describes different types of surveyors along with the history, advancements, parts of surveyor, brief on surveying procedure of each, surveying tools, difference between ney and jelenko surveyor, broken arm surveyor, spring loaded surveyor, william suveyor. if you want me to make ppt on a particular topic please let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU

1. SURVEYOR
Presented by – Piyali Bhattacharya
1st year PGT
Dept. of Prosthodontics and Crown & Brid
HIDSAR

2. Definition : (GPT 9)
 An instrument used for determining the exact
parallel relationships of lines, structures, and
surfaces in dental casts and prostheses;
 an apparatus used for making one object
parallel with another object, as in paralleling
attachments and abutments for fixed dental
prostheses or precision attachments for
removable dental prostheses

3. HISTORY OF DENTAL
SURVEYOR
 In 1890, Dr. W. M. Randall’s
technique for surveying
a cast before the
advent of the dental surveyor

4.  The cast was stabilized on the table top with
wax or impression compound
 after the path of placement had been
determined.
 In principle, this technique was very similar to
that used with a dental surveyor. Its accuracy,
however, was completely dependent on the
operator’s ability to keep the pencils parallel
and steady.

5. Early Paralleling Instruments:

6. This device was intended
for orthodontic research
and not for mapping the
“heights of
contour of the teeth.”
There is no evidence that
the
“Stanton-Hanau” surveyor
was ever commercially
available. Hanau’s 1917 design for a “dental
surveying apparatus.”

7. Dr. Herman E. S. Chayes, an early pioneer in both
fixed and removable prosthodontics, wrote
extensively about precision attachments.
As a result, he is generally credited with first
recognizing and describing the importance of
parallelism in the fabrication of passive fixed and
removable partial denture restorations.

8.  Around 1920, Dr. Chayes
developed the Parallelometer
 This instrument could be used
both intraorally and at the laboratory
to ensure parallelism of precision attachments.
 The instrument also could be used to identify non-
parallel and/or undercut surfaces of prepared teeth

9. Evolution
 In 1918, Dr.A.J.Fortunati introduced the dental
surveyor at a dental clinic in Boston.
 Fortunati’s surveyor was a parallelometer
 Fortunati replaced the steel analyzing rod of a
“Bridge Parallelometer” with a graphite rod, then
accurately traced survey lines of the greatest
convexities of the teeth.

10. The Robinson surveyor
(circa 1918) developed
by the Philadelphia
Dental Clinic Club is
perhaps
the first surveyor
designed for cast
surveying as part of the
clasp design procedure.

11. In 1923, J.M.Ney
Corporation introduced
the first commercially
available surveyor
.(Designed by Roth and
The current model of
the Ney surveyor was
introduced in 1937.
This instrument can be
converted into a milling
machine by clamping a
straight hand-piece to the
surveying arm.

12.  Schwartz cited Noble G. Wills
as another early pioneer of
removable partial denture design
 Wills surveyor was the original
surveyor marketed by the J. F. Jelenko
Company
 It had spring-loaded surveying arm

13. The Original Wills surveyor
The Kings College surveyor (circa 1940)
had an adjustable cast holder and
interesting parallel, pivoting, horizontal
arms. It also featured a powerful magnet
in the tilting table. The cast had an iron
ring imbedded in its base, so there was
no need for a fixing
agent.

14. Difference Between Ney And
Jelenko Surveyor
Ney
1. Horizontal arm is fixed
2. Vertical arm retained by
friction
3. Shaft remains in any
vertical position until
moved
Jelenko
1. Fixed horizontal arm
2. Vertical arm is spring
mounted
3. Vertical arm when
released returns to
its original position.
And it should be held
against spring
tension
4. Cast table is fixed
with magnet with the
Surveying platform
4. Cast table is moved around
surveyor platform

15. William Surveyor
 It has a gimbal stage
table adjustable to any
degree of tilt.
 Superstructure of this
surveyor has a joint arm
with a spring loaded
surveying arm
 Best suited for placing
intracoronal attachment

16. This electronic surveyor,
developed at the United States
Air Force School of
Aviation Medicine at Randolph
Air Force Base, was powered by
dry cell batteries and was
capable of
passing a weak current through
the surveying tool to the cast
surface. Casts were treated with
phenolphthalein, and
contact with the surveying tool
produced a fine, red survey line.

17. The Columbia Parallelor The Roach surveyor, developed in 1944, the smalles
surveyor ever developed.
The cast holder was fixed to the base, but the
table could freely rotate through 360°.
The horizontal arm was free to rotate 360°
as well as to move vertically
on the vertical arm.

18.  In their 1950 text, McCall and Hugel reported that
11 dental surveyors had been featured in scientific
exhibits at the American Dental Association’s
1948 Annual Meeting

19.  Ney—1923
 Brown-Maier—1925
 Wills—1929
 Lentz—circa 1935
 Lineer—1937
 Ney—1937
 Franzwa—1937
 Ringle-Hiatt-Smith—1944
 McKay—1944
 Hagman—1944
 Roach—1944

20. MODIFICATIONS IN SURVEYOR

21. Types Of Dental Surveyor
1) Ney
2) Jelenko
3) William
4) Retentoscope
5) A 2000- Buchnann
Surveyor
6) Micro Analyzer
7) Stress O Graph
8) Austenal Surveyor
9) Optical Surveyor
10) Computerized Surveyor
11) Ticonium Surveyor
12) Intraoral Surveyor

22.  Broken-Arm Surveyors:
The broken arm not only facilitated surveying, but
also allowed the surveyor to function as a milling
machine through the adaptation of a straight hand-
piece to the surveying arm

23. Retentoscope
The Retentoscope, produced
by the Saddle-Lock Company.
A rotating head supports 3
horizontal arms, 1 of which
was a conventional surveying
arm. A second arm supports a
handpiece for milling, and the
third supports a dial undercut
gauge.
A work light is attached to the
vertical arm. The table, rather
than the surveying arm, can
be raised and lowered during

24. The Stressograph
 produced by the Ticonium
Company, features 2
horizontal arm assemblies.
The first arm is designed to
be a conventional
surveying arm, and the
second arm supports a dial
gauge to measure
undercuts.

25.  Buchnann Surveyor :
Used for placing precision
attachment parallel to the
path of insertion
 Ticonium Surveyor :
in this surveyor, the marking
point will make vertical line
on the abutment tooth until
desired depth of infrabulge
has been reached.
Ticonium Surveyor

26. Bego Paraflex surveyor
The Bego Paraflex surveyor
has a solid horizontal
arm and a “parameter”
dial undercut depth gauge

27. The Austenal Micro Analyzer
Measures undercuts
electronically. A dial
indicator shows the
desired amount of
undercut, and a flashing
light signals when the
exact undercut is
reached. The Austenal
Flexseal preformed
clasp patterns are used
as a standard of
measurement.

28. The Austenal Surveyor includes
an electrically heated waxing tool.
This device had a surveying arm at
least 3 feet long that could pivot at
some predetermined point well
above the cast holder.
the operator could move the
surveying arm laterally, heat the
attached waxing instrument in an
open flame, and then return the
apparatus to the master cast
Blockout Instruments

29. The Paratherm
surveying and blockout
waxing instrument heats
its waxing tools
electrically. The
surveying arms move in
3 axes. Paratherm also
offers the Paraline, a
non-electrical surveyor
based on the Paratherm
design.

30. Milling Machines

32. Recent Innovations
Dramatically exposes undercut areas by
projecting a beam of laser light

33. Optical Surveyor
 Parallel light beams with light
bulbs with dense filaments .
 Changes in survey lines and
unddercuts can be surveyed
easily
 Better visualization
 Disadvantage:
Requires dark room
Light beams reflecting from
cast can cause illumination

34. Intraoral Surveyor
 For checking tooth
preparation of abutment
teeth in FPD/RPD
 Accurately indicates path
of insertion
 Visual guide during tooth
preparation
 Inexpensive, practical and
readily available

35. THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER AIDED
SURVEYING
 Programs were written
for this technique using
mathematic software
(MatLab:The Math
Works, Inc, Natick,Mass)
 The program identified all
downward facing surface
triangles on scan as –ve
& upward facing as +ve

36.  Tilting the cast allows
for accurate re-record
of the new survey line.
20˚ tilt
 This can then be
reproduced onto the
digitally scanned tooth
structure.

37. Purpose Of Surveyor
 Surveying the diagnostic cast
 Tripoding the cast
 Surveying the master cast
 Contouring the wax pattern
 Placement of internal rest seats
 Machining the restoration

38. Use of Surveyor:
1. To determine the most desirable paths of insertion
and removal for removable partial dentures.
2. To identify proximal surfaces that must be prepared to
serve as guiding planes.
3. To delineate the heights of contour for all of the teeth
and to locate and measure retentive areas.
4. To locate both dental and osseous contours that
could interfere with insertion and removal of a partial
denture framework and to allow accurate charting of
the necessary mouth preparation.
5. To record the cast position and its relation to the path
of placement.

39. 6. To transfer the partial denture design to the
master cast in the laboratory.
7. To block out the master cast and to trim the
blockout material.
8. To develop the axial contours of wax patterns.
9. To machine guiding planes.
10. To facilitate the placement of intra-coronal
retainers.

40. PARTS OF A SURVEYOR
A- Surveying Platform
B- Vertical Arm
C- Horizontal Arm
D- Surveying Arm
E- Mandrel
F- Surveying Tools
G- Surveying Table

41. Surveying Tool:
Analyzing Rod- To
determine relative
parallelism of
surfaces on dental
cast
Carbon Marker-
to mark the greatest
circumference of teeth

42. Surveying Tool:
Undercut Gauges- To
accurately locate
retentive undercuts
on proposed
abutments
• According to stewart’s
size of undercut gauge -
0.010, 0.015, 0.020
inches respectively.
• According to Mc
Cracken the undercut
gauge size- 0.010,
0.020 , 0.030 inches.

43. Ney surveyor has a
circular beaded
undercut gauge Jelenko surveyor has a fan
shaped bead with gauges
of different dimensions

44. A surveying Wax Knife- for
blocking
out the surveying
restorations

45. References:
1. The History and Development of the Dental Surveyor: Part I,
Engelmeier, Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol 11, No 1 (March),
2002: pp 11-18
2. The History and Development of the Dental Surveyor: Part
II, Engelmeier, Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol 11, No 2 (
June), 2002: pp 122-130
3. Stewart’s clinical removable partial prosthodontics , 4th
edition
4. Mc Cracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics 11th edition