Organogenesis
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Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) develop into the internal organs of an organism. Cells from each germ layer proliferate, migrate, and reaggregate to form various tissues that then differentiate into organs. The germ layers develop organs through folding, splitting, and condensation of cells. In humans, internal organ development through organogenesis occurs between 3 to 8 weeks of gestation.
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Biochemical changes during oogenesis
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Limb development in vertebrates
This document summarizes limb development in vertebrates using the chicken wing and mouse forelimb as models. It describes how the limb develops axes and patterns of differentiated tissues over time. The early limb bud consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells covered by ectoderm. As the bud elongates, the thickened apical ectodermal ridge and differences in expansion across the limb axes influence patterning and contribute to formation of proximal versus distal structures. While chicken wings and mouse forelimbs follow similar developmental processes, there are some differences in morphology and growth.
morphogenetic movements-developmental biology
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Regeneration
1. There are four main types of regeneration: stem cell mediated, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration.
2. Epimorphosis involves de-differentiation of cells forming a blastema which then re-differentiates, as seen in salamander limb regeneration.
3. Morphallaxis involves re-patterning of existing tissues with little new growth, as seen when hydra fragments regenerate entire organisms.
Extra Embryonic Membranes Of Chick
1. DEFINITION
These are the membranes which do not form any part of
the embryo proper but performs various functions which
assist in the development of the embryo . These are
discarded at the time of hatching. These membranes
formed outside the embryo.
2. Types of Extra Embryonic Membranes
Yolk Sac
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois
3.Discussed Their
At Time of ORIGIN
It's FUNCTION
After HATCHING
4. AMNIOTIC CAVITY
............................END......................................................
Recommended
Biochemical changes during oogenesis
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Post fertilization events
- Cell migration is key to embryo development and formation of germ layers. The blastula possesses polarity and symmetry, with distinct cell areas that give rise to different embryo parts.
- Tracking migrating cells helps map the locations of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, aiding understanding of early embryo patterning. This process of showing each blastula part's fate is called a "fate map".
- Fate maps are constructed using vital stains or carbon particles to label and track cells, revealing cell movements and ultimate tissues formed. This clarifies gastrulation and represents specific blastula areas' destinies.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Limb development in vertebrates
This document summarizes limb development in vertebrates using the chicken wing and mouse forelimb as models. It describes how the limb develops axes and patterns of differentiated tissues over time. The early limb bud consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells covered by ectoderm. As the bud elongates, the thickened apical ectodermal ridge and differences in expansion across the limb axes influence patterning and contribute to formation of proximal versus distal structures. While chicken wings and mouse forelimbs follow similar developmental processes, there are some differences in morphology and growth.
morphogenetic movements-developmental biology
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Regeneration
1. There are four main types of regeneration: stem cell mediated, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration.
2. Epimorphosis involves de-differentiation of cells forming a blastema which then re-differentiates, as seen in salamander limb regeneration.
3. Morphallaxis involves re-patterning of existing tissues with little new growth, as seen when hydra fragments regenerate entire organisms.
Extra Embryonic Membranes Of Chick
1. DEFINITION
These are the membranes which do not form any part of
the embryo proper but performs various functions which
assist in the development of the embryo . These are
discarded at the time of hatching. These membranes
formed outside the embryo.
2. Types of Extra Embryonic Membranes
Yolk Sac
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois
3.Discussed Their
At Time of ORIGIN
It's FUNCTION
After HATCHING
4. AMNIOTIC CAVITY
............................END......................................................
organogensis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) develop into internal organs through cell proliferation, migration, aggregation, and differentiation. During organogenesis, the germ layers form organs through processes like folding, splitting, and condensation. Organs continue developing and differentiating after gastrulation through the end of the 8th week of human development. Key events include the formation of the neural tube from ectoderm and the development of connective tissues, ribs, lungs, and other structures from mesoderm. The endoderm forms organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines.
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonad
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
Parthenogenesis, Natural parthenogenesis, Artificial parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis, Natural parthenogenesis, Artificial parthenogenesis, Significations of parthenogenesis
Origin and Migration of Germ Cells in Vertebrates
1. In vertebrates, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise early in development and migrate into developing gonads to form germ cells.
2. The mechanism of PGC migration varies between species, with frogs and zebrafish migrating chemotactically in response to signaling proteins, while birds and reptiles migrate through the bloodstream.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the posterior epiblast and migrate directly into the endoderm and then genital ridges over successive days of development.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
fertilization
The document discusses the process of fertilization in several species. It describes 5 steps for recognition and fusion of egg and sperm cells, including chemoattraction, release of acrosomal enzymes, binding to extracellular envelopes, passage through envelopes, and fusion of nuclei. It also discusses the acrosome reaction, prevention of polyspermy through changes in electric potential and cortical granule reaction, and activation of the egg through calcium signaling and increased metabolism. Finally, it summarizes the process of sperm capacitation required for fertilization competence.
Development of gonads
The document summarizes the development of gonads from a bipotential stage into either ovaries or testes. It explains that in early development, the gonads are identical in both sexes until around the 6th week. In males, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which produces testicular determining factor (TDF) and causes the medulla to develop into testes. The testes then secrete hormones like testosterone and MIF that cause the development of male internal and external genitalia. In females without the SRY gene, the cortex develops into ovaries in the absence of these male sex hormones, allowing female genitalia to form instead.
Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
Oocyte
An oocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.It is an immature ovum or an egg
An oocyte is produced in the ovary during female gametogenesis.The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell pgc which undergoes mitosis to form an oogonium
During oogenesis the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte
Oogenesis consists of several sub processes – oocytogenesis, ootidogenesis and the maturation to form an ovum
Folliculogenesis is a separate sub process and supports all three oogenetic sub process
Gastrulation in frog
Gastrulation is the process by which the three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed in frog embryos through coordinated cell movements. In Xenopus embryos, gastrulation begins with bottle-shaped cells invaginating at the equatorial marginal zone to form the blastopore slit. These cells become the dorsal blastopore lip. Additional mesodermal and endodermal precursor cells involute through the expanding blastopore, eventually forming a ring around the yolky endoderm and completing germ layer formation. Fate mapping studies track the origins and locations of precursor cells during gastrulation.
Folliculogenesis
Folliculogenesis is the maturation process of ovarian follicles that contain oocytes. It begins with primordial follicles at birth and progresses through primary, secondary, tertiary, and preovulatory stages over approximately 375 days. Key changes include recruitment of granulosa and theca cells, antrum formation, and growth in response to hormones like FSH and LH. By the time of ovulation, usually one follicle remains to release its oocyte while the remaining follicles die through atresia. The supply of follicles steadily declines with age until menopause due to DNA damage accumulation that impairs repair in oocytes.
Organogenesis by AAR
Organogenesis in Amphibians
Organogenesis in Mammals
Organogenesis in General
Organogenesis in Birds
Organogenesis in Frog
Organogenesis in Fishes
Basics of developmental biology 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental biology. It discusses induction, in which one cell or tissue signals another to influence developmental fate. Competence is the ability of a cell to respond to inductive signals through expression of receptors. Commitment is when a cell decides its fate, either through inductive signals or cytoplasmic determinants distributing asymmetrically. Specification is a reversible commitment, while determination is irreversible. Differentiation allows cells to become specialized through protein synthesis. Morphogenesis involves a cell gaining shape. Autonomous and conditional specification are strategies where cells determine fate independently or through interactions, respectively.
Developmental Biology
1. The document discusses gradient theory and nuclear transplantation. Gradient theory proposes that embryonic development is controlled by gradients of factors from the animal to vegetal pole. Nuclear transplantation involves removing the nucleus from a donor cell and transplanting it into an enucleated egg.
2. The document describes two types of gradient theories - the single gradient theory involving one factor and the double gradient theory involving antagonistic animal and vegetal gradients. It provides examples of experiments supporting these theories.
3. Nuclear transplantation techniques are explained, including types of transplantation. Experiments transplanting nuclei between frog species resulted in normal development, showing the totipotency of early nuclei.
Establishment of Body Axis in Humans
1. Three body axes are essential for embryonic development in humans - the anterior-posterior axis extending from head to tail, the dorsal-ventral axis extending from back to belly, and the right-left axis between bilateral sides.
2. In mammals, the anterior-posterior axis is established by signaling centers in the node and anterior visceral endoderm that pattern the embryo through gradients of proteins like Nodal, FGF, and retinoic acid.
3. The dorsal-ventral axis is defined by the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst, and the left-right axis results in asymmetric internal organ placement like the heart being on the left side.
Gastrulation chick
How 3 germ layers are formed in Chick that are endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.As Chick are polylecithal so cell movements are somewhat restricted and gastrulation is modified as compared to frog.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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organogensis
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) develop into internal organs through cell proliferation, migration, aggregation, and differentiation. During organogenesis, the germ layers form organs through processes like folding, splitting, and condensation. Organs continue developing and differentiating after gastrulation through the end of the 8th week of human development. Key events include the formation of the neural tube from ectoderm and the development of connective tissues, ribs, lungs, and other structures from mesoderm. The endoderm forms organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines.
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonad
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
Parthenogenesis, Natural parthenogenesis, Artificial parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis, Natural parthenogenesis, Artificial parthenogenesis, Significations of parthenogenesis
Origin and Migration of Germ Cells in Vertebrates
1. In vertebrates, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise early in development and migrate into developing gonads to form germ cells.
2. The mechanism of PGC migration varies between species, with frogs and zebrafish migrating chemotactically in response to signaling proteins, while birds and reptiles migrate through the bloodstream.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the posterior epiblast and migrate directly into the endoderm and then genital ridges over successive days of development.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
fertilization
The document discusses the process of fertilization in several species. It describes 5 steps for recognition and fusion of egg and sperm cells, including chemoattraction, release of acrosomal enzymes, binding to extracellular envelopes, passage through envelopes, and fusion of nuclei. It also discusses the acrosome reaction, prevention of polyspermy through changes in electric potential and cortical granule reaction, and activation of the egg through calcium signaling and increased metabolism. Finally, it summarizes the process of sperm capacitation required for fertilization competence.
Development of gonads
The document summarizes the development of gonads from a bipotential stage into either ovaries or testes. It explains that in early development, the gonads are identical in both sexes until around the 6th week. In males, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which produces testicular determining factor (TDF) and causes the medulla to develop into testes. The testes then secrete hormones like testosterone and MIF that cause the development of male internal and external genitalia. In females without the SRY gene, the cortex develops into ovaries in the absence of these male sex hormones, allowing female genitalia to form instead.
Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
Oocyte
An oocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.It is an immature ovum or an egg
An oocyte is produced in the ovary during female gametogenesis.The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell pgc which undergoes mitosis to form an oogonium
During oogenesis the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte
Oogenesis consists of several sub processes – oocytogenesis, ootidogenesis and the maturation to form an ovum
Folliculogenesis is a separate sub process and supports all three oogenetic sub process
Gastrulation in frog
Gastrulation is the process by which the three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed in frog embryos through coordinated cell movements. In Xenopus embryos, gastrulation begins with bottle-shaped cells invaginating at the equatorial marginal zone to form the blastopore slit. These cells become the dorsal blastopore lip. Additional mesodermal and endodermal precursor cells involute through the expanding blastopore, eventually forming a ring around the yolky endoderm and completing germ layer formation. Fate mapping studies track the origins and locations of precursor cells during gastrulation.
Folliculogenesis
Folliculogenesis is the maturation process of ovarian follicles that contain oocytes. It begins with primordial follicles at birth and progresses through primary, secondary, tertiary, and preovulatory stages over approximately 375 days. Key changes include recruitment of granulosa and theca cells, antrum formation, and growth in response to hormones like FSH and LH. By the time of ovulation, usually one follicle remains to release its oocyte while the remaining follicles die through atresia. The supply of follicles steadily declines with age until menopause due to DNA damage accumulation that impairs repair in oocytes.
Organogenesis by AAR
Organogenesis in Amphibians
Organogenesis in Mammals
Organogenesis in General
Organogenesis in Birds
Organogenesis in Frog
Organogenesis in Fishes
Basics of developmental biology 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental biology. It discusses induction, in which one cell or tissue signals another to influence developmental fate. Competence is the ability of a cell to respond to inductive signals through expression of receptors. Commitment is when a cell decides its fate, either through inductive signals or cytoplasmic determinants distributing asymmetrically. Specification is a reversible commitment, while determination is irreversible. Differentiation allows cells to become specialized through protein synthesis. Morphogenesis involves a cell gaining shape. Autonomous and conditional specification are strategies where cells determine fate independently or through interactions, respectively.
Developmental Biology
1. The document discusses gradient theory and nuclear transplantation. Gradient theory proposes that embryonic development is controlled by gradients of factors from the animal to vegetal pole. Nuclear transplantation involves removing the nucleus from a donor cell and transplanting it into an enucleated egg.
2. The document describes two types of gradient theories - the single gradient theory involving one factor and the double gradient theory involving antagonistic animal and vegetal gradients. It provides examples of experiments supporting these theories.
3. Nuclear transplantation techniques are explained, including types of transplantation. Experiments transplanting nuclei between frog species resulted in normal development, showing the totipotency of early nuclei.
Establishment of Body Axis in Humans
1. Three body axes are essential for embryonic development in humans - the anterior-posterior axis extending from head to tail, the dorsal-ventral axis extending from back to belly, and the right-left axis between bilateral sides.
2. In mammals, the anterior-posterior axis is established by signaling centers in the node and anterior visceral endoderm that pattern the embryo through gradients of proteins like Nodal, FGF, and retinoic acid.
3. The dorsal-ventral axis is defined by the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst, and the left-right axis results in asymmetric internal organ placement like the heart being on the left side.
Gastrulation chick
How 3 germ layers are formed in Chick that are endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.As Chick are polylecithal so cell movements are somewhat restricted and gastrulation is modified as compared to frog.
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Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonad
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonad
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsAuthoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
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Organogenesis
- 1. BY KHADIJA AKRAM 16251514-014 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Organogenesis
- 2. Organogenesis • Organogenesis is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. • Cells of each germ layer proliferate, migrate, reaggregate and differentiate into various tissues that form the organs (organogenesis)
- 3. •
- 4. How does it occur? • The germ layers in organogenesis differ by three processes: • folds, • splits, and • Condensation Cells of each germ layer proliferate, migrate, reaggregate and differentiate into various tissues that form the organs (organogenesis)
- 5. When does it occur? • Internal organs initiate development in humans within the 3rd to 8th weeks in utero.