Concept of learning, Theories of learning, Classical, Operant, Social and Social learning,Explicit and implicit knowledge, Tacit Knowledge.

1. Learning
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR-HR, TIMSR
MUMBAI

2. Learning
 Learning is an important part of human
behaviour. It is continuous process. The
capacity of human mind is unlimited. Right
from his birth to the whole life, all men are
engaged in learning process.
Learning refers to a permanent change in
behaviour that is caused by experience.
by: Dr Nitin Sharma

3. Theories of Learning
 Classical Conditioning.
 Operant Conditioning.
 Social-Learning Theory.
 Social-Cognitive Theory.
by: Dr Nitin Sharma

4. Classical Conditioning
 The theory of classical conditioning is developed by
famous Russian Psychologist Ivan Pavlov.
Classical conditioning states that behaviour is
learned by repetition association between a
stimulus and response.
by: Dr Nitin Sharma

5. The next step taken by Pavlov was to link the meat
and the ringing of the bell. After repeatedly ringing
the bell and giving meat to dog simultaneously,
pavlov rang the bell without giving the meat. This
time, the dog salivated to the bell alone.
Stimulus Response
Electric Shock Jumps
by: Dr Nitin Sharma

6. Operant Conditioning or
Reinforcement Theory
 B.F. Skinner developed the operant conditioning
theory.
Operant conditioning is defined as behaviour that
produces effects. Voluntary behavious are called
operants. It suggests that people learn to get
something they want or avoid something they don't
want.
They repeat those responses which are rewarded
and will not those which are either not rewarded or
punished.
by: Dr Nitin Sharma

7. Social Learning Theory
 Individual also learn by observing their
models whom they admire. Much of what we
have learned so far came from watching our
models like parents, teachers, peers,
superiours, telivisions. Thus learning through
both observation and direct experience has
been called Social-learning theory.
by: Dr Nitin Sharma

8. • Explicit and Implicit Knowledge/Information
• Explicit: Directly Stated, Clear, Obvious
• Implicit: Non directly stated, clues given
• Inference: Act or process using clues or evidence to
draw a conclusion.
• (Videos in another folder)
by: Dr Nitin Sharma

9. by: Dr Nitin Sharma

10. • Tacit knowledge (as opposed to formal, codified or explicit
knowledge) is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer
to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing
it. For example, that London is in the United Kingdom is a
piece of explicit knowledge that can be written down,
transmitted, and understood by a recipient. However, the
ability to speak a language, knead dough, play a musical
instrument, or design and use complex equipment requires all
sorts of knowledge that is not always known explicitly, even
by expert practitioners, and which is difficult or impossible to
explicitly transfer to other people.by: Dr Nitin Sharma