guidance
Not applied
for denture
construction
If when the patient moves to the side during chewing there are
only one or two tooth contacts, then the denture bases will tip
up and be very difficult to control. If they do not tip because the
ridge and /0r the patient’s muscle control prevent this, they will
steel move, but will create pain, discomfort, and ulceration.

2- Hardy’s Monoplane Occlusion
Concepts (1942 )
• Avoid incising with their anterior teeth..
• Incisal guidance as close to 0 degrees
• If vertical overlap of the anterior teeth
to achieve esthetic need. sufficient
horizontal overlap
• The condylar inclinations are set at 0
degrees while the cuspless teeth are
arranged.

• Flat occlusal surfaces against a flat plane.
• The posterior limit is the point at which
the mandibular ridge begins to curve
upward.
• if second or even third molars placed on
this slope. these teeth must not make
contact with their antagonist or
antagonists.
Concepts (1942 )

• Flat-cusped teeth are readily
arranged to accommodate a
unilateral or a bilateral cross-bite
situation.
• For arranging artificial teeth for
class two jaw relation:
Space filler - an extra cuspid.
Concepts (1942 )

3- Neutrocentric Concept of Occlusion
DeVan , (1954)
Denture stability occurs when the
forces of occlusion do not alter
the positional relationship of
the artificial teeth to the
underlying bone

Position the posterior
mandibular teeth over the
crest of the ridge. they are set
to a flat plane and Since there
is no vertical overlap of the
anterior teeth all of the
mandibular teeth are on the
plane of occlusion.

• Neurocentric to denote two
objectives in denture construction.
A- Neutralization of inclines.
B- Centralization of occlusal forces
acting on the denture foundations.
DeVan , (1954)

To attain these objectives it
may be necessary to:
• Reduce the size and number of teeth
• Abandon attempts to secure
balancing contacts in eccentric
positions beyond the range of the
"masticatory stroke".

a- Orientation of occlusal plane.
b- compensating curve, and
c- Incisal guidance, no cusp angle.
D- Condylar incline - a factor of articulation which cannot be
neutralized. It can be circumvented. Patient is to avoid
incising, and no projection will exist above or below the
occlusal plane, the condylar inclination may be set at zero.
1- Neutralization of inclines (elimination of
inclines) because it is dangerous to discard cusps
without neutralizing other factors of articulation that is:

Are cusps needed to prevent the
mandible from migrating
forward?
No, the musculature will maintain
the mandible in the centric
position as long as there is no
pain nor premature contacts due
to settling of the dentures

2- Centralization of occlusal forces
acting on the denture foundation.
a- Superior stability.
b- Preservation of ridge bone.
c- Good appearance, adequate
speech and mastication.

• Five factors are involved, to
achieve these 2 objectives:
• Position of Posterior teeth in a central
position
• Proportion of the teeth 40% reduction in
the width
• Pitch: Plane of occlusion is parallel with
the mean denture foundation area
• Form devoid of projecting cusps
• Number of teeth reduction in no

When using this concept of occlusion the patient is
instructed not to incise the bolus
At balancing and protrusive positions there is separation
of the denture teeth in the posterior regions leading to
tipping of the dentures. This may be disadvantageous in
the patients exhibiting parafunctional grinding habits

With this occlusal scheme the plane of
occlusion should be parallel to the
denture foundation area.

 The arrangement of teeth are positioned in a single plane.
 The maxillary posterior teeth are set first, and the occlusal
plane must fulfill certain requirements:
Philip Jones, 1972
4- Monoplane or Non-Anatomic Occlusion
1. The occlusal plane evenly divides the space
between the maxillary, and mandibular
ridge.
2.The occlusal plane should be parallels to the mean
denture base foundation.
3.The occlusal plane should fall at the junction of the
upper, and the middle thirds of the retromolar pads.

Anterior teeth
4. No vertical overlap.
Maxillary teeth are arranged with regard to appearance.
in protrusive, incisal edges are set edge to edge with a light
contact.
5. Horizontal overlap
. class 1 a few mm
. class 2 12 mm
. class 3 0 mm edge to edge
Maxillary posterior teeth
6. Set them first to a line in the wax on the rim after
determination of the occlusal plane.
Mandibular posterior teeth
7. Set to occlude with the upper teeth.
No overbite

Non- anatomic teeth
with flat occlusal
surfaces set to a flat
occlusal plane
Centric occ.

7. The posterior limit of the lower posterior teeth is the
point at which the mandibular ridge begins to curve
upward, with elimination of contact between the
upper and lower second molars.
Monoplane Occlusion
Philip Jones, 1972

Monoplane Occlusion
The patients should
avoid incising with
their anterior teeth,
X
Posterior horizontal overlap
of flat plane teeth

Note Christiansen’s
phenomenon, or the
separation between the
posterior teeth in the
protrusive position. If
the patient presents
with steep condylar
inclination the posterior
discrepancy in
excursion may become
significant. Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes -

8. The steeper the condylar inclination the greater
the posterior discrepancy in excursion and the
greater the need for balancing ramps, and so in this
patient, balancing ramps were added to improve the
stability of the lower denture.
Balancing Ramp

9. For Crossbite patients, this
concept is more adaptable to class
two and class three malocclusions.

Magnitude of Horizontal Overlap
(Overjet)
More for Class II
patients
Class I Class II

•Advantages of monoplane occlusion:
1. Does not require meticulousness records.
2. By removing any inclines, No lateral component
can be generated with vertical closing, i.e.
achieve stability.
3. Easier to adjust.
4. Freedom in centric occlusion ( the mandible is not
locked in centric relation as there is no cusp, and
the patient can move the jaw forward, and
laterally.
5. It is used in Class II, and III jaw relations.

Disadvantages of monoplane occlusion:
1. Decreases chewing efficiency.
2. Esthetic is affected in both
anterior, and premolar regions.
3. The anterior teeth can not be set in
overbite, and overjet, they have to
be set in almost edge to edge.

5- Non-Balanced Lingualized Occlusion
Maxillary anatomic
opposing
mandibular non-
anatomic

It is indicated when the patient places high
priority on esthetics but a non anatomic
occlusal scheme is indicated by oral conditions
such as sever alveolar resorption, class II jaw
relation or displaceable supporting tissues.

Lack of mandibular cusp angles and no
attempt to balance the occlusion
No compensating curves
No overbite

No overbite
Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes - Lingualized Occlusion Division of
Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry UCLA School of Dentistry.

Magnitude of Horizontal Overlap
Class III patients
Class III

A-P Length of Posterior Teeth
 Teeth should end prior to ascending
portion of ramus

• Maxillary lingual
cusps contact central
groove/marginal ridge
of the opposing teeth

The
horizontal
overlap
prevents
biting of
cheek & lips Horizontal
overlap

• All maxillary teeth, with exception of
lateral incisors and cuspids, should
be on the plane of occlusion

6- Occlusal Pivots
• Occlusal pivots in denture patients has relieved a
wide range of symptoms from Temporomandibular
Joint to reports of relief in Neuropsychiatric patients.
• The prime function of the pivot teeth, permits the
condyles to descend toward their unstrained vertical
positions
Sears, 1956.

Add tooth colored self curing resin
on the posterior occlusal surfaces
of the mandibular denture.
When the patient closes the mouth with the
mandible guided to the centric occlusal
position, the occlusal surfaces of the
maxillary posterior teeth are recorded in the
resin. Trim the resin to reestablish the
contours of the teeth.

REFERENCES
1. Arthur N.: Balancing ramps in non-anatomic complete denture , occlusion. JPD,1985;53:431-433.. JPD,1985;53:431-433.
2. Ash MM, Ramfjord S.: Occlusion. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995.
3. Basker RM., Davenport JC., Prosthetic treatment of the edentulous patient. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
4. Beck H.O.: Occlusion as related to complete removable prosthodontics JPD,1972;27:246-256.
5. Becker C.M., Swoop P.C.: Becker C.M., Swoop P.C.: Lingualized occlusion for removable prosthodontics. JPD, 1977;38:601-608..
6. Bernard Levin: Reevaluation of Hanaus Laws of Articulation and the Hanaus Quint Articulation. JPD,1978;39:254- 258.
7. Beumer J, DDS, MS and Michael Hamada DDS: 16. Occlusal Schemes - Lingualized Occlusion Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and
8. Boucher CO. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. 9th ed. Delhi: CBS Publishers; 1990. p. 119.
9. Brewer AA, Hudson DC. Application of miniaturised electronic devices to study of tooth contact in complete dentures, a progress report. J Prosthet
Dent. 1961;11: 62–72.
10. Dawson, P.E.: Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of occlusal problems. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1988.
11. Dawson, P.E.: New definition for relating occlusion of varying conditions of the temporomandibular Joint. J. Prosthet. Dent; 74: 619, 1995.
12. Gibbs CH, Mahan PE, Lundeen HC, Brehnan K, Walsh EK, Holbrook WB. Occlusal forces during chewing and swallowing as measured by sound
transmission. J Prosthet Dent. 1981;46:443–9.
13. Gregory R.P., Gerald H.L.: The Occlusal Spectrum and the Occlusal Spectrum and Complete Dentures.
14. Heartwell Charles M.: Sylabbus of complete dentures
15. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest18776-189861-balanced-occ-part-science-technology-ppt-powerpoint/
16. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/rahul.ahirrao-1690965-balanced-occlusion-complete-denture/
17. http://www.ffofr.org/education/lectures/complete-dentures/occlusal-schemes-anatomic-and-semi-anatomic-occlusion/
18. Iwao Hayakawa: Principles and practices of complete dentures: creating the mental image of a denture, rapidshare.com, 27 Dec 2009.
19. Kaddah, A. F.: OCCLUSION IN PROSTHODONTICS, Varieties, Aberrations & Management. Dar El-Etehad. First Co. First ed. Cairo Egypt. 98/7071,
1998.
20. Lang BR. Complete denture occlusion. Dent Clin North Am. 2004;48:641–65. vi
21. Levin B. A reevaluation of Hanau's Laws of Articulation and the Hanau Quint. J Prosthet Dent. 1978;39:254–8.
22. Palmer CA. Gerodontic nutrition and dietary counseling for prosthodontic patients. Dent Clin North Am. 2003;47:355–71.
23. Rahn AO, Heartwell CM. Textbook of Complete Dentures. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1993.
24. Rahn AO., Ivanhoe JR., Plummer KD., Textbook of complete dentures. 6th ed. People’s Medical Publishing House, CT, 2007.
25. Rangarajan V. , Gajapathi B. , Yogesh P. B. , Mohamed Ibrahim, Ganesh Kumar M. , R. , and Prasanna Karthik : Concepts of occlusion in prosthodontics:
A literature review, part I, J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2015 Jul-Sep; 15(3): 200–205.
26. Sharry J.J.: Complete Denture Prosthodontics; 19621962
27. Sharry JJ. Complete Denture Prosthodontics. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Blaktison Publication; 1974.
28. Sheppard IM, Sheppard SM. Denture occlusion. J Prosthet Dent. 1968;20:307–18.
29. Swenson MG. Complete Dentures. 1st ed. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co; 1940. p. 382.
30. Textbook of prosthodontics,Jaypee,Jaypee Brothers Publishers, 2013.
31. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;94:10–92.
32. Trappozano V.R.: An experimental study of the testing of occlusal patterns on the same denture bases. JPD.1952; 440-457.440-457.
33. Winkler S. Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics. 2nd ed. Delhi: AITBs Publishers; 2000.
34. Winkler, S.: Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. 2nd ed., PSG Publishing. Co. Inc., 2005.
35. www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Zarb GA, Bolender CL. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. 12th ed. New Delhi: Mosby; 2004.
37. Zarb, G. A., Bolender, C. L., Hickey, J.C. and Carlsson G. E.: Boucher’s Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients, ed. 12th . St. Louis Mosby, 2000.

• Tooth Form
• Anatomic (Cusped)
• Semi anatomic
• Monoplane (Non- cusped)
CONCEPTS OF COMPLETE DENTURE OCCLUSION
may be classified depending on:
• Occlusal rehabilitation in complete denture
• Balanced articulation
• Unbalanced articulation
• Opening and closing movements and positions
involved in mastication into:
• Static concept
• Dynamic concept

Static concept
The static relations in occlusion include centric
occlusion, protrusive occlusion, right and left lateral
occlusion. All of these relations must be balanced with
the simultaneous contacts of all the teeth on both sides
of the arch at their very first contact.
Dynamic concept
The dynamic concept of occlusion is primarily concerned with
opening and closing movements involved in mastication. Jaw
movements and tooth contacts are made, as the teeth of one
jaw glide over the teeth of the opposing jaw. The cuspal
inclines should be developed so that the teeth can glide from
a centric to eccentric occlusion without interference and
without the introduction of rotating or tipping forces.

04- Occlusion in prosthodontics- Concepts of occlusion.ppt

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